In employment terms, almost 67%of workers are employed by SMES of which 45%are employed by micro-enterprises,
Table 1 Number of enterprises, SME employment and gross valued added in EU 27 (2010) Source:
%92.1%6. 6%1. 1%99.8%0. 2%Employment Number 38 905 519 26 605 166 21 950 107 87
both in terms of number of enterprises and employment 6 Table 2 illustrates the size of six different industry clusters2 in terms of the percentage of the total Member State workforce employed in a particular
ranging from 9. 3%in Lithuania to 37.8%in the UK In terms of employment size, this cluster is followed closely by‘labour intensive industries'with employment rates ranging from 20%(UK) to 44.2%(Slovakia).
The lowest levels of employment are found in the‘life science'and‘tourism and hospitality'clusters.
The use of heat map colours in table 2 helps to analyse employment rates vertically.
There is a geographical divide at cluster level as well; when comparing the different clusters it is clear that in particular Member States some clusters are more significant in terms of employment:‘
‘Creative and cultural industries'employ most people in The netherlands, Latvia and the UK, closely followed by Denmark, Finland and Estonia.
'The Baltic states Latvia and Lithuania take the lion share in terms of employment in the cluster‘Transport & distribution'.
and more details. 7 Table 2 Cluster employment(%of total Member State workforce employed in particular cluster) Source:
experiences and obstacles linked to self employment and compares European opinions with those outside of Europe,
'When comparing the different clusters it is clear that in particular Member States some clusters are more significant in terms of employment SMES highly depend on entrepreneurs.
and reinventing relationships between organisations, suppliers and customers thus becoming critical elements for growth, innovation and job creation.
in order to increase growth and create employment. Three priorities have been set to help achieve this vision: To become a magnet for highly skilled talent
experiences and obstacles linked to self employment, and compares European opinions with those outside of Europe,
Whilst ICT specialists8 accounted for around 3-4%of EU employment, OECD estimated that in 2010 a further 18.5%of employed persons relied entirely on ICT to perform their task,
ICT Skills and Employment. New competences and jobs for a greener and smarter economy 10 IDC (2009.
Exploiting the employment potential of ICTS. Empirica and IDC Europe (2013. e-Skills for Competitiveness and Innovation:
or apprenticeships with SMES or initiatives actively supporting the conversion of ideas into enterprises The Entrepreneur First initiative for example-a not-for-profit programme launched by the UK Prime minister in March 2011-is a two-year programme
Unlike the tier 2 route (work permits) which is granted only for a limited period of time this visa will lead to permanent residency after 5 years.
%In the EU, the Blue Card work permit adopted in 2009 allows high-skilled non-EU citizens to work
and as the work permits do not cover all 27 Member States the Blue Card results in considerable diversity in the conditions
and employment by stating in the European Agenda for the Integration of Third Country Nationals that"their creativity
and inclusive, with a strong emphasis on job creation and poverty reduction. Looking at education in particular,
This communication gives particular attention to combatting youth unemployment, covering four areas which are defined as essential to be addressed
Promoting work based learning including quality traineeships, apprenticeships and dual learning models to help the transition from learning to work;
Promoting partnerships between public and private institutions in order to ensure appropriate curricula and skills provision; Promoting mobility through the proposed Erasmus for All programme. 28 COM (2011) 567.
Furthermore, employment would be boosted, with 1. 2 million jobs expected to be created in infrastructure construction in the short term, rising to 3. 8 million jobs throughout the economy in the long term.
Foster collaboration between universities and SMES, for instance through the provision of funding schemes, pilot projects or apprenticeships/internships.
in order to increase growth and create employment evolves...69 Contacts Vincent Fosty Deloitte Consulting Partner vfosty@deloitte. com Dana Eleftheriadou DG Enterprise and Industry Policy Officer iordana.
Exploiting the employment potential of ICTS-European commission (2012. Jobs for Europe: The Employment policy Conference-Sectors with high job creation potential-European commission (2011.
An action plan to improve access to finance for SMES 71-European commission (2011. Europe's Small Business Act strengthens small businesses and drives growth-European commission (2011.
ICT Skills and Employment-OECD (2012. ICT Skills and Employment. New competences and jobs for a greener and smarter economy-OECD (2010.
ICT Skills and employment 72 Annex Industry clusters Table 7-Industry clusters in Europe(%of total Member State workforce employed in particular cluster) Source:
Deloitte, based on Clusterobeservatory. eu (2011) Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia
Employment and Competitiveness for SMES. 03an Opportunity Exists in Ireland to Change Mindsets about What it Means to Apply Design thinking Principles to Business Development
A greater awareness and adoption of a design-driven innovation approach and design thinking can impact positively on economic growth and job creation in Irish SMES. 10danish National Agencyfor Enterprise and Housing (2003.
Over the 3-year period of the survey, design integratedfirms are found to have on average a 9. 1%higher employment growth rate,
and11finish Ministry of Employment and the Economy and the Ministry of Education and Culture (2012.
Through outsourcing industrial design and manufacturing work Cirdan plays an important role in growing employment and high value industrial skills in Ireland.
More than before designis associated with user-driven innovation activities by companies 56finish Ministry of Employment and the Economy and the Ministry of Education and Culture (2012.
and regionalinnovation policies and recognised as crucial to the exploitation of newideas for business and employment growth (Part of Innovation Strategies).
behaviour change (the employment of designers, investmentin R&d and implementation of design processes), performancechange (measured by increases in margins, revenues and exports) and economic impact (net economic benefit).
Ministry of Trade and Employment Investment: €8m to date (2008-ongoing) Run by: The Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture Support Programmes 69 A study in 2009 by the Norwegian Design Council (now The Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture) showed that companies that use design-driven
/Policyadviser, Enterprise Ireland/Eugene Forde, Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment/Karen Hennessy, Chief executive, Design and Crafts Council of Ireland/Stephen Hughes, Manger Construction
zzgrowth and employment: Digital value creation and digital networking stimulate growth and drive efficiency in the digital world.
and logistics solutions and to enhance these with intelligent services to ensure sustainable growth and a consistently high level of employment.
increases productivity and contributes to safeguarding sustainable growth, prosperity and employment. Today, Germany's ICT industry generates almost 85 billion euros of economic value added,
And, with more than 86,000 companies and 900,000 employees, the industry is an important factor for job creation in Germany.
We intend to monitor more closely the effects of digital technologies on employment and labour markets
a noticeable impact on employment trends is to be expected. The Federal government will address and discuss these issues together with the social partners
Employment promotion measures can offer support in this area within the framework of existing legislative options. We want the job profiles affected by digitisation for example
INNOVATIVE ICT SOLUTIONS FOR YOUTH EMPLOYMENT DIGITAL INCLUSION T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o N d e v
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment February 2014 This report was developed and published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU),
and grew out of the youth employment and entrepreneurship initiative between ITU and Telecentre. org Foundation.
and social inclusion by addressing challenges surrounding integrating young people into the employment market, highlighting innovative approaches and uses of ICTS,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment iii Lead authors: Chris Coward is the cofounder, Principal Research Scientist,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment iv Foreword Today's youth face enormous challenges finding a job
and I am delighted that this report was developed in response to the Youth employment and Entrepreneurship initiative between ITU and Telecentre. org Foundation.
I am pleased that BDT has made these resources available to youth worldwide in our new Youth employment and Entrepreneurship Resources Database at www. itu. int/ITU-D/youth.
and reshaping pathways for employment and entrepreneurship. It is a dynamic environment where governments and other stakeholders need to be more adept at developing
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment v Table of contents Page 1 Introduction...1 1. 1 Organization of report...
2 2 Youth and unemployment...3 2. 1 A global crisis...3 2. 2 The skills mismatch...
15 4 New employment and entrepreneurship opportunities Emerging sectors...17 4. 1 Online job services and job matching...
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment vi Page 6 Entrepreneurship skills and support...35 6. 1 Entrepreneurship skills...
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 1 1 Introduction Youth make up 17 per cent of the world's population and 40 per cent of the world's unemployed, according to the International labour organization.
High youth unemployment not only hampers economic growth, for youth it can be a debilitating experience that affects their desire
and provide them with better opportunities for employment. Against this backdrop ongoing advances in information and communication technologies (ICTS) are transforming old sectors
This transformation is effectively making digital literacy a prerequisite for both wage employment and creating one's own business.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 2 adequately represent all of these in a report of reasonable length.
It is hoped that this database will provide youth with a valuable asset in their efforts to secure meaningful employment and entrepreneurship opportunities.
Chapter 2 presents data on the state of youth unemployment and underemployment, illustrating the scale of the challenge
covering new employment sectors, new skills, and new ways of learning. Chapter 4 identifies and discusses a range of emerging work opportunities, from microwork to app development,
Chapter 8 discusses the role of government in supporting youth employment and entrepreneurship. Chapter 9 offers some concluding thoughts. 1. 2 Notes and limitations Each one of these chapters could occupy many books,
One of these is a working definition of employment and entrepreneurship For purposes of this report a World bank categorization is applied.
It includes wage employment, self employment, and farming. Under this categorization, entrepreneurship is a form and subset of self employment.
Self employment, though, can be a double-edged sword. Many businesses in developing countries are started not to exploit Digital opportunities:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 3 business opportunities but because the owners cannot find satisfactory jobs. 2 In fact,
most micro-and small enterprises in developing countries are just forms of survivorship, with limited chances to grow. 3 This definition is intended not to diminish the importance of self employment.
It is crucial for job creation. Entrepreneurship, on the other hand, adopts Schumpeter's idea of an entrepreneur as one who is dynamic and willing to take risks to exploit existing business opportunities
and create new ones. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor4 the largest ongoing global study of entrepreneurial dynamics in the world measures the multiple phases of entrepreneurship.
and unemployment Around the world youth disproportionately suffer from the malaise of unemployment. The scale of the problem is immense
This chapter provides data and context about youth unemployment, and discusses the primary causes of this acute state of affairs. 2. 1 A global crisis Currently,
6 While the global youth unemployment rate had fallen to 11.6 per cent in 2007 from 13.1 per cent in 2002,
even in countries where unemployment is low, youth unemployment is twice the national average or greater.
Young people are three times more likely to be unemployed than their parents. 8 However, official unemployment rates mask greater challenges,
Jobs. 6 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,(Geneva: International Labour Office, 2013), 1. 7 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,3. 8 Jenny Marlar, Global Unemployment at 8%in 2011:
Youth are three times more likely than older adults to be unemployed,(Gallup. com, April 17, 2012), www. gallup. com/poll/153884/Global-Unemployment-2011. aspx.
Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 4 Underemployed youth is triple the unemployment rate. 9 These are predominantly youth who work in the informal sector, facing low wages, no benefits,
and a higher probability to be laid off without any type of compensation. Many of these are subsistence jobs,
For example, Sub-saharan africa has a youth unemployment rate close to 11 per cent, but three out of four workers are engaged in the informal sector.
Although these jobs count as employment, they do little to contribute to an individual's well-being and a country's economic development.
621 million youth are idle known as NEET (not in education, employment, or training. Rates of idleness vary across countries
Global youth unemployment and unemployment rate, 1991 2013 Source: International labour organization (ILO) 11 9 Mona Mourshed et al. Education to Employment:
Designing a System that Works,(Washington, D c.:Mckinsey Center for Government, 2012), www. improvingthestudentexperience. com/library/general/Educationtoemployment. pdf 10 World bank.
10.1596/978-0-8213-9575-2. 11 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,8. Digital opportunities:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 5 Figure 2: Unemployment rates by age range Source: Gallup 2. 2 The skills mismatch In addition to the protracted economic crisis from
and increasingly with skills obsolescence brought about by long-term unemployment. 12 This situation has multiple implications for youth.
It renders solutions to the employment crisis more difficult to find, and in the case of overqualified youth society is losing their valuable skills
and computer literacy. 15 The unemployment situation varies significantly between developed and developing countries, and among and within regions.
In general, in the developed world long-term unemployment among youth is becoming acute resulting in high levels of dissatisfaction and a lack of trust in socioeconomic and political systems.
meaning they are unemployed, in irregular employment most likely in the informal sector, or neither in the labour force nor in education or training. 16 12 Ibid.,
Education to Employment, 10 15 Ibid. 36 16 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,2.
Youth More likely to Be unemployed and Underemployed Among those in the Labour force%Unemployed%Underemployed%Employed full time for an employer 15-to 29-year-olds 15 26 43 30-to 49-year-olds 5 13 46
/Global-Unemployment-2011. aspx Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 6 Figure 3: Youth unemployment rates, by region Source:
International labour organization (ILO) 2. 3 Regional trends: Developed countries The youth unemployment rate in 2012 is estimated at 18.1 per cent. 17 The situation has improved not in recent years with the number of unemployed youth increasing by more than 2 million from 2008 to 2012.
By the second quarter of 2012, youth unemployment surpassed 15 per cent in two thirds of developed countries. 18 Figure 4:
Youth unemployment rates, 2008 and 2012 (second quarter,%)Source: International labour organization (ILO) 19 17 Ibid. 3. 18 Ibid.
4. 19 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,11 Youth unemployment rates 2000 and 2007 2016, by region(%)2000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
2012p 2013p 2014p 2015p 2016p WORLD 12.7 11.6 11.7 12.6 12.7 12.6 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 Developed Economies & EU
13.5 12.5 13.3 17.3 18.1 18.0 18.0 17.7 17.2 16.5 16.0 Central & Southeastern Europe (non-EU) & CIS 20.0 17.5 17.0
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 7 Youth not engaged in employment, education, or training (NEET) is one of the main challenges policymakers in developed economies face.
they are likely to lack the life skills required for formal employment as well as the social networks needed to obtain new opportunities.
and victim costs, among others. 24 The quality of youth employment has declined. Youth increasingly find themselves in nonstandard jobs, such as temporary employment and part-time work.
Countries like Spain and Ireland have recorded increases in the youth part-time employment rate of 11.8 and 20.7 percentage points respectively between the second quarter of 2008 and 2011.25 One out of three youth
state that they opted for temporary work because they could not find a permanent job,
youth unemployment is still alarming in many countries, such as South africa (above 40 per cent since early 2008). 28 20 International labour organization, Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012 (Geneva:
Corporation for National and Community Service and the White house Council for Community Solutions, 2012), 2. 24 Ibid, 15.25 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012,21. 26 Ibid, 23.27
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 8 2. 4. 1 Latin america and the Caribbean In Latin america and the Caribbean, youth unemployment has declined recently
Since 2003 the youth unemployment rate has followed a rollercoaster pattern, with the most recent two years from 2010 to 2012 marking a decrease from 15.4 to 12.9 per cent, according to the ILO.
The youth unemployment rate varies among countries, but in all cases it surpasses that of adults.
such as in Argentina and Brazil. 30 The youth unemployment rate is significantly higher among Latin american women.
Low quality schooling and high dropout rates supress youth employment. According to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, completing a high quality secondary education is an important threshold for increasing the odds of obtaining a quality job. 32
Chile, and Peru there exists a higher concentration of unemployment among youth with secondary education than either primary
or advanced education. 35 This situation reflects a skills mismatch wherein there is stronger demand for workers with a college education than those with secondary education. 2. 4. 2 Arab States Youth unemployment rates in the middle East continue to be the highest in the world.
The 2012 youth unemployment rate was estimated at 28.3 per cent in the middle East, and 23.7 per cent in North africa. 36 Labour market conditions for young people remain dire,
with 42.6 per cent of young females unemployed, compared to 24.5 per cent among males. 38 29 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,18. 30 Ibid. 31 International labour organization, Decent
Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelihoods, 2. 35 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,18. 36 ibid.
4. 37 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012,17. 38 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,19.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 9 Youth face an underdeveloped private sector and a growing informal sector.
or underemployed in the informal sector. 40 Informal employment in the middle East, at about 67 per cent of the workforce, is higher than that in other middle income regions. 41 As a result,
and then transition to public or private jobs. 42 Formal employment in the Arab States is associated strongly with public sector jobs.
Young people are more likely to look for employment in the public sector because these jobs offer higher pay, better benefits, fewer working hours, and job security.
and South Eastern europe and CIS The overall youth unemployment rate for the region has fallen, but this decline masks disparities among and within countries.
the youth unemployment rate for the region has declined to 17.9 per cent in 2012.44 In some countries the youth unemployment rate is very high (e g.
For example, in Azerbaijan, youth unemployment has declined from 18.4 percent in 1999 to 11.0 per cent in 2010;
In the Russian Federation, youth unemployment in Moscow was 5 per cent, compared to 51.3 per cent in Chechnya
Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelihoods, 5. 44 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,17. 45 Ibid.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 10 cent in one 2008 survey. 48 Educational achievement as measured by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) indicates that the education system in this region is performing adequately at imparting basic skills,
the youth unemployment rate is lower in Asia than in other regions. South Asia (9. 3 per cent) and East asia (9. 5 per cent) have the lowest regional youth unemployment rates
while Southeast asia and the Pacific had a slighter higher rate (13.1 per cent. 50 Young Asians face high poverty levels and a large informal sector.
and training as only 6 per cent of urban youth and 3 per cent of rural youth attend these institutions at the secondary level. 55 2. 4. 5 Sub-saharan africa The youth unemployment rate
in Sub-saharan africa is 11.8 per cent with large variances in the continent. 56 Countries with the highest youth unemployment rates include South africa, with over half of the youth population unemployed, Namibia (58.9 per cent in 2008
The World bank, 2012), 4. 49 Ibid, 5. 50 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,13-15.51 International Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action:
Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelhoods, 10.52 Ibid, 11.53 International labour organization,"China Youth employment Report,"(Geneva: ILO, 2005). 54 UNESCO, Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2010,(Paris:
Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelhoods, 12.56 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,20. 57 Ibid.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 11 Africa has the highest rate of working poor, estimated at 40.1 per cent in 2012.58 More than three out of four workers are engaged in the informal sector. 59 This is far high than all other regions except South Asia.
As a result, African youth are typically found in vulnerable employment conditions. ILO estimates that an average of 2. 1 million young people will be entering the labour market every year between 2011 and 2015,
Informal sector employment shares, by region (2009) Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database Educational attainment among youth is chronically low.
20.59 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012,26. 60 UNESCO Institute for Statistics,"Global Education Digest 2011,"(Montreal:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 12 This chapter explores how ICTS are transforming three sectors:
ICT-led transformations of all workforce sectors should improve the employment and entrepreneurial prospects of youth with ICT skills.
and as this trend intensifies so too do opportunities for ICT-related job creation. Upgrading workforce skills is becoming a key factor in the competitiveness of the agriculture sector.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 13 3. 2 Health Healthcare is a global multi-trillion dollar industry that is undergoing massive changes as a result of ICTDRIVEN innovations.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 14 Figure 6: Technology-enabled programmes, by purpose Source: World health organization, 2012 THE WHO study further found that 27 per cent of the programmes profiled by CHMI featured ICTS in a prominent role.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 15 THE WHO study also reveals many programmes that face important barriers. 71 Problems with end-user acceptance of the technology may be the result of lack of familiarity with the technology
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 16 Firms or countries tend to follow any of the five following trajectories
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 17 4 New employment and entrepreneurship opportunities Emerging sectors The increasing adoption of ICTS in everyday life,
and the growing marketplace for digital goods and services, are creating opportunities for youth to find employment that transcend traditional paradigms.
which has great implications for young people that are challenged to find employment in their own communities.
Great potential for employment growth derives from a demand for services enabled by mobile phones. 81 Young people can now find
This chapter explores a range of emerging opportunities involving ICTS and youth employment and entrepreneurship. First, the ways in which young people find work through digital job matching services is covered,
followed by new opportunities for ICT enabled employment. The chapter then turns to the growing app industry, its potential for employment,
and some of the issues related to becoming an appbased entrepreneur. This includes a need for people with skills to develop accessible software and websites for people with disabilities.
and sales are explored also as they continue to be a source of employment for young people around the world.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 18 4. 1 Online job services and job matching While it may be skilled common for,
and Africa where young women may not have the same freedoms to seek employment through conventional means,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 19 Figure 8: Crowdsourcing vs. Microwork Source: Author elaboration and Howe (2008) Crowdsourcing Crowdsourcing business models benefit individuals with higher-level technical skills.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 20 Microwork Microwork is a series of small tasks that have been broken out of a larger business process
especially women and young people who tend to experience higher unemployment and underemployment and could benefit from flexible income-generating opportunities. 89 The microwork market is growing rapidly.
opportunities for sustainable employment as principal workers in business process outsourcing centres to provide high-quality, information-based services to domestic and international clients.
The challenge is designed to encourage people to submit innovative ideas for microwork projects to aid digital job creation in developing countries.
Job creation Through Building the Field of Impact Sourcing,(Rockefeller Foundation, 2011), www. rockefellerfoundation. org/blog/job creation-through-building-field.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 21 Samasource is a nonprofit organization that brings digital work opportunities to people around the world.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 22 Jobs in the app economy can be categorized as follows: IT-related jobs that use app economy skills the ability to develop,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 23 Figure 9: Global map of app trade routes Source: Developer Economics 2012 For developers focusing on in-region, for-region development, the opportunity may lie in addressing market gaps in app categories in their own country.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 24 The World bank Bank's infodev programme, in collaboration with the Government of Finland and Nokia, has established a network of five mlabs in Armenia, Kenya, South africa, Pakistan, and Viet nam.
The goal for the 2012 competition was to catalyse the growth of Africa's early-stage start-ups to address the issue of youth unemployment across the continent.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 25 winners receiving incubation, financial, and other forms of support. 99 This is a model that many other countries can adapt as contests have become a very popular way to stimulate ICT innovations (see section 6. 3). These efforts are extremely important
Accessible ICTS have the potential to provide persons with disabilities unprecedented levels of access to education, skills training and employment,
cultural and social life of their communities. 100 There are extensive examples of how persons with disabilities have used ICTS to enjoy meaningful employment,
and represent another significant source of digital employment for young people. Gaming platforms also rely on the outsourcing of small tasks through third-party gaming services like Crowdflower.
Third party gaming services have enabled thousands of young people from modest backgrounds to create employment for themselves as digital entrepreneurs.
People in China and in other developing nations have held full-time employment as gold farmers. 104 Power-leveling is using the help of another,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 26 4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly Mobile phone repair as well as computer maintenance and assembly continue to be important areas of youth job
training and employment in many regions around the world. In cities throughout the developing world, the ICT and electronics markets where mobile phones are sold
and repaired serve as many people's first interactions with technology as well as a huge source of employment and entrepreneurship.
ATEDEC focuses its efforts on youth in certain neighbourhoods of Kigali where many are suffering from unemployment, delinquency, and drug abuse.
atedec. wordpress. com 4. 7 Green jobs There is increasing consensus in the development community that the global environmental crisis is an opportunity for employment in
and lift tens of millions of workers out of poverty. 106 A recent OECD report argues that promoting ICT skills in the green and smart economy pays a double dividend by encouraging job creation
The report states that key sectors will benefit the most from job creation including forestry, agriculture, building, transport, services, administration and renewable energy. 109 106 International labour organization, Working Towards Sustainable Development Opportunities for Decent Work and Social Inclusion in a Green
International Labour Office, 2012). 107 OECD, ICT Skills and Employment: New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy, OECD Digital economy Papers, No. 198,(OECD Publishing, 2012), http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/5k994f3prlr5-en
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 27 Employment growth in the renewable energy sector alone is projected to be impressive for the coming decades.
Other areas of employment in the green economy that involve a range of ICTS from geographic information systems to satellite imagery
accounting for some 7 per cent of all formal employment. 112 110 United nations Environment Programme.
Investing in Energy and Resource Efficiency,(UNEP, 2011). 111 OECD, ICT Skills and Employment: New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy. 112 United nations Environment Programme, Transition to Green Economy Could Yield up to 60 Million Jobs, UNEP News Centre, May 31
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 28 4. 7. 2 Green jobs for youth The dialogue around ICTS and the green economy has centered largely on food security, sustainable agriculture, and energy efficiency.
however in the context of the 2012 Rio+20 conference on sustainable development, youth advocacy groups lobbied that young people should be seen as an asset for a green economy that would in turn generate youth employment. 113 Youth have expressed a strong interest
youth and young students from some universities are preparing for the expansion of green jobs to increase our employment and youth employment rates. 115 Paulo,
What Are the Up-and-coming Areas for Youth employment in Your Country? UN World Youth Report Website, last modified on December 29, 2011, www. unworldyouthreport. org/index. php?
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 29 a variation of ICT skills that is becoming increasingly important for some careers.
in combination with ICT skills, are deemed necessary for employment. 5. 1 Computer literacy Computer literacy refers to the ability to use computers and related technologies, from end-users to ICT professionals.
Even in many jobs that do not entail contact with a computer employers are screening for basic computer skills as a minimum qualification for employment. 117 An increasing number of non-IT positions also expect people to have advanced more skills
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 30 5. 2 Digital literacy Most of today's attention around ICT skills is focused on the concept of digital literacy.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 31 Second, being digitally literate involves much more than having technical skills.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 32 All of these distinctions have important implications for digital literacy training.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 33 Figure 12: Web skills/Competencies/Literacies grid EXPLORING CREATING CONNECTING PROTECTING BEGINNER Browser basics (e g.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 34 5. 4 Complementary skills The discussion in this chapter so far has focused on the ICT-related skills required for meaningful participation in society as well as work.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 35 Learning and innovation skills: creativity and innovation; critical thinking and problem solving;
Finally, many organizations that provide employability training have developed a range of complementary services aimed at improving the employment prospects of their clients.
In developing countries successful small businesses are the primary engines of job creation, income growth, and poverty reduction.
and 165 million of them were young early-stage entrepreneurs between the ages of 18 and 35.126 Considering staggering global youth unemployment levels,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 36 Business incubators and accelerators are emerging around the world seeking to emulate the successes of Silicon valley.
Good Practices in Local Youth Entrepreneurship Support,"(OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Working papers 11,2010), www. oecdilibrary. org/content/workingpaper/5km7rq0k8h9q
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 37 Figure 14: Core entrepreneurial skills and attributes132*English continues to be recognized as key for conducting business
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 38 Important skills for digital entrepreneurs In addition, digital entrepreneurs also require skills in a variety of areas related to business communications, customer relation management
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 39 Micromentor is an initiative of the nonprofit humanitarian agency Mercy Corps that offers free online guidance to entrepreneurs
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 40 turn to crowdfunding as one of their primary sources of investment capital.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 41 6. 4 Toolkits and training programmes There are many digital resources designed to help young entrepreneurs that have been created by the major software companies, many in conjunction
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 42 Providing access to market information has long been a goal of many initiatives,
including entrepreneurship skills, ICT training, apprenticeships, business training, funding and/or mentorship, among others. These comprehensive programmes offer integrated services for young entrepreneurs with the aim of facilitating as much as possible the arduous process of starting a new business.
employment and entrepreneurship. Through Youthspark, Microsoft will dedicate the majority of its cash contributions to nonprofit organizations that serve the youth population around the world.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 43 A study looking at learning spaces and the influence of ICTS identifies six trends as the hallmark of the learning experience of and with ICTS:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 44 Figure 15: Story of Kelvin Doe Source: Authors 7. 1 New learning models New technologies are changing how learning
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 45 Figure 16: Blended learning and ICTS Source: Authors The blended learning process relies on digital environments called Learning Management Systems (LMS.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 46 Blended learning has gained popularity mostly in European and North american high schools, colleges and universities,
Authors 151 International Labour Office, Apprenticeship in the Informal Economy in Africa,(Geneva: ILO, 2008.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 47 Prominent and emerging models of self-directed learning include open universities, open course ware (OCW), open educational resources (OER), and massive open online courses (MOOCS.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 48 Similar services continue to grow as universities and other educational institutions seize the power of ICTS
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 49 Figure 18: Social capital and collaborative/peer learning Source:
Authors In the context of youth employment, it is important to consider the benefits that participating in collaborative learning can offer.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 50 work alongside more experienced workers they acquire and develop many of the same ICT
Students are paired with a mentor/s and given exposure to real-world software development scenarios and the opportunity for employment.
and vocational training centres. With the advance of new learning models described above, youth are taking learning to places like technology hubs, co-working spaces,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 51 A report prepared for the European commission in 2008 predicted some of these changes by arguing that the emergence
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 52 7. 4 Repositories, games and mobile resources Using online channels to learn
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 53 7. 4. 3 Social media Social media are used extensively for learning as well.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 54 There is an opportunity for public access points, such as telecentres, libraries,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 55 The European Computer Driving Licence is an international computer skills certification programme.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 56 Figure 20: How Open Badges work Source: Mozilla Open Badges175 8 The role of government In a statement released for International Youth Day 2012, the UN Secretary-general,
deadend work and record levels of unemployment. 176 Youth unemployment and underemployment are at a record high.
employment, and entrepreneurship. The examples are the result of a combination of factors: deliberate, and in some cases unanticipated, multi-sectoral (governments, private sector,
partnerships across sectors to spur innovation, economic growth and employment. International agencies have played a vital role by bringing attention to the urgent needs of youth,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 57 This chapter looks at the role of governments in advancing policies, programmes and strategies for youth employment and entrepreneurship.
and (5) enacting policies that boost employment and entrepreneurship opportunities. 8. 1 ICTS in education The opportunities for learning
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 58 programmes in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Laos, Pakistan, and Viet nam designed to support the integration of ICTS in education are starting to show results. 182 The importance of government coordination Research reveals that many ICT
and reduces redundancy. In some countries ministries of labour telecommunications, youth or human development, education, social development and even industry work together to identify common areas of interest
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 59 8. 2 ICT skill development in non-formal educational settings The examples from Uruguay and Estonia fall within the formal education systems.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 60 At the same time, it is important for governments to recognize the growth
when they are qualified. 197 This skills mismatch is a leading cause of the youth unemployment crisis. Establishing channels for dialogue among industry leaders, policymakers, academia,
and labour policies that responds to the needs of the market and spurs innovation. Models of such dialogues can be found in Singapore
and have dedicated budgets for apprenticeship, job placements, and other programmes. Civil society organizations can be involved as well.
In the United kingdom, the National Apprenticeships Service has developed a three-way partnership with QA Apprenticeships and Cisco Apprenticeship to offer high school graduates three-year apprenticeship opportunities with CISCO. 199 In Jordan the Ministry of Social Development is responsible for a programme designed to provide marginalized youth with training
and job opportunities in private sector institutions. Youth gain real work experience and on-the-job training through this programme. 200 In Malaysia, the Penang Skills Development Centre
Jobs. 198 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012.199 Cisco, QA Apprenticeships, http://apprenticeships. qa. com/employers/corporate-bespoke-apprenticeships
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 61 Another area for government-private sector partnership is job placement.
In the apprenticeship examples above, participants are remunerated for their work and also have the opportunity to study part-time.
Often, when businesses offer apprenticeships, internships or any other form of on-the-job-training opportunity, they limit their commitment to the duration of the programme.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 62 Foster innovation through contests and competitions. This can be accomplished by partnering with other actors such as donor agencies, corporate businesses,
ICTS, employment, and entrepreneurship are characterized by rapid change and innovation. Mainstream economic sectors from agriculture to healthcare are witnessing an explosion of new ICT-enabled applications,
co-working spaces, hackathons, apprenticeships, and networking events represent just a few of the ways people learn,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 63 and have driven the explosive expansion of social media and other web 2. 0 applications.
and positioned to seize new employment and entrepreneurship opportunities? The report has outlined a number of strategies pertaining to the role of government.
Public-private partnerships can further advance youth employment through training internships, and job placement programmes. Policies and programmes to support entrepreneurship require another level of dedication.
Community organizations also have an important role to play in equipping youth with the relevant skills and connecting them to employment and entrepreneurship opportunities.
and support governments in implementing youth employment and entrepreneurship strategies, while development agencies and foundations can provide financial support and expertise.
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Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 68 United nations Environment Programme. Transition to Green Economy Could Yield up to 60 Million Jobs.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 69 Glossary Accelerators For-profit incubator that support start-ups with funding and other services in exchange for equity.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 70 HTML Hypertext markup language (HTML) is the main markup language for creating web pages
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
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