A review of its role to organisational performance and SMES operations sustainability Rangarirai Mbizi Lecturer Department of Entrepreneurship and Business Management Linet Hove Student of Entrepreneurship Arnold Thondhlana
Saunders, M.,Lewis, P. þhill, A. 2009), Research methods for business students, 5thed. Pearson, England.
success of innovative projects Name of the explanatory variables Coefficient (t of Student: model 1 Coefficient (t of Student:
model 2 Coefficient (t of Student: model 3 Constant-0. 3033(-0. 685) 0. 3701 (0. 877) 0. 3554 (1. 496) Categories of firms Very small enterprises
(1 9 employees)- 0. 9152*(-1. 938)- 1. 2468**(2. 536)- 1. 1226**(2. 936) Very small enterprises (10 19
success of innovative projects Name of the explanatory variables Coefficient (t of Student: model 1 Coefficient (t of Student:
model 2 Coefficient (t of Student: model 3 Constant 0. 0791(-0. 389) 0. 1321 (0. 347)- 0. 469+(-1. 7997) Research intensity-0. 0208(-0
. 176) Size (number of employees)- 0. 00018 (0. 861) Executives(%)1. 3198(-0. 431) Design office 0. 045+(0. 088) n
At ISI, students can choose between more artistic and more commercial art studies. But their role in innovation interactions is limited to teaching.
and was graded the best student of my year. I wanted a government job, as everyone else,
This provides the 270,000 students in Yogyakarta with an IHS Working Paper 27.2013. Innovation in SMES.
Constraints and Opportunities"(Student working group, 2010. Lall S. 2001. Competitivenss, technology and skills. Northampton: Edward Elgar.
Data of the Innovation Union Scoreboard, 2011 Hungary Figure 10 Medium and high-tech product exports Non-EU doctorate students Venture capital as a per cent of GDP 2pct patent applications
and encouragement of their national reintegration. 3) The attraction of Phd students and postdoctoral researchers from the BRIC+countries. 4) The training of researchers,
the purpose of which is to enable the students to get familiarized with the practical issues of their future profession according to the instructions of experienced professionals.
The students have an opportunity to develop their theoretical knowledge to practical knowledge during their stay by a company where they can have access to a much more complex knowledge (understanding of technology, creativity, responsibility, team work etc.
In consultation with the university, the capacities of the student are used by the company to carry out tasks meaningful for both parties connected to certain professional fields or probably di-70 the most important definitions 71 the most important definitions European
An important difference with the traditional education system is that the student spends more and more time-in an escalating system-by the company each educational semester.
normative support for student allowances, support for training, support for scientific purposes, support for maintenance, support for other tasks.
mobility of researchers, teachers, students and between corporate developers (intersectoral; effect of reducing brain drain (effect of attracting human resources of high professional level;
Most cited publications and Non-EU doctorate students.‘‘Finance and support'includes 2 indicators and measures the availability of finance for innovation projects by venture capital investments and the support of governments for research and innovation activities by R&d expenditures by universities and government research organisations.
1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students2 as a%of all doctorate students Eurostat Eurostat 2006
in particular due to a relatively low share of non-EU doctorate students. All the Modest and Moderate innovators perform below the EU average,
High growth in Non-EU doctorate students, R&d expenditures in the business sector, PCT patent applications in general and in societal challenges have been important drivers of the growth performance of both Estonia
Growth in this dimension has been driven by both high growth in International scientific co-publications (6. 0%)and Non-EU doctorate students (6. 3%).The EU innovation system
students. Norway's growth performance (1. 4%)however is below that of the EU (1. 7%).Serbia performs very well in Youth education,
Relatively weak indicators include Sales share of new innovations, Non-EU doctorate students and New doctorate graduates.
Bulgaria has performed below the average of the EU. The weakest indicators are Venture capital investments and Non-EU doctorate students.
Non-R&d innovation expenditures and R&d expenditures in the public sector. Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and in Venture capital investments.
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorates students, Venture capital investments and License and patent revenues from abroad.
Performance is well below the EU average for Non-EU doctorate students and License and patent revenues from abroad.
Estonia has experienced growth for most indicators included in the IUS 2014 Highest growth rates are observed for Community designs, Community trademarks and Non-EU doctorate students.
For most indicators, Greece performs below that of the EU average, particularly for Non-EU doctorate students
Relative strengths are in International scientific co-publications, Non-EU doctorate students and Population with tertiary education.
Community trademarks and Non-EU doctorate students. Relative strengths compared to the EU are in International scientific co-publications, Youth with upper secondary level education and Non-R&d innovation expenditures.
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and Innovative SMES collaborating with others. Relative strengths are in International scientific co-publications and Community designs.
High growth is observed for Non-EU doctorate students License and patent revenues from abroad, International scientific co-publications and community trademarks.
Performance well below the average is observed in Non-EU doctorate students, License and patent revenues from abroad and New doctorate graduates.
Large declines in growth are observed in License and patent revenues from abroad, Non-EU doctorate students and PCT patent applications.
Latvia performs below the average of the EU for most indicators, most particularly for Non-EU doctorate students, R&d expenditures in the business sector, Publicprivate scientific co-publications.
in particular for Non-EU doctorate students, R&d expenditures in the business sector, License and patent revenues from abroad and Community designs.
The largest growth decline is in Non-EU doctorate students. Other large declines are observed for Innovative SMES collaborating with others
Hungary performs below the EU average for most indicators, especially for Non-EU doctorate students and Community designs.
Relative strong weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and New doctorate graduates. Relative strengths are in Community trademarks
Large declines in growth are observed for Non-EU doctorate students, Sales share of new innovations and License and patent revenues from abroad.
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and Venture capital investments. Strong increases in growth are observed for Community trademarks
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students PCT patent applications in societal challenges and License and patent revenues from abroad.
Very weak performance is observed for Non-EU doctorate students and R&d expenditures in the business sector.
Strong declines are observed Non-R&d innovation expenditures, R&d expenditures in the business sector, Non-EU doctorate students and Venture capital investments.
Relative weaknesses are observed in Non-EU doctorate students and Knowledge-intensive services exports. Most indicators are growing in Slovenia.
Community designs, Non-EU doctorate students and License and patent revenues from abroad. Strong declines in growth are observed in Non-R&d innovation expenditures
Relative large weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students, License and patent revenues from abroad and PCT patent applications in societal challenges.
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and Knowledgeintensive services exports. High growth is observed for Community trademarks and Non-EU doctorate students.
Notable declines in growth are observed for New doctorate graduates and Non-R&d innovation expenditures. Notes:
High growth in Sweden is observed for Community trademarks and Non-EU doctorate students. Strong declines in growth are observed for Venture capital investments
Other high growing indicators are Non-EU doctorate students and Population with completed tertiary education. Strong declines in growth are observed in R&d expenditures in the business sector
and R&d expenditures in the public sector. Declines in growth are observed only for Knowledge-intensive services exports and Non-EU doctorate students.
Relative strong weaknesses are in License and patent revenues from abroad, Community designs, Community trademarks, Non-EU doctorate students and Public-private scientific co-publications.
for two countries, Germany and The netherlands, data for Non-EU doctorate students have become available increasing the number of indicators for these two countries used for calculating the innovation index as compared to last year.
3, 0 6, 2 12,4 5, 2 1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students 24,2 21 21,0 3, 8 4, 1
, 6 1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students 24,2 1 1, 4 20,9 8, 6 1, 9 12,0 2, 1 6
, 6%-3, 3%6, 2%10,7%17,2%1, 5%1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students 6, 3%1, 3
%1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students 6, 3%-18,8%0, 0%2, 0%-4, 4%9, 4%-5, 8
Science-Metrix (Scopus) Science-Metrix (Scopus) 1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students as a%of all doctorate holders For EU Member States:
number of doctorate students from non-EU countries (for non-EU countries: number of non-national doctorate students) Total number of doctorate students The share of non-EU doctorate students reflects the mobility of students as an effective way of diffusing knowledge.
Attracting high-skilled foreign doctorate students will add to creating a net brain gain and will secure a continuous supply of researchers.
Eurostat Eurostat Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 87 1. 3. 1 R&d expenditure in the public sector(%of GDP) All R&d expenditures in the government sector (GOVERD
students as%of all doctorate students New indicator Eurostat 2003 2007 Finance and support Finance and support 1. 2. 1 Public R&d expenditures as%of GDP
Number of doctorate students coming from a non-EU country. For non-EU countries the number of non-national doctorate students is used.
Denominator: Total number of doctorate students. Rationale: The share of non-EU doctorate students reflects the mobility of students as an effective way of diffusing knowledge.
Attracting high-skilled foreign doctorate students will add to creating a net brain gain and will secure a continuous supply of researchers. 8 Note:
This is a highly skewed indicator and a square root transformation has been used to reduce the volatility and skewed distribution of this indicator.
Data source: Eurostat 1. 3. 1 Public R&d expenditures(%of GDP) Numerator: All R&d expenditures in the government sector (GOVERD) and the higher education sector (HERD.
The value of non-EU doctoral 4 This approach follows the well-adopted Chauvenet's criterion in statistical theory. 18 students for Switzerland actually represents non-Swiss doctoral students,
thus including EU27 students. being biased manifestly this value has been cut from 45%to 19.45%(i e. the aggregate value for EU27 in 2008.
, SE DK, SE DK, SE 1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students FR, UK FR, UK FR, UK FR,
Non-EU doctorate students (1. 23), Venture capital (1. 89), Non-R&d innovation expenditure (1. 67), Public-private co-publications (1
Non-EU doctorate students, Venture capital, PCT patents in societal challenges and License and patent revenues from abroad.
IE BG PT SI HR SK MT TR LU 35 1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students as%of total doctorate students of the country
Non-EU doctorate students as a%of all students 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 LT LV SK GR CY
The share of non-EU doctorate students reflects the mobility of students as an effective way of diffusing knowledge.
Attracting high-skilled foreign doctorate students will add to creating a net brain gain and will secure a continuous supply of researchers.
The average share of non-EU doctorate students is almost 20%;%in France and UK this share is close to 30%and 35%,respectively.
In Switzerland almost 1 out of 2 doctorate students is a non-Swiss student. In the New Member States the shares of non-EU doctorate students are still small at rates below 5%.Growth performance Growth performance is diverse with increases over time in 16 countries
and decreases in 11 countries. Growth has been very strong in Estonia and Italy with annual increases close to 14%.
%The share of non-EU doctorate students has been declining rapidly in the Czech republic and Lithuania.
Non-EU doctorate students as a%of all students-20%-15%-10%-5%0%5%10%15%CZ LT RO SK MT BG
Researchers had to pay to register the patent using their student grants, and CDT was only set up
and even students to introduce robotics through business cases and technical integration services, at reduced costs to new users.
and backed two gifted students, Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, to enter a technological niche in high stability electronic oscillators and frequency counters.
However, as Phd research students, they were expected to present their work and so a paper was prepared eventually
And in the fall of 1996 the project would regularly bring down Stanford's Internet connection. 45 It is hard to imagine a European university providing such a level of support to a couple of renegade Phd students,
Burroughes used his student loan to cover the costs. The team found that the polymer,
As a Cambridge student he worked as a summer intern for Shadow; after graduation he worked as a volunteer.
Thus Robotdalen draws heavily on local universities to provide students who can work with SMES to introduce robots, guided by a team of experienced mentors.
In addition, this provides opportunities for students who are conducting the pilot studies to learn about specific obstacles in implementing new technologies.
Employer reputation survey considers the students'employability as a key factor in the evaluation of international universities and in 2010 drew on over 5,
The Employer reputation survey considers the students'employability as a key factor in the evaluation of international universities and in 2010 drew on over 5,
content and pedagogies enabling students not only to acquire knowledge but also to develop key competences and 21st century skills.
because they provide students with information and feedback on how they are progressing, considering their prior achievements according to their learning goals,
This is because they allow students to understand which skills they need to develop further and
Only self-confident and competent teachers can educate self-confident and competent students. As shown in the Survey of Schools:
ICT in Education (European commission, 2013c), less than one third of EU students are taught by teachers for
and around 70%of EU students are taught by teachers who invest their own spare time in developing ICT-related skills.
Nevertheless, it was shown also that there was no overall relationship between high levels of infrastructure provision and teacher and student use, confidence and attitudes.
Student assessment and evaluation are an integral part of the teaching and learning process and as such must be integrated thoughtfully into the planning and delivery of content and curriculum.
What Students Know and Can Do retrieved (Volume I 15 november 2013, from OECD Publishing, http://www. oecd. org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa-2012-results-volume-I. pdf Redecker, C. 2013).
and/or by students, which provide information to be used as feedback to enhance learning. Formative assessment is ongoing and repetitive (during the learning process)
adoption of elearning for health professionals and students; collection, processing and transfer of patient information; development of legal and ethical frameworks for patient information in digital format:
and effectiveness of elearning for the health sciences for students and health professionals. ehealth country profiles Presentation of all participating Member States ehealth data aggregated by country to act as ready reference of the state
9 student cooperatives and 10 Jobbridge scheme placements. 4. 0 Introduction The Midwest Region has a strong research
They will offer a high quality and better-integrated set of services to students businesses and communities.
thus achieving a greater impact on students and staff than is possible by any individual institution acting alone.
To ensure that the Student Enterprise Programme currently undertaken by the Local Enterprise Offices continues to promote a culture of innovation amongst young people in the Region;
They also provide an opportunity for networking between researchers, entrepreneurs, start-ups and innovative companies, students and investors.
although access is limited often to students and teachers and restricted to certain hours (see section 1. 5). Public libraries
Access to high-speed Internet is necessary to enable students to use the Internet for educational purposes,
it is equally important to look at how the technologies are used for educational purposes by both teachers and students.
a lack of qualified ICT teachers and of teachers that have been trained to use ICTS to teach their subjects hampers the development of students'ICT skills
secondary school or higher education studies) in Oman are offered one free computer per student. Furthermore Omantel provides discounted broadband Internet offers for eligible customers. 8 Wireless-broadband penetration levels vary considerably across the region.
and should not include promotional offers or limited or restricted discounts (for example, only to students,
and should not include promotional offers or limited or restricted discounts (for example, only to students,
and archiving the educational content Ministry for Information Society (responsible) Ministry of Education (support) Include Web 2. 0 platforms in the learning processes Ministry for Information Society (responsible) Ministry of Education (support) Stimulate students
students to get involvededucate on ICT Technologiesensure equitable access to cost-effective healthcareencourage Life Long
or student, on creation of original digital content and interaction. On national level, a similar exercise was performed for the development on the level of ICT in education of disfavored communities from Romania,
The analysis of the PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) results in the national context highlights the need of improvement of the teaching methods, as well as the curriculum
According to PISA 2009 in Romania, students coming from schools located in urban areas (with population between 100,000 and 1 million inhabitants) manage to achieve performance, on average, by almost one level of competency higher than students in rural.
and relevant infrastructure in schools (Operational) Providing schools with ICT equipment and systems will primarily impact students'level of digital literacy,
and facilitate students'access to information. Additionally the implementation of an ICT infrastructure, complemented by the installation of educational software (for teaching,
Ministry of Education with support from Ministry for Information Society Developing pupils',students, 'and teachers'digital competencies Educate teachers on ICT technologies (Enabler) Due to the fast pace of updating the IT systems,
in order to ensure appropriate education to students, teachers themselves should be trained on a regular basis on updates of the ICT-assisted educational sector Responsible:
pupils and students will gain a competitive advantage that Page 71 of 170 and digital skills.
and students can prepare both complex inter/trans-disciplinary curriculum projects and extracurricular projects to develop social and entrepreneurial skills.
Ministry of Education with support from Ministry for Information Society Stimulate students to become more involved in the learning process (Operational) Due to the novelty represented by the technological factor,
students will be stimulated to become more involved in the learning process, which, over time, will have a positive impact on their school performance,
Interactive visual materials and additional sources of information provided by the Internet will increase student engagement.
Using ICT will also allow the adaptation of learning subjects according to students'skills, supporting personalized and individualized learning.
especially hard-to-reach citizens like the elderly, retirees, adults, students, and the unemployed. More than 1. 8 million Romanians currently use public libraries,
%pupils/students (19%)and engineers, physicians, architects, professors and economists (15%.%The proportions are almost identical in case of users using fixed connections,
8 76,0 74,9 75,3 Female 80,7 79,3 77,2 77,2 Students structure, by specialization, from superior education, in 2012/2013 academic year Page 120 of 170
%)The achievement of basic ICT competences by the students and the improvement of the access to technology irrespective of the provisions of the academic environment The computerisation of the libraries and the formation of digital competencies in the rural environment leading towards The decrease of the scholastic population in the pre-university teaching
between universities The students and the teachers'mobility The lack of collaboration between the business environment and the educational institutions The lack of correlation between the e-learning programmes included in the Sectoral Operational Programme Increase of economic competitiveness (SOP IEC) with the e-learning
pupils, students, adults being in the process of continuous training, persons which are in the situation of social exclusion:
, the talented students, 30 Publicly financed research site: higher education institutions, academic research centres and state-owned nonprofit research centres 79 doctoral students carrying out their research there.
as well as to promote the practice-oriented education of students and doctoral students and the learning of innovative professional methods as well as to develop entrepreneurial skills.
and allows for more open and rapid communication between teachers and students. For instance, The Open university, based in the United kingdom,
In 2005, Massimo Banzi, an Italian engineer and designer, started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) to build electronic devices using an open-source hardware board.
whose goal it is to help‘students use new technologies to design and make products that can make a difference to their world',19 http://www. bmbf. de/en/19955. php about-city-budgets-heres
mobile learning, mobile technologies, mobile learning, authentic learning, design-based research, higher education Introduction Personal mobile devices such as ipods and mobile phones are now ubiquitous amongst student
he or she may feel ill-prepared to use them with students in pedagogically innovative and appropriate ways.
Cox and Marshall (2007) listed five important reasons for knowing more about the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTS) on pedagogical practice and student learning, namely:(
and to engage students in authentic and meaningful tasks. In an extensive literature review of mobile learning, Naismith, Lonsdale, Vavoula and Sharples (2004) proposed six broad theory-based categories of activity in the field:(
Similarly, in terms of student use of mobile technologies, the focus of the debate has been upon the problematic use of mobile phones in schools (e g.,
and to discover new pedagogies for the use of these new technologies to enhance the learning experience of students in higher education.
and invent pedagogies appropriate to their students'use of a mobile device in completing a complex task within an authentic learning environment. 3. Implement the use of mobile technologies
Authentic learning situates students in learning contexts where they encounter activities that involve problems and investigations reflective of those they are likely to face in their real world professional contexts (Brown, Collins, & Duguid, 1989;
Palm Treo 680 smartphones and Apple 30g ipods were purchased by the University from Teaching and Learning funds, for use in the professional development workshops and implementations with students in classes.
and evaluated with students in classes conducted over two semesters. The focus of the project moved to the third research question:
One class set (25) of each device was used in this phase to ensure specific affordances were available to students as they completed a task.
Students were issued with an appropriate device on loan to use individually or in groups, as they completed the given
teachers used data collection methods such as focus group interviews, observations, video recordings, individual interviews, journals, weekly logs, reflective essays, student blogs
Enhancing action learning with student feedback. Action Learning: Research and Practice, 1 (2), 203-218.
The company was started in 1997 to supply local students with inexpensive but professional violins but this market was saturated soon.
Canada Student Connection Programme It hires and trains university and college students as student business advisors to provide customised Internet
and e-commerce training to SMES. Since its start in 1996 more than 3 000 students have been hired
and more than 64 000 business people have been trained. Greece Go Online The project of the Ministry of Development aims to introduce 50 000 SMES to the digital economy.
The USV Annals of Economics and Public Administration Volume 14, Issue 1 (19), 2014 38 OPEN INNOVATION THE GOOD, THE BAD, THE UNCERTAINTIES Phd Student Eliza
or ICT-intensive services sectors. 5 000 researchers and 16 000 students can also be found in the area. 200 of the local companies are foreign. 110 nationalities mix in the area.
in order to enhance their conversation with potential students, staff and public; pressure on universities to demonstrate impact from their research All economic players experience a growing economic and fiscal pressure.
need for developing new skills and capabilities in students; open education programmes, e g. MOOCS, SPOCS; increasing use of social media;
and prepare students who are market ready to embrace open innovation. There is a growing trend to develop T-shaped people with a core expertise
which is teaching students to explore social science thinking from different perspectives, e g. economics, law, politics,
a range of innovative courses introducing students to the breath of disciplines and developing flexibility,
research outcomes and engaging with students, researchers, industry and wider community. The use of social media by universities is on the rise with many leading universities having hundreds of thousands followers on their social network pages.
E A r C H 47 around end users and communities (e g. students, staff, alumni, industry, media, etc.)
community, staff students and alumni 38. The event gathers thousands of visitors and is becoming a prominent feature in the university diary.
25) http://www. setsquared. co. uk (26) http://sydney. edu. au/(27) http://www. lse. ac. uk/intranet/students/LSE100
and to educate students to serve their country and humanity (I shall later refer to this definition as‘the core mission').
Therefore, the lab's user community comprises the UFA company, technology firms, research and development facilities, media enterprises, students,
and participants including industrial and other academic entities, research centres, students, companies, start-up firms, entrepreneurs, end-users and consumers in these facilities.
citizens, users, bureaucrats, interest groups, experts, partners, financiers, economic and academic stakeholder and students etc. This diversity facilitates avoiding blind spots in innovation processes.
either by small (student) start-ups, in SMES or even integrated in the platform by multinationals.
but also citizens and students) to develop applications that can be plugged into the system. This will allow a wide range of solutions to use the system and available open data:
Close to the city center, Midsweden University has over 7000 students doing research in environmental sciences tourism, sports and event technology."
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