Today's global challenges from climate change to unemployment and poverty-are both economic and social.
communities and territories in terms of social inclusion, creation of employment, quality of life. Key actors in this early period where social innovation is still weakly institutionalised are socalled social entrepreneurs.
climate change, poverty, employment, health care, education, The multidimensional package of existing social challenges and the systemic failure in fostering social innovation clearly call for a reform of the research and innovation system governance.
which was endorsed then by the Directing Committee of the OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme.
(even if markets intervene later) 7 The key distinction is that social innovation deals with improving the welfare of individuals and communities through employment, consumption and/or participation,
and which has the capacity for bringing innovative solutions to problems of social exclusion and unemployment (p. 10), OECD,
employment, targeted insertion, delivery of social and community services; balanced growth approaches to development; social cohesion in the New Economy;
The network includes child doctors, midwives, day nurseries, kindergartens, youth and employment authorities, childcare organizations, and health insurance groups that have a local presence.
unemployment, addiction, and other important topics. They also feel much more confident reaching out to local authorities, especially doctors and schoolteachers,
and create employment. Politicians create new frameworks and policies to (hopefully) serve their constituents, fix failing market and societal mechanisms.
or producing employment. Otherwise, they sometimes contributed to donate to NGOS tackling with social issues.
but also a list of areas of employment, that is, political problem situations. Here we shall distinguish between five different problem situations.
and learning techniques are offered. Keywords: Digital technologies; Social media; Networked society; Mobile media Introduction Innovative uses of emerging technologies are enabling a fundamental transformation of the teaching and learning process.
For example, substantial evidence has begun to accumulate that suggests that appropriate strategic employment of information technology (IT) may be essential in translating strategies (e g.,
On a less positive note and despite some efforts, Germany's labor market remains rigid (119th for the labor market flexibility subpillar), where a lack of flexibility in wage determination and the high cost of firing hinder job creation, particularly during business cycle downturns.
with more flexibility in setting wages, firing, and therefore hiring, more workers than in the other Nordics and than most European countries more generally.
Its labor market remains extremely rigid it is ranked 127th for its labor market efficiency, hindering employment creation.
with some of the world's most restrictive hiring and firing practices (138th) and a lack of flexibility in wage determination (144th) that does not match pay to productivity (143rd).
Addressing the unemployment challenge will remain the key economic priority of the region as a whole for the foreseeable future.
These growth rates are not sufficient to create the employment necessary to absorb the about 60,000 new entrants into the Jordanian labor market every year. 4 Boosting growth over the longer term to levels that would result in sustainable job creation will require Jordan's policymakers to address a number
And third, making labor markets flexible (135th) and more efficient (141st) would allow the country to increase employment in the medium term.
South africa ranks 113th in labor market efficiency (a drop of 18 places from last year), with rigid hiring and firing practices (143rd), a lack of flexibility in wage determination by companies (140th),
and firing practices (78th) and wages that are determined not flexibly (108th), reducing the incentive for job creation in the country.
Rwanda moves up by seven places this year to 63rd position, continuing to place third in the sub-Saharan African region.
Country Profile Highlights 2012 World Economic Forum labor force (5th) and reasonable redundancy costs. On the other hand, infrastructure in the country is underdeveloped (132nd), with low-quality roads and ports and an unreliable electricity supply.
Also critical, in view of the country's rapidly growing population and high unemployment, are investing in the healthcare system and primary education (137th) as well as higher education and training (138th.
which services are designed explicitly to tackle societal challenges such as climate change and unemployment. This research project has identified,
Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration,
FINANCE AND ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT SMART PUBLIC SERVICES ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Health and Wellbeing Finance and Economy Energy and Environment Participation and Democracy Smart public services Science and technology Education and skills Culture and Arts Work and Employment DSI AREAS AREAS OF SOCIETY New
ways of making Funding acceleration and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network TECHNOLOGY AREAS Open Hardware
AND EMPLOYMENT Arduino Avaaz Avoin Ministeriö Bethnal Green Ventures Citysdk Clearlyso Angels Communia Commons 4 Europe Confine Crisisnet Desis Network Everyaware Fablab
AND ECONOMY ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT PARTICIPATION AND DEMOCRACY NEIGHBOURHOOD REGENERATION SCIENCE EDUCATION AND SKILLS CULTURE AND ARTS WORK AND EMPLOYMENT 254 251 164 163 162 138
GDP slw-down since mid-2011, environmental disasters, climate change, an ageing population and growing unemployment will require innovative solutions that challenge traditional ways of doing things.
which is the local agency for employment and economic growth for the area of Barcelona35. Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 69 Some other examples come from private organisations.
The competition invited Europeans to come up with new solutions to reduce unemployment and minimise its corrosive effects on the economy and society.
and organisations from the rest of the EU. Identify specific social challenges (such as health, employment,
inclusive growth, fostering a high employment economy delivering economic, social and territorial cohesion. Investing more in research,
The benefits of bringing in an external view to address sensitive issues such as redundancies and overlaps,
quantitative analyses calculate degrees of specialisation of regional economies on the basis of employment (or value-added) data.
i) a project launch event such as a high profile seminar or conference (ii) a series of presentations throughout the region to key sectors, especially to the business community and the higher and vocational training institutions (iii) publicity
growth of employment in knowledge-intensive sectors, R&d expenditure per worker, etc. 1) Indicators should be selected to reflect the programme's objectives
Universities can also play an important role in the field of vocational training. Barriers and challenges Improving the contribution of universities to regional growth by implementing such mechanisms requires the interconnection of the partners in the innovation systems.'
81 Knowledge transfer and information actions for the provision of vocational training and skills acquisition actions, demonstration activities and information actions.
and with high R&d intensity, rapid innovation cycles, high capital expenditure and highly-skilled employment. They enable process,
capable of generating economic growth and employment and strengthening the competitiveness of the EU economy. They bear enormous market potential.
Develop partnerships between national and regional authorities in charge of different public policies such as economic development, employment, higher education and culture.
DG Employment, Social affairs and Inclusion will also directly fund social experimentation projects through PROGRESS and the Programme for Social Change and Innovation to reform social policy.
Co-initiators of the SBI are DG Enterprise and DG Employment, Social affairs and Inclusion. Early December, the Commission proposed the Regulation on European Social Entrepreneurship Funds. 169 DG Enterprise has mobilised CIP funds for social innovation.
but also with regard to other relevant policies such as education, employment and rural development policies? Does it assess/take into account the existing level of policy coordination within the region?
and achieving the employment and growth targets of the Europe 2020 strategy requires a competitive industry that builds its competitiveness on innovation in all its forms:
The expected impact should be described clearly in qualitative and quantitative terms (e g. on turnover, employment,
which will provide the growth and employment of the future. The reindustrialisation of the EU's industrial base has to focus on the development of long-term internationally competitive goods
and strategic focus promises significant impact on economic growth and job creation, and has the potential to act as a catalyst by contributing to and/or leveraging other activities supported,
boosting growth and job creation. At the same time, research and innovation help make people's lives better by improving things like healthcare, transport and digital services.
Europe's future economic growth and job creation must come from innovation in products, services and business models.
and provides 22 million jobs (accounting for 9%of total employment in the EU) and has the potential to reinvigorate communities in some of our most peripheral and deprived areas.
putting our security, competitiveness and employment in jeopardy. It is essential then for the EU to spark a new industrial revolution that will deliver a low-energy economy
Transport drives employment, economic growth and global exports. It provides citizens, societies and economies with essential resources and means of mobility.
and holds significant potential for job creation. Water is fundamental to human health food security, sustainable development and the environment.
this represents a major opportunity to boost competitiveness and job creation in European economies. What is EU Research
To begin with, waste and water have been selected as particular priorities, on the grounds of their substantial potential for business opportunities and job creation while tackling important resource efficiency challenges.
employment or training, are crucial challenges for the future of Europe. A rapidly changing world, characterised by the emergence of new economic powers and of new poles of power, also calls constantly for renewed understanding.
In 2013, EU research has focused on growth, employment and competitiveness (intangibles, youth, public finances), sustainable development (lifestyles, social entrepreneurship, welfare state), major trends in society (social
skills and territorial-that will have a major impact on employment, in particular for some groups in the labour force or sectors of the economy.
The security industry is one of the sectors with the highest potential for growth and employment in the EU. In 2011, the security sector in the EU employed 180,000 people, with an annual turnover of some €30 billion.
, universities and other research organizations, vocational training institutions, technology centres and transfer agencies) and the structure of the regional economy (dominant industries, availability of service firms and adequate suppliers, organizations providing innovation finance).
Employment was the more important objective than competitiveness. Due to labour hoarding the nationalized companies'productivity decreased strongly.
as a consequence, employment decreased significantly leading to serious labour market problems in the early 1990s.
The distribution of the size of firms (in terms of employment) within the sample of respondents corresponds approximately to the regional economy.
%the average innovation staff in relation to employment is 15.6%in the case of SMES. Large firms, for comparison, have average ratios of 10.3%and 8. 3%,respectively.
For example, relationship promoters often had a full time job and a central position within the network. In this context, the works on the creative milieu suggest that high communicators play an important role for network development at regional level.
identification, regional intelligence, institutions, where he points out redundancy in the form of‘fail-safe network circuitry'as common element in innovative regions,
Bremen's employment is divided into two main sectors: 29.9%of the workforce is employed in industry and 69.3%in services.
Change of employment in the 14 lead and growth sectors absolute (2000-2. 550 2004) Number of sectors in which the district/town is ranked among the Top 25 in 6 Germany 102,8
Overall, the institutional arrangements are characterised by a limited amount of intermediary actors, few redundancies and clear competencies (Koch and Stahlecker 2004.
Within France, Montpellier has one of the lowest overall costs of employment, salary levels are at least 10%below The french national average.
During the 1980s and 1990s the region went through a structural change with employment moving from traditional sectors to service and high-tech sectors like mechanical engineering and electronics (Pedersen and Dalum 2004.
and a car industry'to a county now having‘the fastest rate of employment growth in high-tech sectors in the UK.'(
The high-tech orientation shows itself also in the employment structure: Oxfordshire has a comparably very high proportion of employment (4. 9%)in R&d activities (Oxfordshire County Council 2005.
Knowledge and science is of great importance for Oxfordshire's economy. The resident workforce is amongst the most highly qualified in the country.
In terms of turnover and industrial employment Prato's local system ranks second in Tuscany after the Florentine area
Additionally, while the employment in the industry sector decreased an expansion of the service sector occurred (Dei Ottati 1996b,2005.
Change of employment in the 14 lead and growth sectors absolute (2000-1 100 2004) Number of sectors in which the district/town is ranked among the Top 25 in 2 Germany 104.2 Index of employee development in the 14 lead and growth sectors 2000-2004
'the Vocational training Centre (Berufliches Bildungszentrum Tuttlingen BBT) provides qualification in surgical instrument making, and there exists a Competence Centre for minimal invasive medicine (MITT).
universities Existence of education and vocational training institutions Special R&d support and education, instruments for research transfer Existence of technical culture Common values such as trust and reciprocity
Individual Policies for attracting high skilled Labour policies for upgrading skills R&d policies, policies for upgrading skills Attitude towards (new) technologies Professional skills
educational and vocational training institutions on meso level and specific R&d support and education programmes as well as measures fostering research transfer on the micro level.
Employment in knowledge-intensive activities (manufacturing and business services) as%of total employment aged 15-64 (0. 7%)Scientific publications within the 10%most cited scientific publications worldwide as%of total
The share of employment in knowledge intensive activities is very close to the EU average. Vulnerable areas include human resources, scientific production, innovation and technology production.
the employment rate has been slightly falling, particularly with the economic crisis. However, Hungary's best rankings within the EU are for the contribution of high tech and medium tech commodities to the trade balance, sales of new to market and new to fi rm innovations as a percentage of turnover,
Composite indicator of structural change 41.7:::46.2:::50.2::1. 9 48.7 11 Employment in knowledge intensive activities (manufacturing and business services) as%of total employment
0. 16 0. 27 0. 21:7. 6 0. 52 15 Europe 2020 OBJECTIVES FOR GROWTH, JOBS AND SOCIETAL CHALLENGES Employment rate of the population
1%)Business enterprise researchers (FTE) per thousand labour force (10,1%)Employment in knowledge-intensive activities (manufacturing and business services) as%of total employment aged 15-64 (0,
Composite indicator of structural change 41.7:::46.2:::50.2::1. 9 48.7 11 Employment in knowledge-intensive activities (manufacturing and business services) as%of total employment
0. 16 0. 27 0. 21:7. 6 0. 52 15 EUROPE 2020 OBJECTIVES FOR GROWTH, JOBS AND SOCIETAL CHALLENGES Employment rate of the population
and accounts for around 5%of employment in the EU (see Section 2. 2). The fast growth of freight transport driven to a large extent by economic decisions contributes to growth and employment but also causes congestion,
kbit/s-2 MBIT/s<144 kbit/s*figure for TLS total (EU-7) weighted by employment 13%of all companies from the sector (accounting
for 21%of employment) said that they used Voice-over-IP services. It can be expected
(EU-7) weighted by employment Use of specific software systems for transport & logistics management Specific software solutions for the TLS sector, such as Cargo Handling Technology,
) Large (250+)Cargo handling technology Fleet control system ITMS*figures for TLS total (EU-7) weighted by employment Deployment of e-standards With regard to the deployment
more than a quarter of the companies (by their share of employment) felt that at least"a good deal"of their exchanges with business partners were conducted electronically (in 2007);
%Companies*saying that of your business processes are conducted as e-business (2007) 23%42%10%25%"Most""A good deal""Some""None"*weighted by employment (read:"
"companies representing x%of employment")E-commerce and e-marketing in the transport & logistics industry"E-commerce"can mean different things in the TLS sector (see Section 3. 6). In passenger transport,
35%of TLS firms (by their share of employment) said they accepted orders from customers online.
(EU-7) weighted by employment ICT adoption by European vs. US transport services companies According to the survey, US companies from the TLS industries are equipped slightly better with ICT infrastructure and systems than their European counterparts.
Chapter 4 assesses the impact of the developments described in Chapter 3 on work processes and employment, innovation and productivity,
5"i2010 A European Information Society for growth and employment.""Communication from the Commission, COM (2005) 229 final. 6"Working Together for Growth and Jobs:
What are the main impacts of ICT adoption with regard to employment, competitiveness, economic growth, transport safety, efficiency and possible cost reductions (distribution costs), technological innovation and for entering into new markets?
EU-KLEMS Growth Accounts include measures of economic growth, productivity, employment creation, capital formation and technological change at the industry level for 25 EU Member States as well as for the United states. In general
It currently generates 7%of European union gross domestic product (GDP) and for around 5%of employment in the EU. The growth of goods transport within the EU,
The fast growth of freight transport driven to a large extent by economic decisions contributes to growth and employment but also causes congestion
The transport sector facts and projections Direct employment Share in total freight transport Share in total passenger transport Growth between 1995 and 2004 Expected increase until 2010 (for a transport demand 40%higher than 1998
with the appropriate measures and incentives in place, would help economic, social and environmental sustainability in Europe and attenuate negative trends, such as relocation of business activities and employment away from Europe.
By share of employment, firms representing 99%of the sector workforce are connected to Internet. A relevant indicator is the existence of broadband connection.
In the TLS industry, 24%of firms (comprising about half of the sector's employment) enable remote access.
Sectoral e-Businesswatch (Survey 2007) 13%of all companies from the sector (accounting for 21%of employment) said that they used Voice-over-IP services (see Exhibit 3. 1-7). Yet,
which absorb most of the available expertise. 3. 2. 1 Demand for ICT skills and skills development Employment of"ICT practitioners"The e-Skill Forum, established by the EC in March
more than a half of TLS companies (56%),representing more than three quarters of the sector's employment,
-9) Small (10-49) Medium (50-249) Large (250) Data for TLS total weighted by employment (read:"
"firms representing x%of employment"),data for size-bands in%of enterprises. Source: Sectoral e-Businesswatch (Survey 2007) Figures related to the TLS sector shows (Exhibit 3-3-1) that about a third of mediumsized companies and more than 40%of large firms
In total, about 15%of firms (accounting for 21%of employment) reported that they had such rules.
accounting for 13%of the sector's employment (Exhibit 3. 3. 5), have declared that they do use this technology.
Freight transport Logistics Data are weighted by employment (read:""firms representing x%of employment"in the sector.
Base: all companies. Exhibit 3. 3-6: RFID application areas(%of RFID users applying it for a given purpose) 82 36 29 77 0 20 40 60 80 10 0 to support the order of goods
Sectoral e-Businesswatch (Survey 2007) E-business in the transport & logistics industry 62 In 2007, about a fifth of firms (representing about 44%of sector employment) in the TLS industry reported the use of software solutions
in the TLS industry 6%of enterprises representing about 21%of employment say they have an SCM system.
Currently, 25%of firms accounting for about 33%of employment in the TLS industry say they send e-invoices,
and about 46%receive e-invoices (accounting for 55%of employment). Among SMES, about 24%send
Freight transport Logistics Micro (1-9) Small (10-49) Medium (50-249) Large (250+)Data for TLS total weighted by employment (read:"
"firms representing x%of employment"),data for size-bands in%of enterprises. Base: all companies.
and sub-sectors are weighted by employment; data for size-bands in%of firms. Source: Sectoral e-Businesswatch (Survey 2007) Case studies about WMS in France Geodis Group The case study about Geodis Group (see Section 5. 7) shows a typical example for automated
and sub-sectors are weighted by employment; data for size-bands in%of firms. Source: Sectoral e-Businesswatch (Survey 2007) The relatively low diffusion of CRM technology within micro and small firms should not come as a surprise:
%of companies*saying that most/a good deal/some/none of their processes are conducted electronically (2007) 42%23%10%25%most a good deal some none*weighted by employment("firms representing x%of employment say that")Source:
Retail Chemical Steel Furniture"Most""A good deal""Some""None"*weighted by employment("firms representing x%of employment say that")Source:
the 109 EU-KLEMS is a database on measures of economic growth, productivity, employment creation, capital formation and technological change at the industry level for all European union member states from 1970
This will help to understand the impact on employment dynamics in a more nuanced way than just assessing the net impact on total sector employment.
Data on labour input are available in terms of labour productivity, employment, average hours worked per employee and total working hours.
Exhibit 4. 1-4 reports the employment growth figures. Again, a rather heterogeneous picture can be detected, partly due to the negative figures of several member countries between 1980-1995 and the highly positive growth rates of others in the period 1995-2000.
the growth rates for employment were highest in the period from 1995-2000. Overall, employment growth in the transport and storage sector has been rather modest
with few exceptions. Exhibit 4. 1-5 shows the comparison among the EU-15 countries in terms of average working hours per employee.
Employment growth, transport and logistics services in EU-15 member countries, 1980-2004 (annual average growth rates, various sub-periods) 1. 1-0
Figures for sector totals are weighted by employment("firms representing x%of employment in the sector/country"),figures for size-bands in%of firms.
whereas older companies might need to adapt to new market conditions. 4. 4 Summary of impact analysis Productivity and employment Regarding the role of ICT capital in the transport and logistics sector,
The adoption and usage of the new ICT systems also have had important impacts on the employment side,
companies representing about 80%of employment in the sector expect ICT to matter in all these fields in the future (see Exhibit 6. 2-2). Exhibit 6. 2-1:%
*Data weighted by employment("firms representing%of employment in the sector expect that ICT will have a high/medium impact on Source:
however, between ICT capital and economic variables such as productivity and employment dynamics. Instead, ICT has indirect effects that occur via innovations that are carried out
Innovation and Employment. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham and Northampton. EEA Report No 1/2007: Transport and environment:
Impact of ICT on Corporate Performance, Productivity and Employment Dynamics. Special study by e-Businessw@tch, available at www. ebusiness-watch. org Lee, H. L. 2000.
Innovation and employment. In: Fagerberg, J.,Mowery, D. and Nelson, R. eds..The Oxford Handbook of Innovation.
‘Market Structure and the Employment of Scientists and Engineers',in The American Economic Review, vol. 57, pp. 524-531.
by employment, and by the number of enterprises. 130 Weighting by employment: Values that are reported as employment-weighted figures should be read as"enterprises comprising x%of employees"(in the respective sector or country.
The reason for using employment weighting is the predominance of micro-enterprises over other kinds of firms.
If the weights did not factor in the economic importance of different sized businesses, the results would be dominated by the percentages observed in the micro size-band.
Weighting by the number of enterprises: Values that are reported as"x%of enterprises"show the share of firms irrespective of their size,
where employment-weighting is implicit. 131 The EU-7 are composed of those countries which were covered by the survey.
Confidence intervals for employment-weighted data are highest for the steel industry, due to the small number of observations and because this sector's structure makes it more sensitive to data weighting
Employment-weighted data for this industry therefore have lower statistical accuracy than for the other sectors.
"if weighted by employment unweighted Sectors (aggregate, EU-7) Chemical, rubber and plastics 10%8. 0%-12.4%6. 5%-15.0%8. 4%-11.9%Steel 10
and online services to boost job creation, promote economic prosperity and improve the daily lives of all Europeans.
The development and widespread adoption of ehealth technologies can also contribute to job creation including in new emerging professions,
for every retired person there will be only 2 people working (the present ratio is 1: 4). While this trend poses extraordinary challenges in terms of adequate assistance to the elderly,
and specific needs, such as services for online registration of new companies or getting the unemployment rights, are met not yet fully.
The European services sector accounts for 75%of the EU's GDP and employment, and the 4. 4 million firms in this sector generate 95%of all new jobs.
The idea of a substitution for motor vehicle travel is represented also well by teleworking or eworking (also known as telecommuting in the US)( table 2). In theory this would decrease the amount of travel time
or at a teleworking center that is nearer the worker's residence than his/her usual work place.
Research by Wells and Nelson (2004) suggests that teleworking would have only a minor impact in terms of reducing emissions,
and air-quality benefits of teleworking at the disaggregate level (e g. Lake, 2003), whereas system-wide the impacts are much more modest,
due to relatively small amounts of teleworking and due to long-term (secondary) impacts counteracting the short-term savings (Mokhtarian, 1998).
) There is, however, still some potential for growth of adoption of teleworking given the type of jobs that lend themselves to this practice;
but actual teleworking remains below its potential level. ICT Innovation and Sustainability of the Transport Sector European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 44 Table 2. ICT use by persons and transport demand Type of ICT use
Exceptions are impacts of teleworking on travel demand and the impacts of ICT use in the transport system on fatality reduction, particularly off-vehicle speed limitation and in-vehicle driver assistance.
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