Emile Eindhoven University of Technology, Intelligent Lighting Institute e. h. l. aarts@tue. nl Carayannis Elias G. European union Research center and School of business;
George washington University, WASHINGTON DC caraye@gwu. edu Chatterjee Kumardev European Young Innovators Forum kumardev. chatterjee@eyif. eu Corral Guinea Myriam Ministry
of Finance and Public Administration, Spain myriam. corral@minhap. es Curley Martin Intel Labs Europe & National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Innovation Value Institute
martin. g. curley@intel. com den Ouden Elke Eindhoven University of Technology, Intelligent Lighting Institute e d. ouden@tue. nl Golebiowska-Tataj
Daria European Institute of Innovation and Technology daria. tataj@eit. europa. eu Huuskonen Mikko Lappeenranta University of Technology & Ministry of Employment and the Economy, Finland mikko
. huuskonen@tem. fi Lévy Sébastien ITEMS International slevy@items-int. eu Lin Carol Yeh-Yun National Chengchi University Taiwan
Department of business Administration yehyunln@nccu. edu. tw Marom Dan www. danmarom. com me@danmarom. com Pallot Marc Nottingham University Business school marc
@umich. edu Rannou Herve Cityzen Data & ITEMS International herve. rannou@items. fr Rantakokko Mika University of Oulu, Center for Internet Excellence, Oulu
Content and Technology (DG CONNECT) bror. salmelin@ec. europa. eu Sargsyan Gohar CGI, Future IT gohar. sargsyan@cgi. com Schaffers Hans Aalto University
, Center for Knowledge and innovation Research (CKIR) hans. schaffers@aalto. fi Turkama Petra Aalto University, Center for Knowledge and innovation Research (CKIR) petra. turkama
@aalto. fi Valkenburg Rianne Eindhoven University of Technology, Intelligent Lighting Institute a c. valkenburg@tue. nl von Gabain Alexander European Institute of Innovation
and now to an ecosystem-centric view of innovation, where the ecosystem is often the distinguishing unit of success, not individual companies or universities.
You get innovation when great universities, leading-edge science, world-class companies, and entrepreneurial start-ups come together.'
‘You get innovation when great universities, leading-edge science, worldclass companies, and entrepreneurial start-ups come together. Where they cluster together you get some of the most exciting places on the planet.
Appendix Twenty Snapshots of Open Innovation 2. 0 David Teece, Professor of Global Business at the University of California, Berkeley, Haas School of business, recently said that innovation is changing so rapidly that no study can aim to comprehensively describe it.
Doctoral Thesis, Department of Business Administration and Social sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå. 15) Ståhlbröst, A.,Holst, M. 2012) The Living Lab Methodology Handbook.
DOI=10.1109/ICSS. 2013.35 http://dx. doi. org/10.1109/ICSS. 2013.35 Contact Dr Marc Pallot Senior Research Associate Nottingham University
The institutional spheres of University, Industry and Government, as an expansion from the dyad of industry and government as primary institutions of the industrial society, to a triad of primary institutions specific to a knowledge based society and economy.
research and development (R & D) performers located in universities (academic research groups), industry and government (R & D units or departments in firms and public research organisations),
This category of R & D performers can be found in university, which is a universal knowledge-producing
which can be both R & D and non-R & D performers, e g. interdisciplinary research centres, industry-university research consortia, translational research institutes,
technology transfer offices in universities, firms and government research labs; business support institutions (science parks, business/technology incubators;
Similarly, universities, in addition to their teaching and research activities, increasingly engage in technology transfer and firm formation, providing support
Industry takes the role of the university in developing training and research, often at the same high level as universities.
For example, in situations where a local university is involved only marginally in entrepreneurial activities and links with industry, especially small firms,
non-R & D firms than the programmes of the local university. Similarly, in the absence of R & D-and technology-intensive companies that are involved usually in Triple Helix partnerships,
and differentiating across government, university and industry sectors and localities per the quote below Leydesdorff,
a stronger involvement of universities, engagement of (multilevel) authorities in formulating policies, industry and businesses in developing
The Quadruple Helix concept thus can serve as an architectural innovation blueprint that engages simultaneously (in a dynamically balanced topdown and bottom-up approach) four sectoral perspectives (from the top-down angle government, university, industry and the bottom-up angle civil society.
and knowledge exchanges across all four pillars (government, university, industry and civil society) as well as across sectors and regions would make for more resilient namely smart,
and reinforce similarly minded individuals in the government, university and industry (entrepreneurs of the mind across the Quadruple Helix continuum).
Supporter, e g. to support the development of QH partners (e g. firms, universities, users), the systematic collection and utilisation of user information and the knowledge and capability development related to QH,
The case study of the technology centre of KETEK, active in a peripheral non-university region, can be considered as positioned at the centre of the innovation system in the region,
The traditional knowledge production, Mode 1, refers to knowledge production in a university setting, i e. academic, investigator-initiated and disciplinebased knowledge production.
from basic research conducted in universities to the application at firms as experimental development (see Figure 5). 50 O P E N I N N O V A t I O
) According to this concept, it is important to tie universities and industry, science and technology closer together.
The producers and users of knowledge are connected during the whole process of knowledge creation (see Figure 6). A Mode 3 university
‘Academic firm'and‘entrepreneurial university'are denotations demonstrating how firms and universities adopt characteristics of each other,
which is significant of the Mode 3 system (Campbell and Güttel. 2005: 168). One major obstacle in research cooperation between academia and business has been to overcome the cultural gap and the need for a high degree of trust,
One way of doing this is to recruit personnel from universities, or to encourage personnel mobility between firms and universities (Campbell and Güttel. 2005: 168).
Mode 3 also allows for the co-evolution of different knowledge paradigms. According to Kuhn (1962), a single paradigm has limited only a ability to explaining a specific phenomenon,
Figure from Carayannis and Campbell (2012: 25) 51 Mode 3 permit both‘top-down government, university and industry policies and bottom-up civil society and grass roots initiatives,
In addition to university, industry and government, Quadruple Helix also adds civil society and a‘media-based and culture-based public'as a helix in the innovation system (35).
) In 2010 a group of students at Aalto University, just outside Helsinki, embarked on the most constructive piece of student activism in the history of the genre.
business and academia occupies a dilapidated warehouse next to the university. It offers a wide range of services:
when the Finnish government shook up the universities (and created Aalto) in an attempt to spur innovation.
Kajak University offers courses in video games. Finns have a comparative advantage in the four things that make for great games bloodsoaked storylines (all those sagas
They are encouraging universities to commercialise their ideas and generate start-ups. They are telling their schools to sing the praises of entrepreneurship.
and co-specialisation of university based scientific knowledge, following the STI mode of innovation, with industries usually applying practice-based knowledge following the DUI mode of innovation,
related or similar approaches open up for entrepreneurial (mode 3) university strategies, where universities take responsibility for the Quadruple Helix?
Going Glocal transnational and higher order learning (L3)( 45) and metrics, measurement, management (M3)( 46) for growth?
Globalisation of universities, industries, and regional policy institutions, i e. all three corners of the Triple Helix, through transnational learning.
Mode 1‘focuses on the traditional role of university research in an elderly‘linear model of innovation'understanding'and success in mode 1‘is defined as a quality
and hybrid organisations'of‘university-industry-government relations'(56)( see Figure 8).‘Mode 3'(57):‘
from National Systems and‘Mode 2'to a Triple Helix of university industry government relations.'
The Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations. Encyclopedia of Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship. New york, Springer.
‘The norms of entrepreneurial science Cognitive effects of the new university industry linkages.''Research Policy 1 (27): 823 833.14) Arnkil, R.,A. Järvensivu, et al.
Tampere, University of Tampere, Institute for Social Research, Work Research Centre. further references:(16)( 18)( 19)( 21))(17) Carayannis, E g.,
. gov. uk/reduced2. pdf Contact Elias G. Carayannis European union Research center and School of business, George washington University, WASHINGTON DC. caraye@gwu. edu Dr Ruslan Rakhmatullin IPTS
she invested her dowry in the workshop producing gas-driven engines of her fiancé, Karl Benz, a university-educated civil engineer, talented developer of machines,
that learning and smart steps in innovation do not rely on official university education; that risk taking is a key step towards innovation;
Previous CEOS or Chief executives from leading innovative corporations, cofounders of renowned high tech enterprises, presidents and vice-presidents of modern and firstclass universities, representatives of well-backedup private foundations supporting
often stemming out of universities (6). Only 0. 0006%of the GDP are placed into VC capital funds in continental Europe,
We realised that it is yet different for a university professor who also would like to start a company
Regions and cities partner with universities and companies. The entrepreneurial small and early-stage companies try to integrate a fully fledged value chain in this emerging and fragmented market.
The EIT+,a company that is a joint venture between the city and the five largest multidisciplinary universities in its metropolitan area, has become a centre of competence in climate related technologies.
Mobility of students and faculty across countries and between academia and business as well as the sharing of infrastructure and resources lead to the emergence of hotspots such as the Open Innovation space at Aalto University,
and universities ranked amongst the best in France. The co-location leverages preexisting large investments to develop national industrial clusters such as Capenergies and Tenerrdis.
I O N y E A r B o O k 2 0 1 4 Unleashing individualism and entrepreneurial spirit in academia, in particular at technical universities, engineering, biomedical universities,
If professors would like to start companies rather than continue university careers, should the system punish them,
Knowledge Triangle and Emerging Business models, Warsaw University of Technology Publishing house. 2) Dufour, A.,Carroll, S b. 2013),‘Great myths die hard',Nature, October 2013, vol 502.3) Elis, A.,(2010), Mein Traum ist länger als
978-92-79-19895-3 Contact Dr Petra Turkama Director Centre of Knowledge and Innovation Research (CKIR) Aalto University, School of business petra. turkama
@aalto. fi Dr Hans Schaffers Research director Centre of Knowledge and Innovation Research (CKIR) Aalto University School of business hans. schaffers@aalto. fi 79 Innovative
Contact Carol Yeh-Yun Lin Professor Department of Business Administration National Chengchi University, Taiwan yehyunln@nccu. edu. tw 90 O P
Initiatives like Massive open online courses (MOOC) make courses from prestigious universities around the world available for all.
and today's college students should be imbued of the idea of graduating from university as only the first step in the creation of their future.
encouraging collaboration and with Interdisciplinary approaches better than knowledge silos We have a clear model of the changing role of education in the pioneer Aalto University in Europe,
Academic World Universities can perform training tasks to enhance innovative aspects. Entrepreneurship and implementation of innovation may be less risk
and Spanish universities (and surely this can be extrapolated to the great majority of European universities).
but ultimately culture is generated in universities. Enterprises Enterprises need closest approaches to innovation and change corporate culture to measure success with different formulas than the short-term‘Return of Inversion'.
Aalto University the forerunner of European university reform to increase societal impact. 2011. Available from http://files. openinnovationplatform. eu/yearbook/service innovation yearbook 2010 2011. pdf (6)( 7) Gantz J.,Reinsel D. The Digital Universe in 2020:
To go beyond the success achieved with help of ICT City of Oulu formed the strategic Oulu Innovation Alliance (OIA) with the University of Oulu, Oulu University of Applied sciences,
mahdollisuudet Pohjois-Suomelle, Martti Ahtisaari Institute, University of Oulu. 7) http://www. cie. fi/(8) http://realxtend. org/about/(9) http://www. oullabs. fi/en/(10) http://www. patiolla. fi
Contact Mika Rantakokko Vice Director Center for Internet Excellence, Oulu Innovation Alliance University of Oulu mika. rantakokko@cie. fi 111 Smart Fabric
), AUDIMAS (LTU), Reden (NLD), Roessingh (NLD), Fraunhofer Gesellschaft (DEU), Visiotex (DEU), Lithuanian Sports University (LTU), Softkinetic Sensor (BEL), Actimage (LUX
Elke den Ouden Programme Manager‘Brilliant Streets'& Strategic director Lighthouse Intelligent Lighting Institute@Eindhoven University of Technology e d. ouden@tue. nl
Rianne Valkenburg Value Producer Lighthouse & Professor Knowledge Transfer in Product Innovation at The hague University of Applied sciences Intelligent Lighting Institute@Eindhoven University of Technology a c
Dr. Emile Aarts Scientific Director Intelligent Lighting Institute@Eindhoven University of Technology e. h. l. aarts@tue. nl 125 Open for Business
assuming that things are much better now and the universities offer ample amounts of info how the international dealing works.
D.,Docent (Lappeenranta University of Technology) Counsellor, Ministry of Employment and the Economy, Finland mikko. huuskonen@tem. fi Figure 2:
2012) show that inbound activities such as the use of external relationships with suppliers, customers, universities and R&d labs for technology scouting and idea sourcing show a higher innovation performance.
including the Glostrup Hospital of the University of Copenhagen. These contacts introduced the founders to the science of sleep and the clinical practice of sleep medicine.
In this case, most technologies are developed co with knowledge partners such as universities, research labs, and lead-customers.
and technologies developed at universities, research labs, or large companies. Finally, small firms must make choices 32 about the way they will profit from their technology.
Dingens wanted to collaborate with the University of Hasselt and knowledge partner Sirris to develop a completely new instrument The new barometer should have the same advantages of the mercury barometer (accurate, legible, durable,
therefore, developing technology based business opportunities should no longer be limited to university and corporate spin-offs. Start-ups can use their organizational agility, application know-how,
or market intelligence to commercialize technologies that they license from universities or larger, technology-savvy companies.
Examples include newsletters from universities and knowledge centers and publications of Design Vlaanderen among others.
and a few additional knowledge partners such as universities, research labs, and knowledge intermediaries. This strong reliance on value chain partners is partially due to the fact that most companies are active in low-and medium-tech industries.
Therefore, they visited several renowned sleep institutes located in Danish hospitals such as the Glostrup Hospital of the University of Copenhagen.
where universities would be invited to participate in the product days with their own ideas. They would also have access to factory resources
Universities, research labs, crowds of experts, lead users, and knowledge brokers are just a few examples of potential external sources of knowledge.
Developing new flavors has traditionally been completed with different universities in Europe, with DSM, and with other innovation partners.
including several European universities, research labs, DSM and other value chain partners. The technology licensed from DSM is a technological platform that can be used for different applications.
it could build on the reputation of DSM to get access to universities, technology labs, and commercial partners.
established companies are increasingly aware of the growing technological capabilities of universities, research labs, and high-tech start-ups.
Philips relies recurrently on new technologies from universities, specialized research labs, and high-tech start-ups. The electronic giant endeavors to be preferred the partner for small,
Partners may be technology partners such as universities, research labs, or other companies, but in most cases these are not the most important partners in the network.
institutional sources (universities and university colleges (v), government and public research organizations (vi)), and other available sources (professional and industrial associations (vii), trade fairs, exhibitions,
universities (v; and public research organizations (vi. Collaborative innovation is captured by calculating the average score of the six questionnaire items registering the firm's use of cooperative agreements with innovation partners.
Osterwalder, A. 2004), The business model ontology a proposition in a design science approach, Ph d. Thesis University Lausanne, Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales HEC. 173 p;
Outsourcing R&d Buying R&dservicesfromotherorganizations, suchas universities, publicresearchorganizations, commercial engineers orsuppliers. Inward IP licensing Buying orusingintellectualproperty, suchaspatents
Trends, motives and management challenges Vareska van de Vrande*RSM Erasmus University E-mail: vvrande@rsm. nl Jeroen P. J. De Jong EIM Business and Policy Research E-mail:
jjo@eim. nl Wim Vanhaverbeke Hasselt University, Faculty of business Studies E-mail: wim. vanhaverbeke@uhasselt. be Maurice de Rochemont Eindhoven University of Technology E-mail:
m d. rochemont@tm. tue. nl February 2008*Corresponding author Vareska van de Vrande RSM Erasmus University Department of Strategic Management and Business
Environment Room T7-33 P o box 1738,3000 DR Rotterdam, The netherlands T:++31 10 408 2208, F:+
In addition to internal R&d, established companies need to get access to external knowledge, such as startups, universities, suppliers,
In addition, more and more SME firms are entering into research collaborations with universities (e g. George et al. 2002).
Part of current movement towards open innovation is related to a different approach of universities, research labs and companies vis-à-vis technology and IP.
public knowledge centers (e g. universities), customers, suppliers, and investors (e g. banks, venture capital firms). 20 Finally, we looked at the degree firms participate by equity investments in new or existing companies,
The proximity of universities, research labs, large companies and lead users may play a role in the deployment of open innovation in SMES.
Uneasy Partners in the Cause of Technological 40 Advance, in Challenges to the University, Brookings Institution Press, WASHINGTON DC.
Factors affecting university industry R&d projects: The importance of searching, screening and signaling. Research Policy 35,309 323.41 Foxall, G r.,Johnston, B.,1987.
The effects of business-university alliances on innovative output and financial performance: A study of publicly traded biotechnology companies.
Outsourcing R&d Buying R&dservicesfromotherorganizations, suchas universities, publicresearchorganizations, commercial engineers orsuppliers. Inward IP licensing Buying orusingintellectualproperty, suchaspatents
including the Glostrup Hospital of the University of Copenhagen. These contacts introduced the founders to the science of sleep and the clinical practice of sleep medicine.
In this case, most technologies are developed co with knowledge partners such as universities, research labs, and lead-customers.
and technologies developed at universities, research labs, or large companies. Finally, small firms must make choices 32 about the way they will profit from their technology.
Dingens wanted to collaborate with the University of Hasselt and knowledge partner Sirris to develop a completely new instrument The new barometer should have the same advantages of the mercury barometer (accurate, legible, durable,
therefore, developing technology based business opportunities should no longer be limited to university and corporate spin-offs. Start-ups can use their organizational agility, application know-how,
or market intelligence to commercialize technologies that they license from universities or larger, technology-savvy companies.
Examples include newsletters from universities and knowledge centers and publications of Design Vlaanderen among others.
and a few additional knowledge partners such as universities, research labs, and knowledge intermediaries. This strong reliance on value chain partners is partially due to the fact that most companies are active in low-and medium-tech industries.
Therefore, they visited several renowned sleep institutes located in Danish hospitals such as the Glostrup Hospital of the University of Copenhagen.
where universities would be invited to participate in the product days with their own ideas. They would also have access to factory resources
Universities, research labs, crowds of experts, lead users, and knowledge brokers are just a few examples of potential external sources of knowledge.
Developing new flavors has traditionally been completed with different universities in Europe, with DSM, and with other innovation partners.
including several European universities, research labs, DSM and other value chain partners. The technology licensed from DSM is a technological platform that can be used for different applications.
it could build on the reputation of DSM to get access to universities, technology labs, and commercial partners.
established companies are increasingly aware of the growing technological capabilities of universities, research labs, and high-tech start-ups.
Philips relies recurrently on new technologies from universities, specialized research labs, and high-tech start-ups. The electronic giant endeavors to be preferred the partner for small,
Partners may be technology partners such as universities, research labs, or other companies, but in most cases these are not the most important partners in the network.
institutional sources (universities and university colleges (v), government and public research organizations (vi)), and other available sources (professional and industrial associations (vii), trade fairs, exhibitions,
universities (v; and public research organizations (vi. Collaborative innovation is captured by calculating the average score of the six questionnaire items registering the firm's use of cooperative agreements with innovation partners.
Osterwalder, A. 2004), The business model ontology a proposition in a design science approach, Ph d. Thesis University Lausanne, Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales HEC. 173 p;
companies which used to be national TANDREA Bonaccorsi is at the Department of energy and Systems Engineering, Faculty of engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1-56122 Pisa, Italy;
Andrea Bonaccorsi is professor of economics and management at the University of Pisa Italy. His main research interests include:
A few years ago we asked a small panel of scientific authorities in computer science, in both European and US universities,
all the major breakthroughs originated from academic research carried out by US scientists and/or in US universities.
University research played a key role in the growth of the US computer industry. Universities were important sites for applied,
as well as basic, research in hardware and software and contributed to the development of new hardware.()
and the production of graduates who sought employment elsewhere, universities served as sites for the dissemination and diffusion of innovation throughout the industry.
and built at Moore School of Electrical engineering, University of Pennsylvania by Eckert and Mauchly, during WWII,
resulting from on a joint effort between IBM and the University of Harvard, which was established in 1939 (Moreau, 1984.
Interestingly, as early as in 1946 the Moore School of the University of Pennsylvania and the US ARMY sponsored a course on the theory and techniques for the design of electronic digital computers.
However, the role of the university was not unambiguous: in the same year one administrator of the Moore School:
Another company, Engineering Research Associates, starting from code-breaking activities during WWII, hired engineers from the University of Minnesota, among whom was Seymour R Cray,
Thus in the early days of the computer industry we witness many universities building their own machines, based on Von neumann or Turing architectures.
The role of universities greatly increased after a commercial move by IBM. In 1954 IBM delivered the 650
Thomas Watson Jr decided that a university could benefit from a discount up to 60%on the price of the 650
if that university agreed to offer courses in business data processing or scientific computing (Watson, 1990). This opened the way to a large diffusion of courses in computer science across US universities.
Meanwhile, US universities started to be involved in research on the component technologies underlying the computer.
Soon after WWII, the University European competitiveness: IT and long-term scientific performance 526 Science and Public Policy August 2011 of Illinois, Harvard and Massachusetts institute of technology (MIT) worked on magnetic core memories (Pugh, 1984;
Wildes and Lindgren, 1985. Bassett (2002) has shown that even in industrially sensitive fields such as metal-oxide semiconductor technology,
the ALGOL 60 was created by a committee convened by F L Bauer from the University of Munich (Germany) in 1958,
and COBOL was promoted by a group of universities and computer users which held a meeting at the Computation Center of the University of Pennsylvania in 1959.
In turn, the LISP LANGUAGE was developed by John Mccarthy at MIT in 1958 (Moreau, 1984), PASCAL was developed by Niklaus Wirth at ETH in Zurich (Switzerland) in the period 1968 1969 (Wirth,
1996) and PROLOG was born in 1972 after the work of several French researchers mostly based at the University of Marseille (Colmerauer and Roussel, 1996).
Universities did not play a direct scientific role in this massive bottom-up effort, but were a crucial element for the mass culture that fostered entrepreneurial activities:
Campbell-Kelly, 2003: 308) Programmers do not necessarily come from postgraduate studies at universities, but benefit from an environment in which new ideas are generated
and desires of()university researchers eager to investigate new computing techniques. Throughout its entire life, IPTO followed the rules prescribed by its early director, Joseph C R Licklider,
Universities changed their role in the early history: in the heroic period until 1959 they were involved directly in full-scale design and prototype production of computers,
In the case of Europe, the role of universities must be considered jointly with large public research organizations (PROS), such as Max Planck in Germany,
Two university groups were active in that period in the UK, one at Manchester and another at Cambridge.
I, built in collaboration with the Manchester University Group and delivered in 1951. A commercial computer, known as LEO, was installed at a company in 1951, well before ENIAC (Campbell-Kelly, 1989;
These companies used to establish strong linkages with universities, particularly in Paris and Grenoble and PROS.
Initially, universities were involved directly in the production of prototypes. With the advent of the 1960s, the heroic period of prototype building was over
In the USA, this structural change did not bring a diminishing role for universities but a redesign or their role around fundamental research, education, scientific advice and consultancy.
From the Moore School and the University of Iowa, from Aiken and Wilkes to Algol, the vast majority of the essential steps were achieved on academic grounds.
Although it cannot be said that university research has been the source of most inventions, it has played a prominent role in creating new concepts and ideas,
Patterns of educational mobility We identified the location of the universities at which top scientists received their academic degrees.
US universities gave the degree to future top scientists in 76.5%of observable cases, against 16.6%in the case of Europe.
In terms of cohorts, it is interesting to observe that by end of the 1960s the US universities had granted already 89 Phd degrees to those that eventually became top scientists.
there is a progression in the number of degrees in US universities, while the same is not true for European universities.
This finding sheds light on the puzzle identified in the section of this paper on‘Technological competitiveness and long-term scientific performance:
IT and long-term scientific performance 532 Science and Public Policy August 2011 universities were able to attract 207 high potential candidates(+55%with respect to the previous decade), against only
It is highly informative to examine the identity of those universities that granted undergraduate and postgraduate degrees to those brilliant scientists in their early days.
Again, we focus on the upper tail of the distribution of universities, because we are interested more in understanding the dynamics at the extreme, rather than the average properties.
Therefore we select the top 15 universities in which the top scientists have received their degree
The top 15 universities represent 56.2%of all universities granting a Phd to the 855 top scientists for
In turn, the top 15 universities represent 47.1%of those granting the Master degree (n=457) and 41.3%of those granting the Bachelor (n=641.
Nevertheless, the top 15 universities cover between 40%and almost 60%of the sample, a reasonable proportion for our analysis. We start from Phd education.
First, the top ranking covers mostly US universities, with two Europeans featuring in the 10th position (Cambridge,
As stated, the first 15 universities attract 56.2%of all scientists for whom we have full information.
Total 552 118 8 38 3 719 Table 4. Ranking of top 15 universities granting Phd,
10.3 45 7. 0 Stanford university 78 9. 1 29 6. 3 10 1. 6 University of California at Berkeley 69 8. 1
27 5. 9 20 3. 1 Carnegie mellon University 43 5. 0 13 2. 8 Harvard university 35 4. 1 14 3
. 1 25 3. 9 Cornell University 27 3. 2 12 2. 6 11 1. 7 Princeton university 26 3. 0 15
2. 3 University of Illinois 22 2. 6 12 2. 6 University of michigan 20 2. 3 9 2. 0 18 2. 8
University of Cambridge 16 1. 9 18 2. 8 Yale university 15 1. 8 7 1. 5 14 2.
2 University of Wisconsin 14 1. 6 10 2. 2 University of Toronto 13 1. 5 7 1. 5 9 1. 4
University of Edinburgh 13 1. 5 University of Pennsylvania 13 1. 5 University of Massachusetts 8 1. 8 University of washington 7 1. 5 University
of California at Los angeles 7 1. 5 Indian Institute of technology 7 1. 5 34 5. 3 National Taiwan University 13 2. 0 California
Institute of technology 12 1. 9 Technion Israel Institute of technology 11 1. 7 Brown University 10 1. 6 Total number of observations 855 457
universities not in USA are in italics European competitiveness: IT and long-term scientific performance Science and Public Policy August 2011 533 almost one-third of the total.
Brilliant students target top universities because there they have the opportunity to meet and to work with the best scientists.
Top universities actively target talented students to confirm their reputation. Postgraduate education seems to be a promising candidate to explain the success of the scientific careers of these scientists.
When examining the distribution of universities granting the Master degree the top list is slightly different.
University of Massachusetts and University of California at Los angeles), but the most interesting new entry is the Indian Institute of technology,
which is not a single institution but an umbrella organization for several universities. The situation changes quite drastically
Interestingly, here we find many more universities outside the USA: from Europe (Cambridge), Taiwan (National Taiwan University), Israel (Technion Institute of technology) and Canada (Toronto.
Our interpretation is as follows. The talent pool for a career in computer science is worldwide. Entry points are good universities offering strong basic scientific knowledge
but also giving brilliant students sufficient motivation to emerge. After that stage, however, future top scientists must be channelled into foreign universities, most
of which are in the USA. In preparing for this migration of talent, Asian countries have been more strategic,
and sent to top US universities. European universities, in contrast, cultivate the ambition to organize graduate education
particularly Phd education, in isolation. They actively practice endogamy, by selecting students from internal Master programmes,
It is not surprising that top universities try to attract top scientists, what is impressive is the extreme concentration of this process.
The first 15 universities account for 1051 moves, or 33.7%of the total number of academic moves in the entire careers of 1, 010 top scientists.
Even more impressive, the first four universities, namely MIT, Stanford, Berkeley and Carnegie mellon, account for 544 moves,
Assuming only one stop in one of these universities per scientist we find that almost 54%of all scientists in the sample,
coming from all countries in the world, have spent at least a period of their career at just these four universities.
Alternatively, assuming multiple career steps within these four universities (admittedly a more realistic scenario) slightly changes the situation:
if all average 4. 36 moves would have been made in the four universities, we would still find a large group of 136 scientists,
however, what is remarkable is the gravitational pull of highly prestigious universities on the career decisions of top scientists.
The dynamics we observe are the result of intense competition among universities to attract the best young researchers, then the best young professors.
Without strong competition among universities, Table 7 Ranking of top 15 affiliations (only academic positions) in total number of positions over career Institution Number MIT 174 Stanford university
166 University of California at Berkeley 102 Carnegie mellon University 102 University of Illinois 59 University of maryland 58 Cornell University 52 University of washington 45 University of Pennsylvania
44 Harvard university 44 Princeton university 44 University of Texas 44 University of Massachusetts 42 Brown University 41 University of Toronto 34 Note:
universities not in USA are in italics Table 8 Descriptive statistics of duration of stay in academic career positions Duration of career steps Number Min Max Mean Std dev As postdoctoral
It is because competitors are ready to offer good prospects that all universities, subject to their budget constraints and reputation layer, try to compete.
in which all talented scientists are allocated to universities that make best use of their talent,
and all universities allocate their budget in the best possible way. If top scientists receive better offers,
If universities increase their reputation and have extra budget, they try to improve the quality of their potential candidates.
This ecology is nurtured by the interaction between universities and companies, and between companies and large (public and private) customers.
Universities can contribute to this ecology in two main ways: by producing top class research and education,
According to our data, top scientists move from the university that awarded their Bachelor degree to the USA,
fight to enter top class universities as students, change affiliations several times in their career, combine different disciplines around computer science, enjoy a rapid career,
top class universities fight to attract the best students and try to offer the best conditions to professors.
But European universities have not been attractive for top computer scientists and increasingly have also become less attractive for students.
Among wellreputed old European universities just a few have international visibility at the top. These findings support the importance of fostering the reform agenda for European universities.
This will require dedicated efforts to build up globally competitive Phd programs, more transparent and competitive recruitment procedures for researchers, larger mobility of researchers.
with collaboration from several universities worldwide. It is currently available at<http://citeseerx. ist. psu. edu,
Growth and Development Centre, University of Groningen. Jorgenson, D W and K J Stiroh 2000.
Manchester University Press. Lavington, S 1980b. Computer development at Manchester University. In A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century.
A Collection of Essays, N Metropolis, J Howlett and G Rota (eds..New york: Academic Press.
Columbia University Press. Leslie, S and R Kargon 1996. Selling Silicon valley: Frederick Terman's model for regional advantage.
Creating the Cold war University. The Transformation of Stanford. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Mamuneas, T P 1999.
Spillovers from publicly financed R&d capital in high tech industries. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 17 (2), 215 239.
How Global Universities are Reshaping the World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton university Press. Wildes, K L and N A Lindgren 1985.
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011