decrease in test redundancy and unnecessary duplication. When combined with Electronic Transfer of Prescription, it also improves clinical processes for ordering,
Stimulate direct job creation and business opportunities: Provide a stimulus to the 70,000 person, €20bn ICT industry by protecting
. and M. Pianta, 2010, Innovation and Employment: a Reinvestigation Using Revised Pavitt Classes, Research Policy, Elsevier, Vol. 39 (6), pp. 799 809.
Further, it ascertains the growth rates of innovative SMES vis-à-vis non-innovative SMES in terms of sales turnover, employment, and investment.
along with investment growth and employment growth on gross value-added growth by means of multiple regression analysis. The paper brings out substantial evidence to argue that innovations
employment generation, export promotion, etc. Of these, the ability of SMES to innovate assumes significance
does that directly contribute to the growth of firm size in the form of growth of sales turnover, investment, and employment?
investment and employment resulting in the growth of firm size. It is with the above theoretical framework that we have set the objectives of the study. 3 Objectives, scope,
and employment of innovative SMES vis-à-vis non-innovative SMES 6 To probe the relationship between innovation
and data on economic variables such as employment, investment, sales turnover, etc. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was ensured and based on the knowledge and experience of the authors,
What is more significant is that it was to gain self employment by implementing their innovative ideas and/or to exploit market opportunities that majority of these entrepreneurs have setup their firms.
In this context, a comparative growth analysis in terms of sales, investment and employment for innovative and non-innovative SMES is appropriate. 5 Innovative and non-innovative SMES:
and employment The growth performance of SMES has been analysed in terms of sales turnover, investment, and employment. The growth performance has been analysed for all the SMES of each sector for innovative and non-innovative SMES separately and within the innovative group of SMES, for innovative SMES
We have gathered data on sales at current prices as well as on employment and the current value of investment (in plant and machinery) from the SMES of auto
While the calculation of the growth of employment is fairly simple, it is necessary to make the five years'data on sales comparable by converting the values of current prices into values at constant prices.
and employment for innovative and non-innovative SMES. It is clear that innovative SMES have registered a higher rate of growth compared to non-innovative SMES in terms of sales, investment,
and employment in all the three sectors. However the growth rates of the three variables differ within as well as between sectors.
In the auto component sector, both innovative and non-innovative SMES registered a higher growth of investment followed by sales and then employment.
In fact, employment of non-innovative SMES declined absolutely. In the electronics and machine tool sectors, sales growth was higher than that of investment
and investment growth was higher than that of employment for both innovative and noninnovative SMES.
In the electronics sector, non-innovative SMES registered negative growth in terms of investment and employment. Overall, the growth analyses for the three sectors clearly indicate that innovative SMES are better off relative to noninnovative SMES.
Innovative SMES registered higher growth relative to non-innovative SMES in terms of not only sales turnover but also employment and investment in all the three sectors.
along with investment growth and employment growth, had a positive influence on GVA growth, in all the three sectors.
15.53-1. 81 22.17 8. 75 Employment 14.43-14.63 7. 06-20.34 6. 87 3. 27 Note:*
)**IP&P (25)**Sales 15.91 32.24 14.48 23.09 22.44 17.71 Investment 28.60 19.98 16.07 9. 49 20.17 24.39 Employment 13.95 16.79
, Employment and Investment Drivers Dimensions Achievements Outcomes
OECD Health Policy Studies Improving Health Sector Efficiency The Role of Infor mation and Communication Tech nologies OECD Health Policy Studies Improving Health
OECD (2007), Improved Health System Performance through Better Care Coordination, OECD Health Working papers No. 30, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social affairs, OECD Publishing, www
the risk increases that stigmatising disclosures could affect areas such as employment status, access to health insurance and other forms of insurance,
and reduce redundancies in the establishment of a national/local e-health strategy. They are used commonly by countries
Indicators for International Comparisons of Health ICT Adoption and Use, Document DELSA/HEA (2008) 15/REV1, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social affairs, OECD Publishing, Paris
This is just the start because job creation, growth and competitiveness need constant attention. The guiding principle of the Government's Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda is to focus on Australia's strengths,
Employment growth has been weak and the jobs created have tended to be funded in sectors directly or indirectly by government.
Entrepreneurship and a flourishing start-up community promote job creation and productivity growth. These types of businesses benefit the broader economy by testing new ideas,
trade, competition, employment and participation. As G20 president, Australia will show leadership in pursuing a new wave of economic reform.
Refocused the delivery of apprenticeship support services on improving participation and completion rates with funding of $200 million per year.
Launched two pilot programmes (at a cost of $44 million) through the youth stream of the Industry Skills Fund to assist in the training and employment of young people in regional Australia and areas of identified higher
levels of youth unemployment or disengagement. TPO00007 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Industry Competitiveness xiv Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Actions to come:
and Territories on system improvements, including a possible refocusing of VET in schools and school-based apprenticeships.
The Government, in consultation with industry, will establish Industry Growth Centres at a cost of $188. 5 million over four years to drive growth and job creation, initially for five promising industries.
and accounting for more than three quarters of total employment (ABS, 2014b; 2014j). ) While typically associated with the retail trades,
2012). 4. Food processing to leverage off Australia's reputation for high quality produce The food and beverage processing sector accounts for around a quarter of manufacturing activity and employment,
minimise barriers to employment and redeployment, and keep unemployment levels low. Access to public and private infrastructure that facilitates the movement of people and goods,
and enables efficient communications and competitive energy costs. Risk-based regulation making and enforcement systems that target market failures and support relevant social, environmental or economic protections at the lowest cost.
and employment-generating business. The United kingdom has cut public sector net borrowing by a third between 2009-10 and 2012-13
5th for per capita GDP and has the 7th highest employment rate (OECD, 2014a; 2014d). ) Australia also ranks relatively well on the global indexes of competitiveness compiled by the World Economic Forum and the International Institute of Management Development (IMD.
Stronger market sector jobs growth despite increases in jobs in the resources and related sectors, employment outside the public related sectors of the economy has been weak (Box A3.
Weak private employment Australia's employment growth has been weak since the global financial crisis, particularly in the private sector.
Nationally, employment growth has averaged just 1. 4 per cent over the past six years, around three fifths of the rate of the previous 10 years.
employment has fallen actually (ABS, 2014j). Over half of the jobs created have been in public administration and safety, health care and social assistance,
Job creation in market and non market industries since the global financial crisis*'Non-market'comprises Public Administration and Safety, Education and Training,
and will focus on reforms in investment and infrastructure, trade, competition, employment and participation. As G20 president, we will show leadership in presenting a new wave of economic reforms.
productivity, employment and export penetration (ABS, 2014l; Palangkaraya et al, 2014. More generally, while there is a case for government to facilitate business coordination
and should boost real wage growth and employment. The Government is committed to a simpler and more sustainable tax system.
Competition also gives workers a greater array of employment options. In a competitive jobs market
and contribute to growth, employment and transfer of new skills and technologies. To ensure that Australia is open for business,
and a further $1. 4 billion per year in Commonwealth funding to support participation in apprenticeships
and particularly poor completion and employment outcomes for lower level qualifications, the system also needs to pay more attention to the needs of trainees and employers alike (NCVER, 2013a).
The Government is also providing eligible apprentices with financial assistance of up to $20, 000 over the life of their apprenticeship, through the Trade Support Loans programme, for those undertaking qualifications leading to occupations listed in the Trade
students will have identified pathways to employment with the school's industry partners. Students will be able to graduate with a Year 12 qualification,
or advanced diploma with opportunities for employment with the businesses involved in the programme. The Government will look to locate the programme in an area with access to industry but high youth unemployment.
Proposal 10: Improving the Vocational education and Training system As part of the Competitiveness Agenda, the Government is introducing the next wave of reforms for the VET sector.
A new model for apprenticeship support services The Government will implement new arrangements for delivering support to Australian apprentices and their employers from 1 july 2015.
The Australian Apprenticeship Support Network will provide a one-stop shop for employers looking to hire a new apprentice suited to their business.
Ambition 2 53 managing the administration of an apprenticeship, including the training contract; and administering the Australian Apprenticeships Incentives Programme,
including employer incentives and trade support loans. Pilot training scholarship programmes under the Industry Skills Fund The Government is trialling a new approach to funding training,
Training for Employment Scholarships: 7, 500 scholarships will be provided to smaller employers who take on a new worker,
in regional Australia and areas where youth unemployment is high. Approved employers will be able to engage a training provider of their choice
Youth employment Pathways: This will provide support for training 3, 000 disengaged young people, aged 15 18 in regional Australia and areas of identified higher levels of youth disengagement.
The full value would only be redeemable once the trainee goes into employment or further study after completing their training.
and possible reforms focusing on VET in schools and school based apprenticeships. The Government is working with States and Territories through COAG,
or other difficulties attaining and retaining employment. This highlights the importance of focusing on skilled migration,
which can increase the employment prospects and incomes of lower skilled Australians. Business groups have emphasised the importance of skilled migration for increasing the skills of Australian workers,
Airports are unique among transport infrastructure in that they provide employment for more people in operation than they do in construction.
Ambition 4 69 Austrade provide reliable information about markets, technology and business models to small and medium enterprises, accelerating industry growth and job creation.
which will provide apprentices with financial assistance of up to $20, 000 over the life of their apprenticeship.
Funding will be provided on a competitive basis. Success of the Centres will be measured by increased investment, employment, productivity and sales, reductions in red tape,
Improve taxation arrangements for Employee Share Schemes Job creation and productivity growth don't just happen in a vacuum,
An Employee Share Scheme Where an employer provides a financial interest in their company (usually through shares or options) to their employee (s) in relation to their employment.
relative to the market price, is a benefit relating to employment and so would usually be considered income of the employee.
October 2014 3. Expand access to the Commonwealth workers'compensation scheme The Minister for Employment will oversee further consultations to identify the viability of
The Dynamics of Employment Growth: New Evidence from 18 Countries. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no. 14.
The Role of Entrepreneurship in US Job creation and Economic Dynamism. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3-24.
) Conclusions on skills for improved productivity, employment growth and development, International Labour Conference. Geneva: International Labour Office.
including for example employment, community and training related actions such as the European Social Fund and related programmes such as Equal and also Leonardo Da vinci. Again support is made also available at national level,
Second, the audit report uncovered a number of redundancies and organisational inefficiencies. Wright & Hunter recommended a streamlined organisational structure that eliminated the overlaps and improved communication.
whilst minimising the redundancy amongst the other cases. 3. 1. 3. 1. Equivalence Testing and Boundary Value Analysis Equivalence testing, combined with boundary value analysis,
1. Selection of a facilitator (she/he has to have good communication skills, hold a certain level of authority in the group.
This process is also possible to recognise knowledge redundancy in some departments as well. A well-described tool in the literature for implementing A k. M audit is the Knowledge Management Audit tool.
and so the need for the employment of recycling strategies has become of great importance for many industrial sectors.
and contribute to the growth of the national economy through employment creation, investments and exports.
217.205.66.230/VTS/form/first. asp 217.205.66.230/VTS/content/casestudies. asp The Institute for Employment Studies (IES) provides research in the employment market
and publishes various reports on employment related issues. The report Skills Pay-The Contribution of Skills to Business Success,
www. employment-studies. co. uk/pubs/report. php? id=ssda0804 The Investors in People Standard is a straightforward,
Clear competences and structures and a jointly agreed strategy for research, innovation, technology and qualification Public consciousness of the importance of innovation for wealth, employment and competitiveness for a highly innovative climate Marked sense
Foreign language competence page 262 of 271 Presentation using transparencies Powerpoint presentation Design of documentation for the customer Rhetorical skills Negotiation skills Technical skills for searching for information/patents
and provide the bulk of employment. However, opportunities presented by the globalization and the entwined,
and provide the bulk of employment. Innovative ideas and products are becoming increasingly important to counter the priceoriented competition from low-cost producers from emerging economies
and provided employment to 70.9%of all employed persons in 2006 (Ifm, 2007b). In absolute terms German SMES provided employment and/or apprenticeship to 20.42 million people in 2006 in the country.
Nearly 83%of all apprenticeship placements in 2006 were offered by SMES, which amounted to 1. 36 million (Ifm, 2007b).
Recent calculations by the authors of this paper, based on Germany's official statistics portal data, show that the high percentage of SMES amongst all enterprises continues to remain high.
and the overall employment generated, SMES in Germany continue to remain week on the revenue front
since both Germany and its Hamburg region endure substantial unemployment with an unemployment rate of nearly 9%.At the same time the industry is unable to fill vacant positions with skilled labour.
despite high rates of unemployment in certain sections of the society. According to some preliminary calculations the shortage of skilled (technical) labour, primarily of engineers and scientists, is leading to a loss of over 20 billion euros a year in the form of unrealized business opportunities.
This expected shortfall is based on the assumption that till then there will be no change in the employment basis. In case the employment basis increases by 2. 5%in this period,
Furthermore, some employees in the R&d units at the headquarters tend to see the new location as a potential threat to their job security leading to resentments, antagonism and even non-cooperation,
Harmonise vocational training system with innovations and technological change. Inadequate access to technological know-how Foster links between enterprises and research centres and laboratories.
and achieving the employment and growth targets of the Europe 2020 strategy requires a competitive industry that builds its competitiveness on innovation in all its forms:
The expected impact should be described clearly in qualitative and quantitative terms (e g. on turnover, employment,
which will provide the growth and employment of the future. The reindustrialisation of the EU's industrial base has to focus on the development of long-term internationally competitive goods
and strategic focus promises significant impact on economic growth and job creation, and has the potential to act as a catalyst by contributing to and/or leveraging other activities supported,
to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in member countries,
Employment regulation, which the World bank finds is generally more flexible in advanced countries than in developing economies, limits management flexibility and leads to smaller firm size and less research and development as well as less investment in technology.
and unemployment, including chronic unemployment, have been implemented in many countries. New enterprises can procure a range of benefits that contribute to local development,
rises in employment and incomes; enhanced provision of services for consumers and businesses; and possibly, demonstration and motivational effects.
Determinants of rates of enterprise creation at the local level include demographics, unemployment, wealth, the educational and occupational profile of the workforce, the prevalence of other small firms and infrastructure endowment.
Fostering women's entrepreneurship Women's entrepreneurship is potentially an important source of growth Women's entrepreneurship has increasingly become recognised as an important source of employment and potential growth.
In the United states 6. 4 million self-employed women provide employment for 9. 2 million people.
Indeed, self employment represents one of the most important job options for women, especially for women in developing economies.
can have a positive effect on women's employment generally and entrepreneurial activities more PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 16 OECD 2004 specifically.
in providing the framework to encourage ICT skill formation at higher levels, in vocational training and in ongoing lifelong learning.
constitute a major source of employment and generate significant domestic and export earnings. In the poorest countries they nevertheless make up a relatively small part of the economy,
contributing less to employment and output than the informal sector (Figure 5). An important policy priority in low-income countries is to facilitate the creation of SMES
Figure 5. Contributions to employment and output Source: M. Ayyagari, T. Beck and A. Demirgüc-Kunt, Small and Medium Enterprises across the Globe, World bank Policy Research Working Paper 3127, WASHINGTON DC, August 2003, pp
. 27-28.70 60 50 40 30 20 100%%70 60 50 40 30 20 100 Employment Output (GDP) Low income
so that the contribution and the policy and support needs of SMES are recognised fully as central to growth, employment and poverty reduction.
Firms in the low-tech sector tend to be slightly smaller, with average employment of 47 and median employment of 30 (Table 2). 5 In the unbalanced sample
62%of the firms 4 We require that sales per employee be between 2000 and 10 million euros, growth rates of employment and sales of old and new products between-150 per cent and 150 per cent,
and R&d employment share less than 100 per cent. We also replaced R&d employment share with the R&d to sales ratio for the few observations where it was missing.
For further details, see Hall, Lotti and Mairesse (2008. In addition, we restrict the sample by excluding a few observations with zero
and R. Torrini (2007), Employment Growth in Italy in the 1990s: Institutional Arrangements and Market Forces, in Social Pacts, Employment and Growth, N. Acocella and R. Leoni Editors, Physica-Verlag HD.
Cohen, W. M, . and S. Klepper (1996), A Reprise of Size and R&d, The Economic Journal, Vol. 106 (437), pp. 925-951.
and J. Mairesse (2008), Employment, Innovation and Productivity: Evidence from Italian Microdata, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 17, pp. 813-839.
and in the 1990s the figured has risen to one in 20 workers. 9. Much of the policy debate about globalisation has revolved around a trade-off between maintaining higher wages at the cost of higher unemployment versus favoring higher levels of employment
and into those knowledge-based industries where comparative advantage is compatible with both high wages and high levels of employment knowledge based economic activity.
In Silicon valley, for example, employment has increased by 15%between 1992 and 1996, even though the mean income is 50%greater than in the rest of the country. 4 In 1997 Silicon valley created more than 53,000 new jobs,
OECD. OECD, 1998, Technology, Productivity and Job creation: Best Policy Practices, Paris: OECD. OECD, 1998, Main Science and Technology Indicators, Paris:
They are a major source of job creation (Storey et al. 1987, Castrogiovanni 1996, Clark III and Moutray 2004) and they represent the seeds for future large companies and corporations (Castrogiovanni 1996, Monk 2000).
their ability to provide the locus for employment creation in periods of economic shifts, and their innovative contribution to structural and technological changes accompanying such economic transformation.
Technology, growth and employment. International Review of Applied Economics 16 (3), 265 276. Covin, J. G. and Slevin, D. P. 1989.
professeur associé with Ecole nationale d'administration publique and UQAM, she has published many articles and books on employment and types of employment, job training, innovation in the workplace and work organization,
thereby contributing to growth and employment. As a result, SME innovation‘capacity'is naturally at the top of the European,
and to achieving the Europe 2020 objectives of new growth and job creation. Procurement of Innovation Platform The Procurement of Innovation Platform19 is an online hub developed by ICLEI (an association of over 1200 local governments) to help public authorities with Public Procurement of Innovation (PPI) and Public
ERIK ACTION45 o Innovation assistant, to support newly graduated employment INNOMOT48 o Bioenergy for the region,
to support newly graduated employment PERIA49 o Creation of R&d departments, to support the hiring of research staff Innovation assistant is an excellent example of a GP transferred multiple times.
Similarly to Innovation assistant, it aims at promoting the employment of recently graduated staff in SMES with no or little experience with graduate employees.
Innovation Assistants aims to promote the transfer research output from universities directly to SMES, through the support to the employment of young professionals and recent university graduates as innovation assistants in companies, with responsibilities for the development of innovation processes.
Employment of young graduates in innovation projects within SMES; Innovation Systems awareness raising, tutoring and consultancy for SMES;
Past policies tended to spread knowledge investment (e g. high education and vocational training, public and private R&d) too thinly, not making much of an impact in any one area.
On the one hand, many OECD countries have entered a period of slow growth, high unemployment, and low demand and high public deficits.
and especially context of constraints on public finances and public sector employment. INNOVATION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN REGIONS:
and the national debt without fanning unemployment or causing long term damage to innovation capacity and the long-term growth potential.
It is a fact that this has led to a shift away from low-skilled employment in OECD countries to high skill labour
While most government response to the ex-post distributional effects of globalisation-driven specialisation focus on social policies such as unemployment and increased worker (retraining,
employment and older industries by creating new avenues for economic renewal and growth. Box 1. 4. Specialisation
regional sectoral employment distribution, export indicators, road mapping, SWOT analyses and foresight approaches. Thus, data and indicators are necessary to track progress,
technology and employment may help policy-makers in diagnosing of strengths, weaknesses, fits and misfits in terms of scientific, technological, innovative and economic capabilities.
technology and employment may help policy-makers in diagnosing apparent strengths, weaknesses, fits and misfits in terms of scientific, INNOVATION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN REGIONS:
a vertical link was formed between the National Innovation Strategy, the Ministry of Employment and Economy Corporate Strategy and Sectoral Strategies, the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation Investment Strategy (Tekes
The sample was stratified by industry and an employment-based size indicator. The Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) Farm Innovation Survey was conducted first in 2008.
The recent trend of decentralisation of government powers has resulted in a growing importance of the municipalities, especially in policy implementation (e g. in social security and unemployment.
With low unemployment even in the current crisis, a relatively large group of baby boomers retiring and a limited mobility/willingness to travel,
Innovation, Science and Employment. Definition of the ecosystem and its boundaries Innovation Infrastructure The aeronautic activity in Andalusia dates back from 1926 and has been historically related to Defence products.
and associated regional initiatives to influence business and employment growth in the region. This strategy is influential at the local
iii) Manufacturing employment in the region represents approximately 18.9, %compared to the national average of 8. 4
The research infrastructure provides a further economic safety net to the region by providing ongoing employment
and the related support measures (Technopoles) confirmed their direct and multiplier (indirect and induced) effects on value added, employment, tax revenues and social security contributions as well as on beneficial impact on structural change and value creation
A vertical link was formed between the National Innovation Strategy, the Ministry of Employment and Economy Corporate Strategy and Sectoral Strategies, the Tekes the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation Investment Strategy,
industry settlement, job creation, investment, patents, and new products, visibility on the national and international level.
and iv) The vocational training centres for the purpose interaction between business and technology development. Measuring the effects
ii) Employment rate; and iii) Happiness and Health. The PCTI has selected 25 Performance Indicators based on its own strategic objectives of the PCTI.
and regions use different methodologies such as science and technology indicators analyses, regional sectoral employment distribution, export indicators,
but other economic indicators such as employment, Gross domestic product (GDP), number of newly established firms, and degree of innovation can be used as well.
employment, labour costs and investment. Benchmark data can be obtained by summing up sectoral data over all countries in these OECD database (or over a smaller group of benchmark countries if desired.
We see that the relative employment in Air Transport and in the Manufacture of Basic Metals plummeted,
covering the impacts of Clusters and Technopoles on value added, job creation, transformation of economic structure etc.;
but also with regard to other relevant policies such as for instance education, employment and rural development policies)? Does it assess/take into account the existing level of policy co-ordination within the region?
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