the Communication and the accompanying Staff Working Document set out 5 broad priorities: -Develop legal rules to facilitate cross-border offers of online products
and advanced technological solutions This staff working document fulfills the commitment made in the Communication to report annually on the state of play of implementation of the action plan.
They supported the Commission's intention to work towards the completion of the Digital Single Market
In the second half of 2012, discussions started within the Expert Group on ECOMMERCE9 about the modalities of the pilot project.
A partnership for new growth in services 2012-2015 12 accompanied by a Staff Working Document13 with a view to establishing guidance on the application of Article 20 (2) of the Services Directive
As the Staff Working Document provides only initial clarifications on the nondiscrimination clause on the basis of information gathered thus far,
PDF 12 COM (2012) 261 final http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/services/services-dir/implementation report en. htm 13 Commission Staff Working
The Commission will also report on the outcome of the consultation on the online distribution of audiovisual works and on the implications of the"Premier League"ruling in the field of digital content.
and online display of orphan works and introduces a new exception to copyright (one of the few ones to be fully harmonised at EU level).
This Communication sets out two parallel work tracks. On the one hand the Commission will complete its ongoing review of the EU copyright framework, based on market legal and economic studies,
and text and data mining. As part of this exercise, a report will be published on the outcome of the consultation launched by the Green Paper on the online distribution of audiovisual works in early 2013.
and of the Council of 25 october 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/copyright/orphan works/index en. htm 16 COM (2012
Following BEREC's work in this field, the Commission services launched a public consultation on"specific aspects of transparency, traffic management and switching in an Open Internet"on between 23 july and 15 october 2012.
whether the mini OSS (to be implemented by 2015) works properly. Consequently progress on this issue can only be reported after 2015.
This work will continue in 2013. Finally, an awareness-raising campaign in the framework of the Year of Citizenship will begin in December 2013.
and a Staff Working Document on knowledge-enhancing aspects of consumer empowerment. The Agenda presents a comprehensive vision for EU consumer policy in the years ahead.
the extension of the scope of the anti-money laundering directive and the promotion of international cooperation for the prevention of match-fixing.
Two experts'workshops on N&a procedures. Participants in these workshops, working e g. for hosting service providers
A workshop with ADR experts took place in Brussels on 28 february 2012. The Commission services also met bilaterally with stakeholders.
pdf 22 The Commission has set up the S3 Platform55 to support the regions through peer reviews and workshops to share best practices and work towards the preparation of these strategies.
adopt a Communication on spectrum-sharing including a strategy for the promotion of shared access to the spectrum in the Single Market
labour conditions and employment, privacy and data protection, product return, sales conditions, parcel delivery, labelling and information requirements online,
Therefore a coherent set of standards for SEPA payments must be devised which strikes a balance between the harmonisation
The important work of the Securepay Forum should also be transparent and properly communicated to all players.
i. a. in areas such as taxation, employment and social conditions, transport, environmental responsibility. Legislation needs to fit this new channel in
They need specialised employees who can build, maintain and further develop their online business and,
and for business to have qualified employees. Recommendation 15: Consumers and the commerce sector are need in of e-skills to shop and trade online.
We believe that ecoinnovations in SMES will contribute to a making a green economy work in Europe and worldwide.
and other materials for reuse from Thames Water's replacement works. This has injected new life into an old deposition site near Chatham Docks
%since the start of the initiative and recruited more than 100 employees. www. shields-e. com Good practice examples The Footprint Chronicles:
consultants or can be completed by other technical or business functions as part of other responsibilities. In smaller companies design, market research and R&d may be integrated fairly closely.
diverse concepts and involve stakeholders/experts. Reward buy in when eco-innovative ideas are implemented. Choose whether to pursue patents to protect the novel function,
involving all the company's personnel from shop floor through to senior management. www. orangebox. com www. ecodesigncentrewales. org/sites/default/files/EDC ORANGEBOX ENABLINGECODESIGNINWELSHINDUSTRY. pdf Crawford Hansford & Kimber:
Promotion based on clear evidence-based claims related to environmental performance will enhance internal and external reputation.
Researching competitors product environmental performance may identify relative strengths of your product that you can exploit in promotion.
do need you to set up a partnership with consultants or companies that posses this expertise? do need you to train yourself
Start promotion within a community of interest e g. networks of suppliers and customers and extend it to the likeminded crowd who have affinity with your product,
innovation experts and eco-innovative cluster organisations. Among many support schemes it has one that helps SMES with developing
This work was supported by CNCSIS-UEFISCSU, project number PN II-RU TE 328/2010. Key-words: eco-innovation, SMES, Romania 1 Introduction The importance of sustainability is ever growing,
Z. 2011), Facilitating Expansion of Cross-Border E-commerce-Developing a Global Online Dispute Resolution System (Lessons Derived from Existing ODR Systems Work of the United nations Commission on International
3 Executive Summary 4 Introduction 7 Part I The economic impact of ICT 8 Part II
We ran a survey of 100 senior executives on the commercial challenges of harnessing ICT to deliver increased productivity and growth.
This leaves Europe's policymakers and business leaders wrestling with two puzzles. First, why hasn't heavy investment in ICT delivered the economic growth and acceleration in productivity experienced in the US?
Second, we conducted a survey of 100 senior executives on the commercial challenges of harnessing ICT to deliver increased productivity and growth.
Skills, innovation and competition are crucial to making technology work. The productivity growth gap between the US and Europe is partly down to differences in effectiveness of ICT use.
and process changes in the workplace are a major impediment to growth in Europe. Weaknesses in managerial skills and technology awareness,
and change the way people work to take advantage of new technology. Policymakers and business leaders have work to do.
ICT in the public sector. The executives we interviewed and surveyed believe the best thing governments can do to promote effective ICT use is to practise what they preach.
liberalisation, entrepreneurship, employment and (this being Europe) social inclusion as well as sustainable development. Yet the backdrop to this initiative was the growing recognition on the part of policymakers
and economists that the EU as a whole was falling behind the United states in key measures of economic growth, most crucially that of labour productivity growth.
and have registered the fastest labour productivity growth over the 1996-2002 period. The exception is Ireland,
The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 9 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe's productivity challenge Labour productivity growth and ICT Aggregate labour productivity growth and ICT contribution
to labour productivity growth, 14 European countries and US, 1990-95 and 1996-2002, in percentage points 1990 1995 1996 2002 Labour prod.
ICT Labour prod. ICT growth contribution growth contribution Norway 3. 11 0. 85 Ireland 3. 76 1. 90 Sweden 2. 95 0. 96
OECD Along with Ireland, the US recorded the biggest increases in ICT contribution to labour productivity growth in the 1996-2002 period. 10 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Reaping the benefits of ICT
Education and the business environment are crucial to making technology work ICT development is only one of the important factors affecting growth.
along with Ireland that have registered the largest ICT contributions to labour productivity growth in Europe in the 1996-2002 period.
which in turn leads to increases in labour productivity. Economists believe ICT capital investment has made a sizeable contribution to GDP growth in many developed countries in the past decade,
Contribution of ICT-using services to aggregate labour productivity growth-0 50-0. 25 0. 00 0. 25 0. 50 0. 75 1
Spain France Contributions to value added per employed person, in percentage points 1990 95 1996 2002 Source:
This requires greater improvements in workplace efficiency that are more difficult to achieve but also provide longer-term benefits.
as well as in labour productivity and other key macroeconomic indicators. By contrast, Ireland has outpaced even the US in ICT-led productivity growth
and the job security they enjoy with their existing large firms. The European commission has been concerned sufficiently by this issue to launch a number of initiatives in an attempt to boost entrepreneurship.
Skills to reorganise, skills to innovate Europe is skilled not short of technical workers. Schools and universities produce a steady flow of graduates trained in software programming, network design and other technical aptitudes,
In our survey, lack of ICT knowledge in senior management and the failure of IT and business management to work together effectively were cited as the two main barriers to maximising the benefits of ICT.
%respondents could provide a maximum of two answers) Lack of ICT knowledge in senior management 38 Business
and IT executives not working together effectively 34 Inadequate integration between different technologies in the business 30 Cost constraints 29 Inability to manage
or implementation 23 Lack of ICT skills in workforce 22 Employee resistance to change 22 Other 3 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 17 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe
In addition to its work in R&d, Tekes recently launched a programme to encourage productive use of ICT in SMES.
Reorganising the workplace to adapt to new technology can involve anything from automating manual processes to overhauling product design, production or logistics systems.
sector 23 Policies to promote competition in the ICT sector 35 Schemes to promote access to higher bandwidth services 34 Promotion of common technology standards 36 Availability of good
22 Policies to promote labour mobility 9 Policies to attract ICT skilled immigrants 10 Other 1
19 Schemes to promote access to higher bandwidth services 36 Promotion of common technology standards 32 Availability of good ICT education in primary and secondary schools 43 Other
The issue of labour market regulation is more contentious. Many economists argue that Europe's labour market regulations are too restrictive
and that they deter companies from reorganising the workplace. Policymakers and economists diverge however, on the link between labour regulations and productivity growth,
and on the desirability of policy initiatives to effect change. If nothing else, the relationship between labour regulations and ICT-led productivity growth will need to be explored more fully before politicians at either the EU
or national level will feel confident enough to propose far-reaching changes. A commitment to open markets and unfettered competition is clearly a factor in encouraging successful innovation,
but not everyone sees it as a priority. In our survey, most managers were concerned much more about getting technology to meet business needs
Eike Röhling, director-general of technology policy in the federal Ministry of Economics and Labour, cites the shortage of venture capital as one of the key barriers to innovation in his country.
In Europe as in the US, a substantial volume of R&d work is conducted by universities and independent research institutes.
000 staff, including 200 Phds, and 200 laboratories) proactively seeks and wins contracts with companies from the region as well as elsewhere in Europe and abroad, specialising in biotech, environmental and IT technologies.
and a much larger number of midsized firms directly employ staff working in UCL laboratories on corporate projects.
and to give users (employees, suppliers and customers) the confidence to use them. Elie Simon, president EMEA of Sun microsystems, believes regulators must seek to develop unified security standards to protect Europe's network infrastructure.
of which is cited as a main external concern by 37%of the executives we surveyed. Common standards remove much of the risk associated with investing in competing technologies.
and are viewed by a majority of the executives we surveyed as important or extremely important to enabling firms to benefit from ICT.
Despite this, many policymakers (as well as executives judging from our survey) do not see labour market reform as a priority.
One targets the workplace, where public agencies can directly organise or support third-party initiatives to improve managerial and employee skills in ICT use.
This is particularly relevant to staff in SMES, where such skills are need most in. Taking the longer view, governments should also entrench ICT-related training at all levels of the educational system,
Business leaders need to invest in skills training for their own managers and staff, and provide incentives to encourage staff to undertake this training outside the workplace.
The organisations that will be most successful in harnessing ICT will train their staff not only how to use new technology,
but also in more challenging areas such as how to deploy technology for competitive advantage. In particular, managers will need to understand better the benefits,
or networks can have a harmful impact on workplace productivity. It is therefore incumbent on executives to ensure, through training and other mechanisms,
that their managers are fully aware of the potential benefits of an ICT investment, as well as the specific workplace factors that may complicate it,
before a purchase is made. ICT vendors carry a special burden of responsibility in this context. Vendors must make every effort to ensure that customers are not only aware of the benefits of a newly deployed technology,
quality circles and other mechanisms to promote employee involvement in decision-making; greater informationsharing; a more imaginative use of monetary incentives and other rewards;
employee participation in job design; and modifying criteria for promotion to reward new ideas and innovation.
Training in change management can also help to ensure that organisations are both willing and able to adapt to new challenges
In the UK, for example, any firms that want to work with local authorities will have to be able to do business online by 2005.
But ultimate responsibility for using ICT more effectively to improve workplace productivity lies with the executives and staff of European organisations, public and private sector alike.
Despite the considerable work that has gone into making the ICT investment measures comparable across countries,
and business environment variables (measured by a synthetic index covering labour, product and financial markets) and their possible interaction with ICT.
policy toward private enterprise, financing conditions, the tax regime, the macroeconomic environment and labour markets. The overall index is a simple average of the five category subindexes.
This leaves the ICT variable accounting for the major part of the 0. 52 percentage point difference in average growth.
European commission, 2003, European Competitiveness Report 2003, Commission Staff Working Document Gordon, Robert, 2003, Five Puzzles in the Behavior of Productivity, Investment and Innovation, Global
%respondents could provide a maximum of two answers) Lack of ICT knowledge in senior management 38 Business
and IT executives not working together effectively 34 Inadequate integration between different technologies in the business 30 Cost constraints 29 Inability to manage
or implementation 23 Lack of ICT skills in workforce 22 Employee resistance to change 22 Other 3
%respondents) Promotion of common technology standards 36 Policies to promote competition in the ICT sector 35 Government leading the way in innovative use of ICT 35 Schemes to promote access to higher
and higher education 10 Policies to attract ICT skilled immigrants 10 Policies to promote labour mobility 9 Policies to redress under-representation of women in ICT jobs 2 Other 1
and Internet 41 Schemes to promote access to higher bandwidth services 36 Policies to promote competition in the ICT sector 34 Promotion of common technology standards 32 Development of e
%respondents) Improved management information 51 Communication and collaboration between employees 48 Customer relationship management 33 Integration of existing data/technologies 33 Remote/mobile working 23
%respondents) Improved management information 47 Customer relationship management 41 Communication and collaboration between employees 32 Supply chain integration 31 Integration of existing data/technologies 29
We operate schemes to encourage remote and flexible working 25 Senior management is briefed regularly on emerging disruptive technologies 20 How do you measure the benefits of ICT in your organisation?(%
Table of contents Foreword 3 1. Executive Summary 4 2. The origins of Smartgrids 6 3. Driving factors in the move towards Smartgrids 12 4. From today to tomorrow 15
Advances in simulation tools will greatly assist the transfer of innovative technologies to practical 1. Executive Summary 5 VISION AND STRATEGY I ELECTRICITY NETWORKS OF THE FUTURE application for the benefit of both customers
Job opportunities will be broadened as the networks require workers with new skills and integration across new technology areas.
2. The origins of Smartgrids The Smartgrids European Technology Platform for Electricity Networks of the Future began its work in 2005.
and by the need to ensure economic development, greater competitiveness, job creation and high quality security of supply (both short and long term) in the EU. Advanced electricity service and solution providers:
Particular attention will need to be addressed to solve the shortage of skilled staff with manufacturers, grid operators, regulators, etc.
A prerequisite is the adequate technical staff trained by high level universities and other technical schools.
The Lisbon Strategy, a major priority of the European union, outlined the intention to boost competitiveness, job creation, social cohesion and environmental sustainability throughout the continent.
Future work should adopt a techno-economic system approach for a trans-European network. This calls for the development of:
It will tackle the issue of an insufficient availability of skilled staff, particularly to achieve the development and deployment of innovative technologies.
Recruitment strategies must be enhanced to meet the skill sets needed. Multidisciplinary curricula should include not only power engineering and information technologies,
when companies know it works. 31 VISION AND STRATEGY I ELECTRICITY NETWORKS OF THE FUTURE As in other ETPS,
I ELECTRICITY NETWORKS OF THE FUTURE GENERAL ASSEMBLY (Biannual Technology Platform Forum Member States'Mirror Group Advisory Council (Executive Group) 26 membres Group of Associations
. and Cambridge, UK Copyright 2015 RAND Corporation R is a registered trademark. 3 Abbreviations BEPA Bureau of European Policy Advisers EGDI e-government development
and transformations in the world of work and the labour market. Overall findings from all reports may be found in the Synthesis Report published by RAND Europe,
This work is based on desk research in the form of a nonsystematic review of the academic and grey literature on the major trends for this theme.
which was harnessed through a Delphi with international participants as well as through a series of semi-structured interviews with experts from academia and think tanks,
For more information about RAND Europe or this work, contact Stijn Hoorens (hoorens@rand. org). Rue de la Loi 82 Westbrook Centre, Milton Road 1040
In 2012, the Bureau of European Policy Advisers (BEPA) commissioned RAND Europe to investigate further the theme of societal changes by drawing from the experience of the pilot project,
world and its impact on different societies 5. The role of mobility and migrations and their impact on identities 6. Old and new labour and work.
which stand in contrast to the consensus. The second phase of the research (expert consultation) harnessed the knowledge of leading experts worldwide for each of the themes studied through an approach based on the Delphi method.
the development of these technologies may have a positive contribution in meeting social challenges, for instance by potentially revolutionising work, changing structural relationships between labour and capital,
Schummer 2010). 1 Experts consulted in the Delphi 1 Castells (2011) defines the network society as‘an informational society with networks serving as the basic structure of organisation pervading all spheres
In sum, these inequalities work against democracy and empowerment for some people, while at the same time producing expanded opportunities of political participation
and Robert Owen's approach to workers'welfare are social innovations the present turmoil and technological progress offer new opportunities to harness these initiatives to promote social-policy goals
Education is likely to become an increasingly critical national and personal asset in a globalised labour market,
& Sandford 2010). 4. 2. Uncertainties about the effects of a global education and eskills Although the globalisation of education and the diffusion of e-skills are projected often to be associated with better labour market prospects for graduates,
Despite the decreasing affordability of education, increasing unemployment caused by the financial crisis has led to increases in the number of students enrolled in higher education institutes as education is seen as an alternative to unemployment.
The composite effect of rising unemployment and tuition fees however, has contributed to exacerbating inequalities in access to higher education (see Figure E. 3. 1 on educational attainment in tertiary education.
Although the rising importance of ICT-based employment is likely to continue to favour the young and educated,
limited access to skilled positions by those with‘second tier'(not technologyoriented) skills could result in a loss of intellectual diversity in the labour market (Cave et al. 2009;
, regulation Market penetration rates, global revenues++Medium to long term Preserving global competitiveness of EU industry, societal impacts of new technologies (work, health education, etc.
skills mismatch and polarisation of labour market outcomes Low Social innovation, enabled by ICTS among other factors,
unmet demand on labour market for certain skills++Medium term Need to make educational systems responsive to these developments,
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