8. materials

Building materials (46)
Material science (1)
Substrate (23)
Superabsorbent (1)
Superconducting (5)

Synopsis: 8. materials:

Simple cement structures, reinforced with steel, can displace massive amounts of water, and last for decades-or even centuries.

where bacteria are mixed into traditional cement and form solid plugs when activated by water that seeps in from fine cracks in the material.

with insulation in the space between. Compressors, condensers and refrigerants are pumped through the system to rapidly chill the milk

 only stem cells found in embryos had the ability to transform into the building blocks of  any part of the body,

say, or the price of lumber, and then automatically send out an order to withdraw funds

Wireless point-of-sale terminals allow people with no access to brick -and-mortar banks to make deposits, withdrawals, payments, etc.

The Digital Fabricator Next Generation Food Printers Food is a basic building block of life. We have a hard time going longer than a day without it.

they are going to be highly valuable cornerstone companies in the global economy, eating markets far larger than the technology industry has historically been able to pursue.

and material science advances would reduce the typical passenger vehicle to around 90 kilograms in weight,

Google wants to make#oeavailable to the rest of the auto industry all of the building blocks that we ourselves use,

Besides coolant to maintain superconductivity of the yttrium barium copper oxide ceramics on board, life-support and sanity-preserving systems (such as big video screens to distract its passengers from the fact that they re hurtling through the choking darkness),

The third differentiator is the use of high-temperature superconducting maglev, which ET3 licensee Yaoping Zhang pioneered at China s Southwest Jiaotong University.

The capsules carry the superconductor, allowing for a simple guideway. Linear motors launch the capsules to jet-aircraft speeds and beyond;

As soon as you introduce plastic substrates you have all kinds of issues with sensitivity to the environment

The technology is based on hydrogel film a superabsorbent polymer that can hold 1000 times its weight in water.

The film can be placed on nearly any surface concrete bricks or even sand and works in greenhouse facilities so it can be used in nearly any climate.

$286 million to Solyndra of Fremont (photovoltaics), $82. 5 million to Tesla Motors of San Carlos (electric vehicles) and $60 million to Serious Materials in Sunnyvale (energy-efficient building materials.

Google wants to make available to the rest of the auto industry all of the building blocks that we ourselves use he said

They printed bone grafts from ceramic dental crowns from porcelain hearing aids from acrylic and prosthetic limbs from polymer.

#The World's Most Advanced Building material Is...Woodon a cloudy day in early October the architect Andrew Waugh circles the base of a nondescript apartment tower in Shoreditch a neighborhood in East London.

and it s a carbon sink sequestering the carbon dioxide it absorbed during growth even after it s been turned into lumber.

Put differently the world s urban future may just lie in its oldest building material. When most people think of wood architecture they imagine a balloon r rather a balloon frame the lightweight

But over the last two decades architects and engineers have begun to rethink the possibilities of wood as a structural building material.

And because it relies on layers of smaller beams it can reduce waste by using odd-shaped knotty timber that lumber mills would otherwise reject.

The result is a set of building blocks that a small crew of workers can screw together in a matter of weeks.

According to Wood For good an organization that advocates for sustainable wood construction a ton of bricks requires four times the amount of energy to produce as a ton of sawn softwood;

or concrete beams. 4) Interior walls are fireproofed usually by applying a layer of gypsum paneling on top of the mass timber panels. 5) A two-inch layer of concrete typically covers two two-inch layers of insulation

Construction is as easy as screwing the panels together. 7) Elevators have double walls with insulation sandwiched between them for fire safety

or even pieces of dust appeared on the substrate. The material is difficult to nucleate unlike hbn

We started learning that we could control that nucleation by adding artificial edges to the substrate

if it has no defects--its intrinsic strength says James Hone professor of mechanical engineering who led the study with Jeffrey Kysar professor of mechanical engineering.

and were able to create test samples without harming the graphene notes the paper's lead author Gwan-Hyoung Lee a postdoctoral fellow in the Hone lab. Our findings clearly correct the mistaken consensus that grain boundaries of graphene

In its perfect crystalline form graphene (a one-atom-thick carbon layer) is the strongest material ever measured as the Columbia Engineering team reported in Science in 2008--so strong that as Hone observed it would take an elephant balanced on a pencil to break through a sheet

which single layers of graphene are grown on copper substrates in a high-temperature furnace. One of the first applications of graphene may be as a conducting layer in flexible displays.

In studying the processing techniques used to create their samples for testing they found that the chemical most commonly used to remove the copper substrate also causes damage to the graphene severely degrading its strength.

or more in size says Hone. This strength will be invaluable as scientists continue to develop new flexible electronics and ultrastrong composite materials.

and to investigate how those defects change its properties says James Hone professor of mechanical engineering at Columbia Engineering who led the study.

which can be metals semiconductors dielectrics and even superconductors. This material is the newest in a growing family of two-dimensional crystals says Arend van der Zande a research fellow at the Columbia Energy Frontier Research center and one of the paper's three lead authors.

With the addition of the monolayer molybdenum disulfide and other metal dichalcogenides we have all the building blocks for modern electronics that must be created in atomically thin form.

While these tiny specimens are fine for scientific studies notes Daniel Chenet a Phd in Hone's lab

The grain boundaries become important in any technology says Hone. Say for example we want to make a solar cell.

and are now developing techniques to integrate it into many new technologies Hone adds. We're only just beginning to scratch the surface of

For instance we can easily remove this material from the growth substrate and transfer it on to any arbitrary surface

The growth and electrical measurements were made by the Hone lab in mechanical engineering; the optical measurements were carried out in the Tony Heinz lab in physics.

and substrate heterogeneity says Liphardt an expert in PALM technology. This enables us to quantify how

The new PALM-based technique should allow enzyme cock tails to be matched optimally to the structural organizations of particular biomass substrates such as grass

Georgia Institute of technology and Purdue University researchers have developed efficient solar cells using natural substrates derived from plants such as trees.

Just as importantly by fabricating them on cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) substrates the solar cells can be recycled quickly in water at the end of their lifecycle.

The researchers report that the organic solar cells reach a power conversion efficiency of 2. 7 percent an unprecedented figure for cells on substrates derived from renewable raw materials.

The CNC substrates on which the solar cells are fabricated are optically transparent enabling light to pass through them before being absorbed by a very thin layer of an organic semiconductor.

Within only minutes the CNC substrate dissolves and the solar cell can be separated easily into its major components.

The development and performance of organic substrates in solar technology continues to improve providing engineers with a good indication of future applications said Kippelen who is also the director of Georgia Tech's Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE.

and petroleum-based substrates are not very eco-friendly. For instance if cells fabricated on glass were to break during manufacturing

Paper substrates are better for the environment but have shown limited performance because of high surface roughness or porosity.

The substrates have a low surface roughness of only about two nanometers. Our next steps will be to work toward improving the power conversion efficiency over 10 percent levels similar to solar cells fabricated on glass

or petroleum-based substrates said Kippelen. The group plans to achieve this by optimizing the optical properties of the solar cell's electrode.

Funding for CNC substrate processing was provided by USDA-Forest Service (Grant No. 11-JV-11111129-118)( R. J. M. J. P. Y. J. L

The idea is to use bioethanol production byproducts to produce a material to use in concrete as a partial replacement of cement said Feraidon Ataie doctoral student in civil engineering Kabul Afghanistan.

portland cement water and aggregate. The world uses nearly 7 billion cubic meters of concrete a year making concrete the most-used industrial material after water said Kyle Riding assistant professor of civil engineering and Ataie's faculty mentor.

or other building materials we use so much of it that concrete production accounts for between 3 to 8 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions Riding said.

To reduce carbon dioxide emissions from concrete production the researchers are studying environmentally friendly materials that can replace part of the portland cement used in concrete.

When the researchers added the high-lignin ash byproduct to cement the ash reacted chemically with the cement to make it stronger.

and found that replacing 20 percent of the cement with cellulosic material after burning increased the strength of the concrete by 32 percent.

Cellulosic ethanol byproducts then can be added to cement to strengthen concrete. The utilization of this byproduct is important in both concrete materials

Ceramics are used in a wide variety of technologies including body armor fuel cells spark plugs nuclear rods and superconductors.

Biochar is a plant byproduct similar to charcoal that can be made from lumber waste dried corn stalks and other plant residues.

but one brick wall and they're done. UHF can travel far but it hasn't had the high capacity of Wifi.

The researchers used it as a substrate for graphene. Hitting the combined material with femtosecond pulses from a near-infrared laser prompted the indium phosphide to emit terahertz back through the graphene.

and transferring it to an indium phosphide substrate. Laser pulses generated coherent bursts of terahertz radiation through a built-in surface electric field of the indium phosphide substrate that changed due to charge transfer between the graphene and the contaminating molecules.

The terahertz wave when visualized reflected the change. The experimental results are a warning for electronics manufacturers.

The Rice and Osaka labs are continuing to collaborate on a project to measure the terahertz conductivity of graphene on various substrates he said.

 Just as smarter buildings and smarter neighborhoods are the building blocks of smarter cities people are as well.

Reproduced ceramics are buried for months, even years, to give them the same appearance and smell as artifacts found in ancient tombs,

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