Towards more efficient and fairer retail services in the Internal Market for 2020.8 In addition, the Commission is using this Staff Working Document to present its evaluation of the implementation of the E-commerce Directive (hereafter:
HTML. 7 Communication from the Commission to the European parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Towards a Single Market Act, For a highly competitive social market economy, 50 proposals for improving our work
The detailed analysis included in this Staff Working Document and the Communication is partly based on the results of an open public consultation carried out between August and November 2010.
This Staff Working Document also draws on other sources of information available e g. studies, participation in conferences, interviews with stakeholders and the deliberations of the expert group on e-commerce etc.
The Staff Working Document is not legally binding and does not constitute Commission guidelines. The second annex to the Communication identifies the latest trends in business-to-consumer e-commerce in the EU
because it includes telecoms) has accounted for 25%of net job creation and growth 19 Forrester consulting, May 2009, Study on"A Single Market for Information Society".
language=en 33 Commission Staff Working Paper, Telemedicine for the benefit of patients, healthcare systems and society, SEC (2009) 943 final, June 2009;
Specific examples might be the requirement to demonstrate professional qualifications and good repute, to provide specific financial guarantees,
Right holders tended to claim that the EU acquis has promoted the cross-border availability of copyright protected works.
"or not leaves room for divergent interpretations as well. 48 ECC-Net, Online Cross-border Mystery Shopping:
e g. must be signed before a notary. 54 Article 9 (2) of the ECD leaves Member States the option of excluding certain categories of contracts used in the context of real estate transfer that require the involvement of courts and other public authorities,
Annex II of the Staff Working Document contains a list of national measures transposing the Directive. 2. 2. 2 Other relevant EU rules Since the adoption of the ECD more than a decade ago,
However, it is not possible to directly measure the share of employment, GDP, or the value added of electronic commerce activities.
Commission services consider the expert group a good forum for the exchange of views, experiences and best practices amongst the Member States and between them and the Commission.
and the e-commerce expert group has led not to a well-functioning system of notifications of national administrative and judicial decisions in the meaning of Article 19 (5) ECD.
The Directive provides for a technologically neutral framework and the liability regime strikes a balance between the several interests at stake, in particular between the development of intermediary services,
"This Directive strikes a balance between the different interests at stake and establishes principles upon
however, be recalled that this Staff Working Document is not legally binding, does not create any new legislative rules
a peer-2-peer file sharing service particularly known for sharing pirated works, was not a hosting service provider.
The Commission services have been made aware of the following national laws (see Annex II of this Staff Working Document for a more detailed description:
The french HADOPI law provides for a so called"three strike"procedure for copyright infringements whereby, following a notice,
which is capable of identifying on that provider's network the movement of electronic files containing a musical, cinematographic or audiovisual work in respect of which the applicant claims to hold intellectual property rights,
Horizontal issues such the development of broadband and IT infrastructures or IT literacy across the Member States, social groups and generations are also key to the development of online services. 145 This Staff Working Document does not cover infrastructure but deals with regulatory obstacles
Typical trustmark systems consist of an accreditation mechanism with an independent supervisor for an online trader to meet the trustmark's requirements (including creditworthiness, security mechanisms, price transparency, provision of information, customer service, data protection
stakeholders and experts to carefully analyse the implementation process for setting up the EU trustmark scheme. 149
or counterfeited works, information about both up-and downloaders needs to be shared between the right holders
This Communication will be complemented by a Staff 175 Directive 2011/62/EU of the European parliament and of the Council of 8 june 2011 amending Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use,
and unfair commercial practices should be tackled. 4. 2. 1 Price comparison websites As outlined in the Staff Working Document"Bringing e-commerce benefits to consumers"accompanying the Communication on e-commerce,
It includes practical examples showing how the Directive works. The guidelines must evolve in response to the input received from national enforcers, the emergence of new practices or additional questions and the development of European and national case law;
However, requiring a local presence for the registration of a TLD could be a restriction to the freedom to provide services (Art. 56 TFEU)
online service providers adapt works according to the linguistic and cultural tastes of each country in an attempt to maximise economic returns e g. film distributors'staggered release windows. 195 In the absence of a European public domain,
The Court held that national legislation protecting sporting events is capable of justifying a restriction to the free movement of services (Article 56 TFEU.
Second, the creation of a clear and well-functioning legal framework for the multi-territorial licensing of musical works for online services will encourage the uptake of new business models that provide online services to European consumers 2
Provisions on freedom to provide services impose obligations on the Member States but do not prohibit market players,
http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/copyright/docs/ipr strategy/COM 2011 287 EN. pdf 73 digitisation and making available of"orphan works".
"198 Orphan works are works such as books, newspapers or films that are protected still by copyright but
and archives to digitise their works and make them available online. The lack of a common EU framework on orphan works is a particular obstacle to the development of European large-scale digital libraries.
As part of its efforts towards the creation of digital libraries, the Commission brokered a Memorandum of Understanding with Key Principles between authors
They differ from orphan works in that their right holders (authors and publishers) are known. 199 3. The proper functioning of the Internal Market requires the development of a durable approach to private copying levies.
Remuneration for private copying of copyrightprotected works is collected in the form of levies on recording media or recording equipment (photocopiers
the Commission launched a public consultation on the online distribution of audiovisual works on 13 july 2011
Proposal for a Directive of the European parliament and of the Council on certain permitted uses of orphan works,
http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/copyright/docs/orphan-works/proposal en. pdf 199 See for more details European commission, Memorandum of Understanding:
Key Principles on the Digitisation and Making Available of Out-of-Commerce Works, 20.09.2011, available at:
and their work is crucial in Europe's pluralistic and democratic society. Protecting author's rights for journalists and ensuring that they maintain a say over how their works are exploited is central to maintaining independent
high-quality and professional journalism. Publishers play an important role in disseminating the work of writers, journalists, researchers, scientists, photographers and other creators.
The Commission believes it important to safeguard the rights that journalists and publishers have over the use of their works on the Internet, in particular in view of the rise of news aggregation services.
Commission services will continue to examine these issues in the light of new legal and technical developments. 4. 3. 6 Grey markets In its application report on the implementation of Directive 98/84/EC (on the protection of conditional
the text agreed between the co-legislators leaves (essentially) unchanged the Directives on Unfair Contract Terms and Consumer Sales and Guarantees.
The formal and informal consultations for the abovementioned report and the preparation of this Staff Working Paper show that these business practices can affect electronic commerce as much as their"brick
and to entrust them with the task to develop a national strategy for the promotion of e-invoicing.
but only provide a sender with information on possible delivery options in a given situation. 95 The Commission services are conducting a sectoral study, with the help of an external consultant, regarding the cross-border provision of parcel delivery services,
which would follow up on the full range of previous Commission work on collective redress at the EU level is scheduled in the Commission Work Programme for 2012 (Initiative 110 in the Annex to the Communication from the Commission to the European parliament, the Council, the European Economic
and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Commission work programme 2012. com (2011) 777 final vol. 2/2.-.299 Council Regulation (EC) No. 44
Although this Staff Working Document does not cover networks and infrastructure it is obvious that a clear relationship exists between these networks
e-mediation) and to enhance the communication between judicial authorities. 308 306 Commission Staff Working Document, Accompanying document to the Green Paper on the future of VAT, Towards a simpler, more robust and efficient
One of the achievements of this work programme is notably the so-called"e-commerce moratorium"(WTO members will not charge import duties on electronic transmissions),
The work programme has been ongoing since 1998 and covers all trade related aspects of e-commerce,
-noticeprovider-protected work-IPR holder-nature infringement-location infringing material-declaration that content is related terrorism-order to secure that content is not available to the public
& address of the CO-identification of relevant work-infringement statement-description of infringement, including file name-copyright statement-date and time-IP ADDRESS, port number, website, protocol,
Within the study, our work highlights that open innovation in is impeded by risks related to technology, market place, collaboration among partners, financial sources availability, clients needs, workforce, knowledge and intellectual property rights.
a fundamental premise of open innovation is not all the smart people work for you, hence triggering the need to incorporate external knowledge into internal processes.
and mobility of knowledge workers, making it increasingly difficult for companies to control their proprietary ideas and expertise.
when employees change jobs, they take their knowledge with them, resulting in knowledge flows between firms (Chesbrough, 2003).
An increasingly international division of labour and knowledge has increased the number, and geographical diversity, of relevant knowledge sites, forcing firms to access external knowledge to support their value chain activities (Rothaermel and Hess, 2007) and,
The external knowledge is generated by the employees, business partner, customers, consultants, competitors, business associations, internet sales and service units, internal research and development units and academia.
and employees driven knowledge but proof of enhancing knowledge raised by universities and research laboratories in the innovation process of business actors is relatively scarce,
An ideal marketplace should exhibit transparent global supply chain, labour and technology supply, information flows, customer needs and expectation,
and talented external researchers to work for the firm. Since the geographical and cultural differences in the global market
the supply of quality labour may be inadequate for the firm. Later on, a firm must carefully maintain its employee relation and The USV Annals of Economics and Public Administration Volume 14, Issue 1 (19),
2014 42 conduct reasonable workforce management in order to cut down the turnover rate among work force (Brunold and Durst, 2012).
and talented external collaborators to work for the firm. However, due to geographical, cultural or merely strategic differences in the global market, the supply of quality labour may be inadequate for the firm.
Retention risk acts as a major constrain since turnover among work force can alter the quality of the partnerships and lead to major knowledge loss.
Within the research, our work highlights that companies are allured to enter external partnerships to enrich their knowledge base,
Southwestern Cengage Learning. 2. Brunold, J. and Durst, S. 2012)" Intellectual capital risks and job rotation",Journal of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 13 (2), pp. 178
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Holzmann Thomas Strascheg Centre for Entrepreneurship Thomas. Holzmann@sce. de Huuskonen Mikko Lappeenranta University of Technology & the Ministry of Employment and the Economy, Finland Mikko.
The drivers for practising open innovation need to change universities'behaviour and repositioning of their work in open innovation ecosystems.
Strong community commitment is evident in the design of the Living Lab and the current operations as the glue between all the Executive Summary 7 stakeholders.
The context for this work is Unesco's creative cities'network and the analytical approach behind it, elaborated through practical cases.
as well as the ongoing work of Finland's Energising Urban Ecosystems (EUE) research programme. Our focus is to explore how orchestration works in practice.
Open Innovation 2. 0, entrepreneurial discovery and societal innovation are key processes in this work and need to be orchestrated
and supported in diverse ways. Traditional management is organised often around meetings, planning sessions and workshops.
possibilities for employment, just as societal welfare depends to a large extent on economic development, jobs for people and new opportunities for industry.
Demographics, digital literacy and generational values influence jobs and work, and software substitution may soon make more than 50%of current jobs obsolete.
Knowledge workers especially will be under pressure and perhaps even more jobs in knowledge sectors may disappear.
which brought together more than 350 decisionmakers, leading innovation experts and entrepreneurial practitioners from around the world,
and technology can help turn research into profits and tackle unemployment in Europe. The Declaration calls for stimulating collaboration between citizens, businesses, universities and governments and for moving from the ERA towards European innovation ecosystems.'
and thus reinforcing both their own work and benefiting the ecosystem as a whole; and The provision of supporting service infrastructure to help sustain effective operation within the system.
E A r C H 15 decision-makers and practitioners to experience how the open innovation ecosystem works,
once back in the actual working life, there are too many too many fires to fight, and too many obstacles to overcome such as colleagues,
ACSI has proven to be an effective instrument to understand how societal innovation works and to create perspectives that stimulate societal renewal.
and orchestrated support from facilitators, coaches and experts on different steps in the innovation process.
and entrepreneurial practice is limited to the examples provided by works-in progress and presented by speakers.
We see this Conference as continuing for six months after the participants leave Espoo, empowering people to translate their ideas into prototypes and test them in experiments,
supported by peers, facilitators and virtual working environments custommade for this purpose. In this way, the spirit of ACSI resonates in the design and follow-through of the conference-as-process and conference-as-service.
More than 200 people from across Europe used interactive work forms bench-learning, purposeful conversations and working with virtual worlds to explore what RIS3 collaboration could mean for their regions, the importance of Open Innovation 2. 0, the role of universities in entrepreneurial discovery,
and develop them further where they live and work. Not all of them will come to fruition
learning together what works in which situations and why. Bold steps will be taken, and successful or not, in a year's time we will know more.
learning constantly and scaling broadly when they have something that works. These processes are powerful mechanisms to drive innovation, turning demand into supply and knowledge into value.
But, what is the role of experts in developing, filtering and selecting solutions to be prototyped?
What, however, is needed increasingly are shaped the T skills profiles where experts have not only specific knowledge
if experts are asked for a solution for a problem, there is good convergence of the ideas
and that the peak is not necessarily at the same place as those of the experts (Figure 2). Figure 2:
Bror Salmelin Adviser Innovation Systems Directorate-General for Communications networks, Content and Technology, European commission bror. salmelin@ec. europa. eu R E g I O N A l
Howe 1 defines crowdsourcing as an‘act of taking a job traditionally performed by a designated agent (usually an employee) and outsourcing it to an undefined, generally large group of people in the form of an open call'.
and in a competitive way also from the viewpoint of industrial manufacturing companies e g. 3. The crowds of the above crowdsourcing platforms consist of very professionally operating industry experts from various industries
industrial companies can reach a vast number of experts in specific field (e g. more than 1. 5 million mechanical engineers in Grabcad),
while others provide access to a smaller crowd of world-class experts (experts e g. in the area of environment, energy, mobility, construction and design related to cleantech in Solved).
Innocentive (http://www. innocentive. com/)>300 000 registered users, additionally a network of 13 000 000 experts EMC, Flextegrity Grabcad (http://grabcad. com
or totally on paid crowdworking and getting a growing attention of clientele that has traditionally been in the tight embrace of the old‘big five-type'strategy consultants.
The concept was created co by a crowd of 12 experts with a large variety of different areas of expertise from Solved's network of 500 world-class experts from all over the world involving 200 companies from various fields
The jury for deciding the best solutions consisted of both Konecranes and Grabcads employees. The engineering challenge can be considered as a concrete yet professionally a very demanding task,
There is no employment relationship between the crowdworker and the crowdworking service or between the crowdworker and the one posing the challenge.
Hollywood freelance manuscript writers are overloaded often either with work for periods like 12-24 months
In crowdworking there is no fixed number of workers to start with. Crowds funding product development When the journey of the company continues,
Nowadays, many software and consumer electronics companies say openly that they are not the experts in the usage of their products and services,
I O N y E A r B o O k 2 0 1 5 vendors providing access to a range of workers and focused support for various task 22.'
where crowdworking and new architectures of contributions generate employment 23. Zhubajie, internationally known as Witmart (http://www. witmart. com/)states that it has more than nine million crowdworkers
The future of crowd work. Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work, ACM;
2013, pp. 1301-18.23) Trifu A, Croitoru I, A SWOT Analysis of Today's Crowdsourcing Process, International Journal of Management Sciences, 2014;
This is exemplified by the recent challenging work of Mariana Mazzucato 15, demonstrating that public funding of research
This stream of work investigates the structure and function of policy instruments in particular the organisation of innovation systems, the management of its interfaces across sub-systems, the capability for visioning,
This work is useful as a conceptual framework for analysing systemic problems. However there remains a need to better understand the role of decision-making,
Based on Work Programmes and projects. Strong orientation on individual projects. Loose inter-project alignments. Co-location centers with own governance
the shaping of collaboration processes, the building of programme communities and the formation of platforms laying the ground work for sustainable innovation ecosystems.
and/or A&d Technology driven Business value driven Knowledge ownership Knowledge access Product orientation Business model orientation Engineering job Everyone's Job market push-technology driven Market
In addition there is an increasing trend of employees moving between industry and universities or keeping dual appointments.
in order to enhance their conversation with potential students, staff and public; pressure on universities to demonstrate impact from their research All economic players experience a growing economic and fiscal pressure.
According to the survey the top five countries ranked by executives include the USA, Switzerland, Finland, UK and Sweden.
New skills, programmes and learning technologies The spread of open innovation and a greater permeability of organisational boundaries place new demands on skills and capabilities of employees.
fostering enquiring minds, developing leadership and communication skills. LSE100 27 is an innovative course offered by the London School of economics and Political science (UK)
E A r C H 47 around end users and communities (e g. students, staff, alumni, industry, media, etc.)
20) Imperial Innovations Annual report, 2013.21) Making Industry-University partnerships work, Science Business Innovation Board (2012).(22) http://easyaccessip. com
The researcher as a stakeholder wants protection for his/her creative work and wants credit for scientific career through being acknowledged as the inventor in scientific publications.
and the Act on the Right in Employee Inventions (656/1967). Basic principles of the Act on the Right to University Inventions (369/2006) The Act on the Right to University Inventions regulates the protection
and rights of patentable inventions created by employees of the Finnish universities. The allocation of rights regarding the research-initiated IPR depends on the nature of the research.
Open research is done (Act, Sec. 3) under employment in the university, without outside financing or contractual partners.
Inventions in employment The law on Inventions in Employment (656/1967) concerns the allocation and protection of rights to inventions made under conditions of employment
as a result of the employer's line of work (the work he was agreed, commissioned or ordered to do), or while essentially utilising experience gathered in the employer's service,
the employer may, wholly or in part, claim the right to the invention. The legal precondition is that the use of the invention must be within the employer's line of business.
There is one exception to this rule if the employee was ordered specifically to carry out a specific task.
In certain special circumstances the employer may gain a right to use the invention, even if there is no IPR exclusivity transfer.
The inventor must make a disclosure of the invention to the employer. The employer must claim the right within four months of the disclosure.
The employee has a right to equitable remuneration. Comparing legal principles inventions in employment vs university inventions The acts described above have common features
and partly a common philosophical background too There are however some important differences: it can be said that the University Inventions Act leaves it essentially for the university
and the inventor to agree who will be the owner of IP and the primary responsible for the utilisation of the invention.
The second feature drawing attention is that the university gets the rights primarily in sponsored research,
which could be regarded as somewhat contradictory to the idea of incentivising investment to research. A researcher, who is employed by the university,
is working under conditions of open research. He has the privilege of exploiting his inventions and gain the rights for himself.
Comparing this to the Inventions in Employment Act leads to several conclusions: in regular employment, the position of the employer is provided stronger
the exploitation of the invention belongs to the line of business of the employer. Roughly speaking, the inventions created in employment belong to the employer in lack of important contradictory arguments.
In modern research and development, the invention is not necessarily a byproduct, but the result of conscious effort to create something new for commercialisation purposes.
As a rule, the creation of inventions is the reason for the hiring of the inventor in the first place.
The employer is investing and taking risk for the R & D in order to create competitive advantage for business purposes.
Even the researcher is seen not as an employee, but a torchbearer for research and civilised or even sophisticated society.
I O N y E A r B o O k 2 0 1 5 Karolinska has also a network of 200 experts from life science companies.
In Finland, there is an exception regarding computer programming the IP of computer programming belongs to the employer,
The side effect is need a considerable for experts for evaluating all these project proposals that finally leads to low evaluation quality
The main goal of these matchmaking sessions was to provide every participant with a chance to identify collaboration opportunities in view of specific targeted actionlines of the H2020 Work-programme (WP.
Related theories and previous work Open innovation co-creation, innovation ecosystems and matchmaking Beside Chesbrough's Open Innovation paradigm 1 and Ramaswany's co-creation approach and engagement platform 2,
For sure, it works until they are in the same physical space and they are not listening to someone else or a presenter in a session room.
and learn to better understand how they think and work. Innovation, in this perspective, is essentially a twoway street between government and society.
Types of innovation labs and their main features 13 Lab features Cop constellation Objectives Role of government Time horizon Policy labs Civil servants and external experts
Jakarta Open Data Lab (ID), Chaos Computer Club (DE) Co-working labs Very diverse & changing Cop constellations Provide open spaces for work
Fab Lab Berlin (DE), Rocketspace (US) Firm-driven labs Company employees & external experts Feed results of joint activities into the company's innovation strategy
but rather seek to achieve larger scale systemic changes in the way administrations work. That is, they contribute to the opening up of governments to the outside world for collaboration, co-innovation and sharing resources in a transparent way,
and Employment) and the Odense Municipality are Mindlab's main stakeholders, main customers and provide the largest share of funding.
Mindlab has built a community of practice encompassing civil servants and external experts. Most recently a group of specialists working on the implementation of reform projects
2) Based on these first analytical insights, a discussion takes place with experts and public sector stakeholders (3). Proto-typing takes place together with citizens
Throughout this process, civil servants are the primary experts (with possible support by external experts), while businesses and citizens are key informants for the problem definition and proto-typing.
and not to question the quality of the work civil servants are doing. Success is evaluated by gathering feedback from participants and defining indicators at the beginning of each project.
which offer a flexible working environment for desktop workers, co-working labs additionally offer spaces, equipment,
devices and services for interdisciplinary and collaborative work addressing diverse mobile professionals (freelancers, microentrepreneurs, start-ups), most of whom work in creative industries such as design, media, arts or software development.
Although co-working labs address the benefits of collaborative work, interaction and exchange are usually not solely subject to coincidences
and also works on embedding the lab within urban and regional innovation ecosystems. Hardware. co-Lab
Operators of firm-driven labs set up spaces for integrating external knowledge and talents, e g. from small and medium sized firms, freelancers and experts.
and infrastructure as well as support offered by six UFA employees. 2) Innovation projects are financed either by industrial partners, public funds or UFA.
and implemented by selected applicants, freelancers and UFA employees. 3) An agency offers services in cooperation with freelancers.
and integrate citizens as active experts in research and development. Investor-driven labs Investor-driven labs are testing arenas for new business ideas and business models.
L I V I N G L a b S 71 infrastructure and equipment, offer coaching programmes with national and international industry experts,
and services for like-minded enthusiasts and experts who first dedicate their energy to addressing a specific need, demand or problem.
citizens, users, bureaucrats, interest groups, experts, partners, financiers, economic and academic stakeholder and students etc. This diversity facilitates avoiding blind spots in innovation processes.
L I V I N G L a b S 73 of the Expert Group on Public sector Innovation.
which employ 300 000 workers and have yearly exports of EUR 8. 5 billion 2;
and the Living Lab guarantees the presence of qualified human resources. This will channel the dynamism of the companies based in Istanbul,
The Executive Board Committee of ENOLL has decided during Open ENOLL 2014 and General assembly in Amsterdam (3-6 september 2014) that Open ENOLL 2015 and General assembly will be organised at the Basaksehir Living Lab between 25-29 august 2015.
Posture and ergonomics; Changing spaces and enriching urban identities; What makes a smart city?;Storytelling in product design;
A‘designerly'approach facilitates citizens in participating as experts on their own quality of life. The main challenge is in the co-creation process in the ecosystem:
as shown in Figure 2. External stakeholders included residents, police officers, employers, hotel owners, representatives of citizens, scholars etc.
This leaves more space for creative solutions by designers and industry. The cities struggle with the process for different reasons:
There is a need for new citizen participation practices that acknowledge citizens as experienced experts on their own needs,
They are experts on their own needs, but require facilitation in being involved in design, new possibilities and future services.
A‘designerly'approach facilitates citizens in participating as experts on their own quality of life. The main challenge is in the co-creation process:
develop new practices and work together in a new way during the transition process. Above all, a transition towards a sustainable society requires a new knowledge infrastructure.
cities all over the world devote a large amount of work encouraging and cultivating their collective knowledge to shape future competitiveness (Cabrita and Cabrita,
They also offer the potential for increased employment through the generation and use of intellectual property and represent around 2. 6%of the GDP of the European union (The Greater Lyon, 2014 10).
gastronomes and cultural workers published their experience with the fine food, which helped the marketing and the scaling up of the food industry in the Östersund region.
As a result, she has been able to solicit joint efforts from some partners, such as farmers, artisan food producers, chefs and cultural workers.
This initial move has attracted image artists, high-tech researchers and cultural workers to the city (partners.
and job creation. Ms. Fia Gulliksson (a chef and restaurant owner) saw the benefits of developing Ostersund as a city of gastronomy Execution In 1996,
sector""Entrepreneurs Chefs and restaurants owners Farmers Artisan food producers Distributors Food academy Politicians Event and tourism entrepreneurs Gastronomes Cultural workers"Execution
It aims to provide technological R&d, sales, international exposure and employment. With the synergy, the execution capability of each player is enhanced.
Each partner applies city of gastronomy concept in his/her realm of work. For example, the tourist brochures introduce gastronomy in the Ostersund region.
There are about 500 companies and 2300 employees within the creative industry in the Ostersund region.
A couple of hundred of project nomads and free cultural workers also participate in different projects. The younger generation is rediscovering the heritage of Swedish traditional culinary in Ostersund. 102 O P E N I N N O V A t I O N y E
which is created co as a result of a collaborative inspirational work among academia, research, business and citizens and it is illustrated in the diagram below,
Many executives in corporations have lost trust in their own marketing and IT departments that have been unable to realise digital innovation across companies.
Invite other experts from the sector to give you feedback on your innovative ideas! But then again, is it wise for a company to take on anything that comes from the start-up scene?
If they provide space for their employees to carry out their dreams within the organisation and start a dialogue that can stimulate the internal vision and business model,
who are also struggling to keep afloat due to the lack of employment by Uber. In The netherlands, companies like TCA and Connexxion had tried already similar initiatives.
It is quite curious that those phones still work, but also impressive because they actually get in contact
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