Synopsis: Education: School: Schoolwork: Learning:


DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION The-Open-Book-of-Social-Innovationg.pdf

trial and error and rapid learning that are accompanying the birth of this new economy. But we can be certain that its emergence will encourage ever more interest in how innovation can best be supported,

and should evolve through shared learning. Social innovations often struggle against the odds all of our chances of success will increase

PRA uses a range of visualisation techniques such as mapping as a tool for learning about sexual health and reproduction,

An outstanding recent example is New zealand academic John Hattie's work on schools,‘Visible Learning, 'which brings together 800 meta-analyses of

Feedback loops are a necessary precondition for learning, reviewing and improving. This could include front line service research to tap into the expertise of practitioners and front line staff

Examples include the idea of disability rights, closedloop manufacturing, zero-carbon housing or lifelong learning.

personalised learning in schools and self-managed healthcare, and are likely to be critical to future productivity gains in public services. 11 24) Changing roles.

CARE. 7. Hattie, J. 2008)‘ Visible Learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement.'

Nooteboom, B. 2000)‘ Learning and Innovation in Organisations and Economies.''Oxford: Oxford university Press. 12. Laderman Ukeles, M. 2001) On Maintenance and Sanitation Art.

and the role of the prison officer around an intensive learning programme. 1 39) Engagement of ex-users The Arizona Department of Corrections has involved recent prisoners in designing programmes to help others reintegrate into society

they make sculptures using A Learning Prison. The prison is divided up into houses (the image above is a cross section) with cells on the top three floors, a communal space on the ground floor,

and a learning centre in the basement. Image courtesy of Hilary Cottam, Buschow Henley, Do Tank Ltd. 2 participants'bodies to portray events and personal experiences.

but now cover topics as diverse as marketing and healthcare. 76) Participatory workshops are also known as Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) or Participatory Learning and Action (PLA).

2002)‘ Learning Works: The 21st Century Prison.''London: Do Tank Ltd. 2. See Boal, A. 1979)‘ Theatre of the Oppressed.'

the idea being that faster implementation would speed up learning. This idea has now 3 spread into service prototyping

and learning because of the need to freeze the model to allow for formal evaluation. 88) Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTS) test a procedure within a randomly chosen sample of the public.

The combination of social learning and technological advancement that open testing demonstrates has many applications in encouraging sustainable and systemic innovation that is both supply and demand driven.

listening, and learning. Management is not only about the 4 70 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION giving of orders

and promoted fast learning. 165) Endorsement by regulators for example, the impact of NICE in increasing the pressure on healthcare commissioners to take up more cost effective methods,

SCALING AND DIFFUSION 89 through a series of events and learning visits. 168) Global diffusion and encouragement, for example through GBUPA, the World bank's Global Programme on Output-Based Aid,

Everdale is an organic farm and environmental learning centre. Its purpose is to teach sustainable living practices,

and adaptation and learning processes are required for the generative diffusion of innovation. The NHS‘Adapt

and identify new solutions to problems through increased effectiveness, expertise, knowledge transfer, and learning. Collaboration can help institutions work better

The package includes a‘Best Practice Guide'made up of Quality Standards and Learning Resources.

These generally provide a much more objective measure of social dynamics than the indicators chosen by individual organisations to prove their impact. 229) Assessment as learning,

or learning according to fundamentally different principles. These invariably involve many different elements. Systemic innovation is very different from innovation in products or services.

and implementation of the programme, served as a process for community learning. The project has acted as a major demonstration programme for national and international applications. 251) Support for new patterns of power and responsibility,

and Bed Zed in the UK. 254) Designing and trialling platforms to trigger systemic innovation including peer-to-peer models such as the School of Everything and digital learning environments such as colleges in second life. 255) Comprehensive pilots,

and a 6 SYSTEMIC CHANGE 121 series of learning events. 272) Organising formal coalitions for change with explicit goals,

600 people gathered outside the power station the UK's biggest single source of carbon dioxide-for ten days of learning and sustainable living,

promote and disseminate learning and best practice. These are promoted sometimes strongly by funders for example, the European commission's sustainable urban development network URBACT and the EQUAL Programme. 126 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION Championing innovation Individual roles can be created to scout out,

allow fast learning across a community of innovators; and establish clear pathways for scaling up the most promising models.

social entrepreneurs, nonprofit organisation managers and others. 296) Innovation learning labs. There are now a range of innovation learning labs within universities.

promoting learning and collaboration across This is the winning team from 2009's Social Innovation Camp.

which is based on theories of learning in action‘learning while doing'.'They have proved an effective tool for practitioners in local government in the UK,

and social entrepreneurship. 305) Action learning sets are groups of between four and seven people who come together on a regular basis to reflect on their work,

where students are divided into action learning sets for the duration of the one year course. 306) Membership organisations like the Royal Society for the Encouragement of the Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA) in the UK

The flow of information from the periphery to the centre is critical for learning, reviewing and improving.

groups and mobilising ex-offenders in service design (see method 38). 321) Learning cultures. The biggest barrier to innovation is the lack of a culture of learning that rewards public agencies and public servants for learning from their own mistakes learning from other sectors,

and learning from other places. One feature of the most innovative public agencies is that they are comfortable adopting ideas from diverse and surprising sources. 322) Safe spaces for innovation.

Examples include The 27e Region in France. There are 26 administrative regions in France. This virtual 27th‘region'is intended to provide the other regions with the space

and collaborative learning. The idea has spread and there are now Room 13 studios in Mexico, Nepal, Austria, South africa, USA, Turkey, Holland, China, and Canada.

Here, Uprisers are taking part in a learning session at the Roffey Park Leadership Retreat.

The learning programme is based on‘learning through doing 'and peer-learning. 487) Mutual support networks such as Community Action Network (CAN) which promotes social entrepreneurship

Issues such as the distribution of working time, the valorisation of voluntary labour, the content and channels of life skills learning, the role of many of the social and educational services, the arrangements for retirement and unemployment, the size

In 2008, campers converged on Kingsnorth power station for a week of learning, sustainable living and climate action.


DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATIONThe_Process_of_Social_Innovation.pdf

and buying up companies or licenses that they see as promising. 12 Learning and Evolving In a fourth stage,

learning and adaptation turns the ideas into forms that may be very different from the expectations of the pioneers.

and in the public sector, there is an increasingly sophisticated understanding of how learning takes place. New models such as the collaboratives in health (used by the U k. National Health Service to improve innovation

These examples highlight innovation as a learning curve rather than as the eureka moment of a lone genius. Ideas start off as possibilities that are understood only incompletely by their inventors.

learning once again becomes more tacit, until another set of simpler syntheses emerge. Some organizations appear particularly good at maintaining the momentum from innovation rather than being stuck in a particular form or market.

or aggregating learning. 20 As such, they have not yet provided widely acknowledged models or sufficient practical insights for practitioners:

and where there are sophisticated metrics of success that can reward rapid learning and evolving end goals.


Digital Social Innovation_ second interim study report.pdf

and also in encouraging more women to participate in learning to code through open workshops and support networks.

and Technological Development, the Lifelong Learning Program and other education and cultural programs (such as Youth in Action or MEDIA),

Some interesting examples include the organization of learning seminars the establishment of clusters of policy makers,

or the establishment of learning communities. Some initiatives regarding this tool are evidence building (such as the European union Youth Reports-http://ec. europa. eu/youth/policy/implementation/report en. htm)

Other relevant activities are on ICT for health, inclusion, government, sustainable growth, energy and sustainability, 22 learning, tele-care applications and so forth.

and 32 learning and education activities are only a few examples. The Fab Foundation (http://www. fabfoundation. org/)is an example of the latter.


DigitalBusinessEcosystems-2007.pdf

Although the link between learning, or knowledge transfer, and economic development is by no means a straightforward one,

Epistemic Communities, Situated Learning and Open source Software Development, Working Paper, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark.

Public and private learning in a changing society, Harmondsworth: Penguin. Steindl, J (990. From Stagnation in the 930s to Slow Growth in the 970s, in Political economy in the 20th century, Maxine Berg Ed.,London:

A Way of Knowing and Learning, London: Routledge. Watzlawick, P, Beavin, J H, and D Jackson (967).


Digitally_Mediated_Social_Innovation_for_revised_submission (1).pdf

2013) of social learning, where novel socio-technical configurations evolve. Furthermore, some novel configurations break through


dsi-report-complete-EU.pdf

31technological trends in Digital Social Innovation 35what are we learning about the impact of digital technologies on Social Innovation?

and from new models of learning, access to knowledge and education, to new ways of improving the quality of the environment,

These kinds of projects are able to combine open hardware technologies with new learning methods to experiment with new educational practices,

and integrated within the learning environment. 27 Table 4 Health, wellbeing and inclusion Sustainable socioeconomic models Energy

& constructing informal learning networks: Fab Academy Institute for network culture Code Dojos Hacking culture as sharing skills and knowledge Running research projects

What are we learning about the impact of digital technologies on Social Innovation? Analysing network data:

This process will create learning capabilities, and absorptive capacity, exploiting the creativity of Europe, building digital literacy, skills and inclusion.

but also a kind of learning tool to understand what digital social innovation concretely means. Create better visualisation with the current relational data that can be exported (see here an example of the current visualisations) Better internal search system Addition of social network functionalities to the DSI mapping,

Work Package 6 Recommendations The objective of this work package is to compile the learning of the project by distilling a set of policy recommendations for Digital Social Innovation.

Iterative Learning and Prototyping: Importantly, neither the Your Priorities nor the Better Reykjavik websites were Citizen Foundation team's first attempt at creating an‘electronic democratic'web platform.

Social Innovation Exchange (SIX), Sustainable Everyday Project (SEP), Learning Network on Sustainability (Lens), Partnership for Education and Research about Responsible Living (PERL) and International Association

Training in the Fablab is based on doing projects and learning from peers. A Fablab gives access to individuals to use lab facilities to make almost anything (that does not hurt anyone.

a peer review system, a learning management tool, and a locus for intra-and inter-institutional collaboration.

They purport that the peer-learning aspect could be made even stronger through the addition of design elements in the process and on the crowdsourcing hardware.

and communications technology) packages like the Raspberry Pi are directly contributing to positive and measurable outcomes as a learning tool for students in developing countries.

In 2013 a Raspberry Pi ICT learning environment was installed at Dachio Primary and JHS Schools,

For this reason Khan academy Lite was developed as an offline version of Khan academy‘s curriculum of free learning materials.

With the Pi, a 64gb SD card to put all the learning materials on (which actually costs about twice what the Pi you'll need to run it on does)

It has developed software tools designed to stop people including government agencies and corporations learning web users location or tracking their browsing habits.


dsi-report-complete-lr.pdf

31technological trends in Digital Social Innovation 35what are we learning about the impact of digital technologies on Social Innovation?

and from new models of learning, access to knowledge and education, to new ways of improving the quality of the environment,

These kinds of projects are able to combine open hardware technologies with new learning methods to experiment with new educational practices,

and integrated within the learning environment. 27 Table 4 Health, wellbeing and inclusion Sustainable socioeconomic models Energy

& constructing informal learning networks: Fab Academy Institute for network culture Code Dojos Hacking culture as sharing skills and knowledge Running research projects

What are we learning about the impact of digital technologies on Social Innovation? Analysing network data:

This process will create learning capabilities, and absorptive capacity, exploiting the creativity of Europe, building digital literacy, skills and inclusion.

but also a kind of learning tool to understand what digital social innovation concretely means. Create better visualisation with the current relational data that can be exported (see here an example of the current visualisations) Better internal search system Addition of social network functionalities to the DSI mapping,

Work Package 6 Recommendations The objective of this work package is to compile the learning of the project by distilling a set of policy recommendations for Digital Social Innovation.

Iterative Learning and Prototyping: Importantly, neither the Your Priorities nor the Better Reykjavik websites were Citizen Foundation team's first attempt at creating an‘electronic democratic'web platform.

Social Innovation Exchange (SIX), Sustainable Everyday Project (SEP), Learning Network on Sustainability (Lens), Partnership for Education and Research about Responsible Living (PERL) and International Association

Training in the Fablab is based on doing projects and learning from peers. A Fablab gives access to individuals to use lab facilities to make almost anything (that does not hurt anyone.

a peer review system, a learning management tool, and a locus for intra-and inter-institutional collaboration.

They purport that the peer-learning aspect could be made even stronger through the addition of design elements in the process and on the crowdsourcing hardware.

and communications technology) packages like the Raspberry Pi are directly contributing to positive and measurable outcomes as a learning tool for students in developing countries.

In 2013 a Raspberry Pi ICT learning environment was installed at Dachio Primary and JHS Schools,

For this reason Khan academy Lite was developed as an offline version of Khan academy‘s curriculum of free learning materials.

With the Pi, a 64gb SD card to put all the learning materials on (which actually costs about twice what the Pi you'll need to run it on does)

It has developed software tools designed to stop people including government agencies and corporations learning web users location or tracking their browsing habits.


eco-innovate-sme-guide.pdf

A guide to eco-innovation for SMES and business coaches. 16 eco-innovation observatory Learning Resources Business model Generation offers a wide range of resources for entrepreneurs and companies on business model innovation

in Hungary disseminates case study books to help SMES invest in environmental measures that generate economic returns. www. environmental-savings. com Learning Resources Eco-innovate!

increased material and energy productivity and improved their processes. www. thecirculareconomy. org/case studies Learning Resources Eco-innovate!

and Learning Tool is an online tool to help companies assess their approach to supply chain sustainability,

Learning Resources Eco-innovate production processes Maximising Value: Guidance on implementing materials stewardship in the minerals

and licensing. portal. enterprise-europe-network. ec. europa. eu EUREKA is a European network that supports businesses carrying out R&d. www. eurekanetwork. org/supporting Learning Resources

section=1&currentsection=1& sectionname=Home Learning Resources Figure 7: Eco-design Strategies Wheel Eco-innovate!

and examples. www. defra. gov. uk/environment/economy/products-consumers/green-claims-labels/Learning Resources Eco-innovate products

lead questions Good practice Learning Resources Eco-innovate! A guide to eco-innovation for SMES and business coaches. 56 eco-innovation observatory What is crowdfunding?

and ANI (As Nature Intended)( www. anibrand. com) vegan Barefoot shoes were funded both by Kickstarter (www. kickstarter. com). Learning Resources A Directory of crowdfunding platforms www


Eco-innovation in Romanian SMEs - Roxana Voicu s.a..pdf

,(1999) Trajectory Change through Interorganisational Learning. On the Economic Organisation of the Greening of Industry, Copenhagen Business school, Phd.

(2002) Organising Interfirm Learning as the Market Begins to Turn Green, in de Bruijn, T. J. N m. and A. Tukker (eds.

Physica Verlag, pp. 43-66.26 Kraatz, M. S. 1998) Learning by association? Interorgani zational networks and adaptation to environmental change.


Education - technology and connectedness.pdf

Ally, Mohamed, Mobile learning: Transforming the delivery of education and training: Au Press, 2009. Altman, R c. 2009."

future scenarios and future directions for education and technology,"Journal of computer assisted learning, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2010, pp. 74-93.

Kop, Rita,"The challenges to connectivist learning on open online networks: Learning experiences during a massive open online course,

Design and Delivery of Social Networked Learning, Vol. 12, No. 3, 2011. Kotowska, I.,"Family Change in Europe from the Transition to Adulthood Perspective,"in Knijn, T.,ed.,Work, Family Policies and Transitions to Adulthood in Europe, Basingstoke:

media impact on campaign learning.""Norris, P.,"Did the media matter? Agenda-setting, persuasion and mobilization effects in The british general election campaign,"British Politics, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2006, pp. 195-221.

Media Impact on Campaign Learning,"P. Seib (red. Political Communication, Vol. 1, 2008, pp. 72-100.

http://qje. oxfordjournals. org/content/121/2/351. full. pdf Sala, Xabier Bringue,"Leisure, interpersonal relationships, learning and consumption:


Enhancing Europe's Competitiveness_Fostering Innovation-driven Entrepreneurship in EU.pdf

young people who benefit from entrepreneurial learning develop business knowledge and essential skills and attitudes, including creativity, initiative, tenacity, teamwork, understanding of risk and a sense of responsibility. 18 Cultural/Social framework:

access to specific customer segments Learning about new application fields, access to new markets and sales network to access the market Unclear

How will such skills be generated through formal and lifelong learning, through international exposure, migration and so on?

In turn, corporations will invest in co-learning/co-creation environments and competency development for project-focused networks and communities.

and groups stretch towards the next level of learning, competency development and solution design sophistication, with rewards ranging from financial awards to personal development programmes to social recognition


Enhancing the Competitiveness of SMEs in the Global Economy Strategies and Policies.pdf

and institutional learning. However because of the heterogeneity of the SME population, any policy to increase their innovative capacities must be targeted to meet the needs of a variety of user groups

and learning before they succeed. Also there are no recipes for success that will be valid for all countries and regions. 101.

Cohen, W. and Levinthal, D.,1989, Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R&d, Economic Journal, 99 (3), 569-596.


Entrepneurial Orientation and Network Ties_ innovative performance of SMEs in an emerging-economy manufacturing cluster.pdf

trust, collective learning, and smooth exchange of knowledge. Clusters play a particularly important role in compensating for the resource constraints SMES face

Intra-and Extra-Cluster Ties An extensive body of research has highlighted that interactions within a regional cluster provide an effective platform for learning and innovation (Feldman, 1993;

and cooperation, contributing to collective learning, synergies and smooth exchange of knowledge. It therefore creates an informal network of organizations as proximity increases visibility

and most of their knowledge comes from learning from others (Tsui-Auch, 2003). The above arguments suggest that

learning versus collective learning processes. Regional Studies, 33 (4), 353-365. Chen, C.-J, . & Huang, J.-W. 2009).

a new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35 (1), 128-152. Covin, J,

The micro-determinants of meso-level learning and innovation: evidence from a Chilean wine cluster. doi:

Network location and learning: the influence of network resources and firm capabilities on alliance formation.

Entrepreneurial Orientation and Organizational Learning: The Impact of Network Range and Network Closure. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35,1025-1050.

A Comparative Study of Two Suppliers in Singapore Management Learning, 34 (2), 201-220. Uzzi, B. 1997.


Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development in Andalusia.pdf

45 Learning models...46 CHAPTER III: THE CONTRIBUTION OF RESEARCH ORGANISATIONS...55 Introduction...55 Policy issues...

72 Learning models...74 CHAPTER IV: ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND START-UPS...83 Introduction...83 Policy issues...83 Assessment of the region...

95 Learning models...98 CHAPTER V: SME DEVELOPMENT IN ANDALUSIA...106 Introduction...106 Policy issues...

113 Learning models...115 CONCLUSIONS...127 Human capital and labour market...128 Contribution of research organisations...

whether their=clustering‘has fostered a more collaborative culture of learning and knowledge exchange. While in technology parks there is a relatively high level of collaboration with universities

The gaps in current policies and how these gaps could be filled with appropriate references to good practice learning models implemented in other OECD countries;

or grow absorptive learning capacities to make best use of the factors individually and collectively in networks,

and experiential forms of learning by doing. The propensity of firms to be innovative through technological development is inevitably dependent on the skills levels of its employees and its owner-managers.

including learning by researching, learning by interacting and learning by doing, and not always at beginning in terms of early stage, blue-sky research activities.

international'learning model'programmes addressing the policy recommendations. A final chapter summarises main conclusions and policy messages on entrepreneurship promotion and SME development for the region of Andalusia.

the chapter concludes with recommendations illustrated by three international learning models. Policy issues A rich literature debates the role of human capital formation and labour market dynamics in fostering entrepreneurship and innovation.

which are supported by the learning models in the final section. 10 For instance, it recently started the Andalucía Lab,

Learning models East Bay Green Corridor Partnership: Linking workforce and economic development in the regional green economy The East Bay Green Corridor Partnership in the San francisco bay Area provides an example of linking workforce and economic development,

the project-based learning model (Rasmussen & Sørheim, 2006. Programs at both the Chalmers School and the School of economics and Commercial law at the University of Gothenburg are highly selective. 12 A small class of students engage in the entrepreneurship process,

specifically a new learning-by-doing program as has been so successful in Gothenburg, at one of the biggest universities.

Three international learning models are described which complement the key policy recommendations in the chapter and provide some insight into how they can be implemented.

The third generation of innovation approaches focuses on the role of shared knowledge and learning processes and the importance of building relationships and social capital between key actors and institutions.

using and interacting (DUI) that draws primarily upon experiencebased learning (Jensen, Johnson, Lorenz, et al.,2004).

involves a process of learning-by-interacting and is much more local in nature (closer to the synthetic knowledge base).

This example is discussed in further detail in one of the learning models. The introduction of a full-fledged co-op program at several of the regional universities would require some additional public support,

Learning models This part of the chapter presents evidence from three learning modules largely from North america, that provides further support for the policy recommendations set out above.

The Industrial Research Assistance program/National Research Council Description of the Approach The first learning model explores the relevance of Canada‘s Industrial Research Assistance program (IRAP.

learning model provides more details about the University of Waterloo‘s cooperative education program and particularly, the crucial role that it plays in the local innovation system.

while industry support of the program funds the acquisition of technology to enhance classroom learning.

For further information http://www. cecs. uwaterloo. ca/about Future Trends in Science and Technology Parks Description of the approach The third learning model corresponds to the third policy recommendation in that it draws

In this respect, the learning model is more prospective in pointing to work that has recently been carried out on the future evolution of technology parks.

The chapter concludes with a set of international=learning models‘which are designed to illustrate what is being done in other regions to face up to the entrepreneurship and start-up challenges

Learning models This part of the chapter will provide evidence from three learning models from EU countries that can provide further illustration

www. arbeitsagentur. de Application of Business Incubation using European Best Practice Description of the approach Unlike the preceding two examples this learning model is not based on a concrete best practice.

It makes a number of policy recommendations regarding improving the support environment for the different types of SME before proposing a number of learning models that may offer important lessons for Andalusia.

whether their=clustering‘has fostered a more collaborative culture of learning and knowledge exchange. A recent study that explored the type

There are limitations to how much of a collaborative learning culture can be instilled on SMES from top-down initiatives imposed by regional government agencies

) At the same time, regions that have been most successful in inculcating a better collective learning culture tend to be those that have developed sectorally based support organisations that can provide knowledge,

‘forms of collective learning, characteristic of the industrial districts model cited above. At a general level, SME policy should differentiate more between the different types of firm and the potential for innovation and internationalisation.

More effort could be extended in developing linkages between smaller SMES and larger firms building more effective collective learning networks both within but also outside the region.

and organisations that already exist to promote collective learning activities, though these are seen often as remote from most SMES because of their overt focus upon higher level forms of knowledge creation.

and more=negotiated‘set of collective learning relationships where SME sectoral representatives play a greater part in defining

Cumbers, A. Mackinnon, D. Chapman, K. 2003) Innovation, collaboration and learning in regional clusters: a study of SMES in the Aberdeen oil complex.

Lorenzen, M. 1998 Specialisation and Localised Learning: Six Studies on the European Furniture Industry. Copenhagen Business school Press, Copenhagen.

Maskell, P. 1997 Learning in the village economy of Denmark. In Braczyk, H. J. Cooke, P. and Heydenreich, M. eds) Regional Innovation Systems.

I, Malmberg, A. and Vatne, E. 1998 Competitiveness, Localised Learning and Regional Development: Specialisation and Prosperity in Small Open Economies, London, Routledge.

whether=clustering‘has fostered a more collaborative culture of learning and knowledge exchange. Indeed few firms appear to develop collaborations with other firms co-located in the same park.

and problem-solving or learning-oriented activities centred round the need for upgrading existing sectors could be given equal priority.

However, closer scrutiny shows that some of the essential softer aspects of SME development (e g. collaborative learning


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