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or Otec plants, in which warm surface waters interact with cold water"upwelled  from the deep ocean to drive a large power turbine.
The cool water pumped to the surface contains the exact ratio of nutrients oe including phosphorus oe needed to support plant growth.
and China's Reignwood group recently announced plans to complete a 10 megawatt plant oe the first on the open-ocean oe not far from the Fujian Province in China's southern seas.
it's not far-fetched to imagine hundreds of these plants grazing the high seas, trading abundant seafood surpluses with cities on land.
and is used to grow plants in green plots, or window boxes. We are now producers, not consumers.
So, not only would we be able to enjoy the mood-elevating wavelengths of the light emitted by these plants
these sewage plants are popular visitor attractions, odourless greenhouses with the look and feel of a botanical garden (such as Koh Phi Phi Don in Thailand).
A group led by British-born plant scientist Stephen Long is trying to improve the ability of plants to harness energy from the sun. Their aim is to turbocharge photosynthesis,
the fundamental process that allows plants to use the light they capture to convert carbon dioxide into organic necessities like sugar and starch-or food,
According to Long, plants currently operate at about one third of their potential efficiency when it comes to photosynthesis,
In 2006, Long and his colleagues described how climate-change experiments have shown that rising atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide lead to higher rates of photosynthesis in plants.
and ramp up the plant's ability to harness the sun. That is easier said than done.
British researchers have shown already that tobacco plants engineered to express more SBPASE grew 10%larger in a glasshouse.
since photosynthesis does not vary much among plants. However, this is not the only way of increasing photosynthesis. Scientists are also exploring the idea that genes from the ancestors of modern-day plants might boost the ability of crops to harness the sun. It is well known that primitive plants known as cyanobacteria have a talent
for concentrating CO2 within their cells at levels that make photosynthesis more efficient. It is believed that plants lost this ability
when they transferred to the land 500 million years ago, because they did need not it.
they achieved a 20%increase in tobacco plants after adding a single cyanobacteria gene called inorganic carbon transporter B (Ictb.
Long admits it would take at least a decade to move these transformed plants from research settings to farm fields.
They then looked for any genes in these maize strains that resembled genes linked to high beta-carotene levels in other plants."
Plant breeders are using the naturally occurring maize plants and those markers to breed new plants.
The plan is to eventually adapt the plants to fields elsewhere in Africa in Latin america and in Asia.
Combining all that and more gives farmers precise information about variety in plant health, size and even nitrogen needs.
Ultra high tech farms of the future will generate exotic half-plant, half-animal vegetation as well as crystalline plants, air plants,
and generic non-species plants designed for postharvest flavor and nutrient infusions. Leveraging Plant Intelligenceaside from growing food, new opportunities will emerge for oegrowing products.
Our ability to manipulate produce will also enable us to manipulate plants in other ways.
For instance, jacking into a tree, we will someday be able to oetrain a tree to have its branches grow into the shape of end tables,
which sunlight will be channeled to provide natural illumination for optimal plant growth as well as the primary rail for the robotic arm.
The greenhouses produce five time more fresh water than needed for the plants inside. This surplus will be used to irrigate the planted orchards and the Jatrophra crop,
and sequestering substantial quantities of atmospheric carbon in new plant growth and reactivated soils. Surely this is a perfect example of the potential power of human and technological collaboration.
Dutch-based Plantlab recently announced it has figured out how to triple plant yield in a sunless,
By keeping the plants in a contained environment, Plantlab can also recycle evaporated water, which helps them grow crops using just one-tenth the water needed in traditional greenhouses.
Tree-Jackers Plant and tree alteration specialists, who manipulate growth patterns, create grow-to-fit wood products, color-changing leaves,
Plant Educators An intelligent plant will be capable of re-engineering itself to meet the demands of tomorrow s marketplace.
Plant educators will not work with lesson plans or Powerpoint presentations but the learning process will be even more effective.
We have other types of molecules that make up plants and animals, but on the molecular level there is no such thing as vegetarian and non-vegetarian molecules.
#Tapping into the Secret Language of Plants Futurist Thomas Frey: Over that past week I ve had the great honor of working with both the good people at the North dakota Bankers Association in Bismarck, ND and the good people at Rabobank in Napa,
and offices are now creating information layers that will touch every plant and animal on our planet as well.
and on a certain level, this back and forth information flow becomes a rudimentary form of language between us and our plants.
the plants have always been talking, but we haven t been listening. Expanding the Information Layer Over the past several weeks
Data streams coming from these plants with give them a voice#that will help us better understand the idiosyncrasies of plant life.
you will not only be able to listen#to the data coming from your plants, but you will also be able to visually see#what they re telling you.
The language of plants will come into full view as we add additional sensors, probes, and other signaling technology.
The crazy people of the past, who spent every waking moment of their day talking to their plants
as we move down this relentless path towards understanding the secret language of the plant world.
All told, the factory here has several dozen workers per shift, about a tenth as many as the plant in the Chinese city of Zhuhai.
Apple s iphone manufacturer, continues to build new plants and hire thousands of additional workers to make smartphones,
Yet in the state-of-the-art plant, where the assembly line runs 24 hours a day, seven days a week, there are robots everywhere and few human workers.
an American venture capitalist at WI Harper who toured the plant in June. The New Warehouse Traditional and futuristic systems working side by side in a distribution center north of New york city show how robotics is transforming the way products are distributed, threatening jobs.
as plants develop resistance to high doses of herbicide. I ll leave it to Philpott and his eloquent exposition of why, ultimately,
These canola plants, found along most major trucking routes, look harmless. But they are fueling a controversy:
They prove that large numbers of genetically modified plants have escaped from farm fields and are now growing wild.
About 80 percent of canola growing along roadsides in North dakota contains genes that have been modified to make the plants resistant to common weed-killers.
that he finds it ironic that most people who oppose genetic engineering in plant breeding live in rich nations that he believes are responsible for global climate change that will lead to more starvation and malnutrition for the poor.
Plant Monitors-Urban agriculture is catching on like wildfire, yet the tech world has glossed over most of the opportunities here.
Future plant monitors will give us the ability to communicate#with our plants and produce far more sophisticated forms of food. 20.
or prawns in tanks) with hydroponics (cultivating plants in water) in a symbiotic environment. Panasonic at CES 21.
Self-lighting trees from California s Glowing Plant Lab illuminate the numerous clean wide promenades.
Laboratory-grown artemisinin, a key antimalarial drug, went on sale in April with the potential to help stabilize supply issues.
Newman and two other young post-docs#eith Kinkead Reiling and Neil Renninger#started Amyris in 2003 and set their sights on artemisinin,
It is harvested from the leaves of the sweet wormwood plant, but the supply of the plant had fluctuated sometimes in the past, causing shortages.
The new company lined up high-profile investors: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which gave $42. 6 million to a nonprofit organization to help finance the research,
pharmaceutical giant Sanofi, has manufactured 35 tons of artemisinin#roughly equivalent to 70 million courses of treatment.
Artemisinin is farmed by an estimated 100,000 people in Kenya, Tanzania, Vietnam and China and the vanilla plant by 200,000 in Madagascar, Mexico and beyond.
Is it possible to add a water extracting ground spike next to every plant or tree in our garden?
and the plants grow faster. More rapid maturation in turn means a faster turnaround on his investment.
looking at the variations in the plant s DNA to more quickly identify those strains and traits with the potential to boost yields.
farmers in central Malawi who had relied previously on rain to water their crops learned the benefits of spooning water directly onto their plants.
according to climate scientist Andy Jarvis, lead author of a 2012 paper in the journaltropical Plant Biology.
Other next-generation crops will be created using advanced genetic manipulation techniques that allow high-precision editing of the plant s own genome.
a plant modified to produce a bacterial toxin that discourages destructive bollworms and cuts down on the need for pesticides.
The key is an alarm pheromone that some species of wild plant have evolved to mimic the chemical warning signals put out by aphids#a major crop pest in the temperate zones
Bacteria that uses a tiny molecular machine to kill attacking viruses could change the way that scientists edit the DNA of plants,
Reviving Extinct Humans Resurrecting lost plants and animals are one thing, but when it comes to tampering with humans the stakes get much higher.
These annual plants will reach their peak of nutritional quality and decline without being utilized for feed.
and you notice a spot that received rain in the recent past and that has a flush of highly nutritious plants that would
or even in the hands of somebody who just does not understand the plant-animal interface,
oak pallets Making a#oefairy garden#complete with miniature plants and yard art Heirloom seed workshops including raising from seed,
Wheel-throwing classes (pottery) Hypertufa plant container making Soy candle making Adult miniaturist s clinic#sing Dremels,
making contest, Classes on making wreaths, walking sticks, vegetable gardens, butterfly gardens, native plants and hypertufa Madison County Public library::
the light can be moved closer to the plants. This increases efficiency, not just in terms of energy use but by allowing layers of growing plants to be packed more densely, making more efficient use of space.
LED lights can be tuned to emit only a narrow wavelength of light they can be combined to create perfect lighting that provide light on the ideal spectrum for a plant s growth.
Evidence is emerging that specific wavelengths of light have distinct effects on crop yield, quality,
sending a few drops of moisture to the thirsty plants below. How would we fabricate the container part of water?
and much more. 2. Water Harvesting Irrigation Spikes Will it someday be possible to add atmospheric water harvesting ground-spikes next to every plant or tree in our garden?
and maintain crops at the plant level. Engineering involves technologies that extend the reach of agriculture to new means, new places and new areas of the economy.
The creation of entirely new strains of food animals and plants in order to better address biological and physiological needs.
A natural extension of urban agriculture, vertical farms would cultivate plant or animal life within dedicated
they need to be retrofitted with additional devices to collect more information such as thermal sensors to identify early signs of plant stress that can later be parsed,
Plant-Jackers and Tree-Jackers Plant and tree alteration specialists, who manipulate growth patterns, create grow-to-fit wood products, color-changing leaves, personalized fruit, etc. 129.
Plant Educators An intelligent plant will be capable of re-engineering itself to meet the demands of tomorrow s marketplace.
Plant educators will not work with lesson plans or Powerpoint presentations, but the learning process will be even more effective. 136.
Plant Psychologists & Plant Therapists As we mess with theminds of the plants, there will invariably be any number of unplanned reactions.
One way that this happens is that plants and animals in the food chain absorb the carbon atoms explained study coauthor Thure Cerling a geochemist at the University of Utah.
It gets into plants during photosynthesis and is made into plant sugars and starches Cerling said.
And then an animal comes along and eats the plant and makes it into hair
or muscle or eyeballs and it gets incorporated into those tissues. An atomic time marker Scientists figured out long ago that by measuring the concentration of carbon-14 in tissue
and'60s spread a radioactive variety of carbon worldwide which was picked up by plants during photosynthesis
However there has been limited only research into actually growing food under the conditions plants are likely to encounter on Mars. The Red planet's gravity is 38-percent that of Earth
In the near term before colonists can construct greenhouses they will have to use artificial light from LEDS for example to power their plants'photosynthesis. NASA has conducted plant-growth research in microgravity aboard the International Space station (ISS) and in the Long Duration Exposure
Still the effects that these factors will have on plant growth specifically in a Mars environment are still largely in the theoretical stages of research.
Only actual plant-research experiments that simulate conditions in Mars's gravity and pressure can answer those questions.
One section could house the crew and another the plants in experimental growing media such as simulated Mars soil or fluid for hydroponic gardening.
while the plant section would require elevated carbon dioxide levels to foster plant growth. Special precautions would be necessary to minimize the danger of fire in the high-oxygen environment.
When working in the plant section crew members would need to wear oxygen masks similar to those worn by high-altitude fliers.
Under conditions similar to those expected on Mars plant studies could determine which species would thrive and
Technology already exists for enclosed units containing plants with automated plant-watering systems. LED lights have an average lifetime of 15000 to 25000 hours amounting to nearly 10 years with seven hours of daily light exposure for plants.
Other technology could tackle the problem of simulating gravity. Every satellite must maintain altitude and rotation control which is managed by the satellite's attitude
That project which focused on studying mammals in Mars gravity could possibly be adapted for the study of plants.
Some experiments growing plants in simulated Martian soil have met also with success. In addition to providing a food source greenery offers the added benefits of converting carbon dioxide exhaled by settlers into oxygen essential for maintaining a long-term bio-regenerative life support system.
Plants also provide the psychological benefits of relaxation and a general sense of well-being. On to what probably drew the reader to this article in the first place:
#Forging Biodegradable Plastic From Methane and Plant Waste Molly Morse is chief executive officer of Mango Materials Inc. This article was prepared by the U s. National Science Foundation for the American Institute of Chemical Engineers
The microorganisms feed on the plant-derived sugars and produce PHA. The PHA is separated then from the bacteria
and provides an economic incentive for methane capture at facilities such as landfills wastewater treatment plants and dairy farms.
The company's standard commercial plants will be sized to handle the methane produced at an average wastewater treatment plant enough to produce more than 2 million pounds per year of PHA.
Because it produces less heat the light can be moved closer to the plants. This increases efficiency not just in terms of energy use but by allowing layers of growing plants to be packed more densely making more efficient use of space.
LED lights can be tuned to emit only a narrow wavelength of light they can be combined to create perfect lighting that provide light on the ideal spectrum for a plant s growth.
Evidence is emerging that specific wavelengths of light have distinct effects on crop yield quality and even pest and disease resistance.
But an innovative technology used to grow plants on specialized films could bring farms to the desert no soil required.
Plants grown in the hydrogel membrane spread their roots throughout the top of the film.
and nutrients from a culture medium underneath it delivering water and nutrients to the plants on top
and highly nutritious vegetables because the membrane keeps the plants separated from any pathogens in the culture medium allowing only the water
Plants genes get fine tailoring: Nature Newsafter decades of searching, plant biologists have found a way to selectively snip out one gene
and replace it with another. The method promises to be a boon to both basic research
'Now that technique has been expanded to include plants. In papers published online today By nature, two independent groups of researchers report that the technique can also be used to engineer herbicide-resistant corn and tobacco1,
says David Ow, a plant biologist at the US Department of agriculture Plant Gene expression Center in Albany, California.
Plant biologists have long been frustrated by the lack of a simple method for either deleting a specific gene from the genome or replacing it with another gene.
the fast-growing weed with a small genome favoured by many plant biologists as a model system,
says Joseph Ecker, a plant biologist at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La jolla, California.
Sporadic reports of plant gene-replacement strategies have come and gone, but none has been versatile
In 1997, a Nature paper reporting targeted gene disruption in Arabidopsis raised the hopes of many plant researchers3.
One problem is that plants tend to have big, complex genomes, chock full of large families of genes with very similar DNA sequences,
The challenges associated with any kind of sequence-specific modification in plants are profound, she says.
Meanwhile, the other study1 is the work of a research team led by Daniel Voytas, a plant biologist at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis and a member of the Zinc Finger Consortium,
a plant biologist at Karlsruhe University in Germany who is developing zinc-finger nucleases for use in Arabidopsis.
when we create transgenic plants, we insert the transgene somewhere in the genome, and we don't know exactly where it happens to insert,
says Wilhelm Gruissem, a plant biologist at The swiss Federal Institute of technology in Zurich. Now you can target the transgene to a specific location.
But the Christian Democratic Union and its junior coalition partner, the liberal Free Democratic party, will not revise an existing ban on building new nuclear plants.
but the administration of former US President George w bush avoided this in part by creating a market-based system that would allow mercury emissions to continue at some plants
The term geoengineering covers everything from mundane methods for increasing carbon storage in plants soils
but has yet to finalize any loan guarantees for companies wanting to build pilot plants.
and to push forward with a new demonstration plant in Florida. This isn't something where you need a miracle to get there,
Samples of wild plants will now be conserved alongside existing stores of domesticated seeds (such as the Svalbard Global Seed Vault on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen.
These are based not on a plant's GM nature but on the techniques used for its genetic modification.
and consultation typically required by the regulators for GM plants, although the company says there are no plans to market this particular variety.
because the regulations for GM plants derive from the Federal Plant Pest Act, a decades-old law intended to safeguard against plant pathogens from overseas.
Previous types of GM plants are covered because they they were made using plant pathogens. The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens which can cause tumours on plants shuttled foreign genes into plant genomes.
Developers then used genetic control elements derived from pathogenic plant viruses such as the cauliflower mosaic virus to switch on the genes.
By revealing similar elements in plants'DNA, genome sequencing has liberated developers from having to borrow the viral sequences.
And Agrobacterium is not essential either; foreign genes can be fired into plant cells on metal particles shot from a'gene gun'.
'Scotts took advantage of both techniques to construct the herbicide-resistant Kentucky bluegrass that put the USDA's regulatory powers to the test.
The Plant Pest Act was completely inappropriate for regulating biotech crops, but the USDA jury-rigged it, says Bill Freese, science-policy analyst at the Center for Food safety in WASHINGTON DC.
Now we can foresee this loophole getting wider and wider as companies turn more to plants and away from bacteria and other plant-pest organisms.
The USDA has made not public any plans to close the loophole and has indicated also that it will not broaden its definition of noxious weeds,
Many companies are developing'mini-chromosomes'that can function in a plant cell without needing to be integrated into the plant's genome.
this technology will be used well by many as a way to deliver large stacks of genes to plants,
-or under-regulating GM plants, says Roger Beachy, a plant biologist at Washington University in St louis, Missouri,
which will serve as a sanctuary for native Florida plants and wildlife. We have created or enhanced more than 540 public coastal recreation areas,
Forty-one of the country s roughly 400 sugar-cane ethanol plants have closed over that time.
second-generation ethanol, produced from the tough cellulose in plant stalks. Cellulose is difficult to break down and ferment,
would limit emissions from new plants, effectively banning the construction of coal-fired plants that are equipped not to capture
and sequester carbon dioxide. A second rule, not yet released, could set emissions limits for existing plants,
encouraging the shift towards natural gas. Other rules could target the oil and gas industry by limiting emissions from refineries and drilling sites.
Early patents on gene-use restriction technologies later rebranded as terminator technology by activists opposed to them described a genetic modification that switched on production of a toxin that would kill off developing plant embryos.
so that they could grow into new plants but would not pass on the benefits of the engineered trait.
By ensuring that genetically modified plants survive for only one planting""that technology would have alleviated a lot of environmental concerns,
Patents owned by Monsanto required the insertion of three different genes into the plant genome.
Other pioneers argue that the techniques they are using to modify plants are safer than old technologies
that helps researchers to navigate GM-plant regulations.""And often, they are small or niche crops that can t support the escalating costs of regulatory approval.
The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), the branch of the agriculture department responsible for overseeing GM CROPS,
has stuck so far to a strict interpretation of a 1957 law designed to protect agriculture against plant pests that was coopted in 1986 to regulate GM CROPS.
a bacterial pest that can insert DNA into plant genomes. In 2011, APHIS regulators announced that a herbicide-tolerant Kentucky bluegrass would not fall under their purview,
or any other plant-pest DNA to engineer the grass. The company, Scotts  Miracle-Gro of Marysville, Ohio,
instead used a gene gun to fire DNA-coated gold particles into plant cells. Some of that DNA is incorporated then into the genome.
Sally  Mackenzie, a plant biologist at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, contacted APHIS about the high-yield offspring of a transgenic sorghum grass plant
it altered the plant s gene expression by changing the pattern of chemical groups added to its DNA rather than changing the DNA sequence itself.
and questioned her about this hypothesis. APHIS eventually notified her that it would not regulate her plants a decision that Mackenzie says has accelerated her research
such as zinc-finger nucleases enzymes that precisely target a region of the plant genome. In 2010, APHIS told Dow Agrosciences of Indianapolis, Indiana,
Oliver  Peoples, chief scientific officer at Metabolix, a plant-engineering company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, says that he would rather be regulated by APHIS to earn the public s trust.
This was used because he Agrobacterium to insert the genes it did not matter to regulators that no trace of Agrobacterium DNA remained in his plants.
dried grasses and other indigestible plant matter could greatly improve the efficiency of converting waste biomass to fuel.
with the hope of attracting investors for a larger plant 4 or 5 years down the line.
A firm called Beta Renewables opened a cellulosic-ethanol plant in Crescentino, northern Italy, and another company, INEOS Bio, started up a facility near Vero Beach in Florida.
and Brazil either using enzymes to break up plant material into fermentable sugars, or applying extremely high temperatures to break down biomass into syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide).
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