| Employment structure (1) |  |
| Female work (1) | |
| Full-time employment (1) | |
| Non-standard employment (19) | |
| Self-employment (64) | |
| Unpaid work (3) | |
| Youth employment (103) | |
| Employment structure (1) | |
| Female work (1) | |
| Full-time employment (1) | |
| Non-standard employment (19) | |
| Self-employment (64) | |
| Unpaid work (3) | |
| Youth employment (103) | |
With regard to the survival rate of businesses, there were at most 73 per cent of participants in self employment 12 months after cessation of NEIS allowance
while just 52 per cent were still in self employment 18 months after benefits ceased. The evaluation found that 73 per cent of‘survivors'would have started a business without the NEIS scheme,
'Key objectives of both schemes were to reduce unemployment and increase self employment. Evaluation of the deadweight impacts of both schemes suggests they were a success:
FÁS has succeeded in its objective of progressing individuals to employment/self employment. Discussions with individual CEBS indicated that
Is entrepreneurship self employment? No, that's not it. The self-employed typically sell their labour to perform a set of tasks,
and the applicant must not take up self employment until they have received written approval from the Local Development Company or the Department of Social Protection.
Numbers of individuals starting a self employment project. Numbers of newly incorporated companies. Industry NACE code.
Trends in new enterprise creation-self employment/companies. 61. A‘Startup Monitor'should be produced and made publicly available, on a monthly or quarterly basis, by the Department of Jobs,
and the provision of self employment, community and social enterprise supports as potential routes towards addressing long term unemployment and socioeconomic disadvantage.
This work and its contribution towards self employment is set out in detail in the Pobal report Supporting Inclusion through Selfemployment.
The LECP will seek to address community and local development responses to employment, self employment and social enterprise.
The LECP will seek to address community and local development responses to employment, self employment and social enterprise.
as appropriate, the progression of relevant actions in National Youth Strategy which support youth employment and youth employability initiatives, including skills development and experiential learning opportunities for young people and the provision of valuable volunteer opportunities.
and victims of human trafficking and youth employment. Through the European Social Fund: the Agenda for New Skills and Jobs;
Other important trends include fluctuations in self employment rates since the 2007-08 financial crisis, with significant differences between countries,
cost and procedures) and examine the links between these aspects and 2 measures of entrepreneurship, new business creation and self employment.
Bripi 2013.104 DOING BUSINESS 2015 specific regulatory dimensions (such as contract enforcement) as well as particular types of regulatory reform within each dimension (such as those affecting cost measures) are associated with the rate of self employment
and self employment) are affected differently by the same regulatory dimension or same type of regulatory reform.
and self employment in European cities. Panel data random effects regression is used to examine how the business environment affects new business creation and self employment in a panel of European cities.
Eurostat Urban Audit database, regional and city statistics; Doing Business database Investment Jovanovic and Jovanovic (2014) Greater regulatory efficiency as measured by Doing Business indicators has a positive association with foreign direct investment flows from OECD countries to Eastern European and Central Asian countries.
experiences and obstacles linked to self employment and compares European opinions with those outside of Europe,
experiences and obstacles linked to self employment, and compares European opinions with those outside of Europe,
INNOVATIVE ICT SOLUTIONS FOR YOUTH EMPLOYMENT DIGITAL INCLUSION T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o N d e v
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment February 2014 This report was developed and published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU),
and grew out of the youth employment and entrepreneurship initiative between ITU and Telecentre. org Foundation.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment iii Lead authors: Chris Coward is the cofounder, Principal Research Scientist,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment iv Foreword Today's youth face enormous challenges finding a job
and I am delighted that this report was developed in response to the Youth employment and Entrepreneurship initiative between ITU and Telecentre. org Foundation.
I am pleased that BDT has made these resources available to youth worldwide in our new Youth employment and Entrepreneurship Resources Database at www. itu. int/ITU-D/youth.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment v Table of contents Page 1 Introduction...1 1. 1 Organization of report...
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment vi Page 6 Entrepreneurship skills and support...35 6. 1 Entrepreneurship skills...
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 1 1 Introduction Youth make up 17 per cent of the world's population and 40 per cent of the world's unemployed, according to the International labour organization.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 2 adequately represent all of these in a report of reasonable length.
Chapter 8 discusses the role of government in supporting youth employment and entrepreneurship. Chapter 9 offers some concluding thoughts. 1. 2 Notes and limitations Each one of these chapters could occupy many books,
It includes wage employment, self employment, and farming. Under this categorization, entrepreneurship is a form and subset of self employment.
Self employment, though, can be a double-edged sword. Many businesses in developing countries are started not to exploit Digital opportunities:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 3 business opportunities but because the owners cannot find satisfactory jobs. 2 In fact,
most micro-and small enterprises in developing countries are just forms of survivorship, with limited chances to grow. 3 This definition is intended not to diminish the importance of self employment.
It is crucial for job creation. Entrepreneurship, on the other hand, adopts Schumpeter's idea of an entrepreneur as one who is dynamic and willing to take risks to exploit existing business opportunities
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 4 Underemployed youth is triple the unemployment rate. 9 These are predominantly youth who work in the informal sector, facing low wages, no benefits,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 5 Figure 2: Unemployment rates by age range Source: Gallup 2. 2 The skills mismatch In addition to the protracted economic crisis from
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 6 Figure 3: Youth unemployment rates, by region Source: International labour organization (ILO) 2. 3 Regional trends:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 7 Youth not engaged in employment, education, or training (NEET) is one of the main challenges policymakers in developed economies face.
and victim costs, among others. 24 The quality of youth employment has declined. Youth increasingly find themselves in nonstandard jobs, such as temporary employment and part-time work.
Countries like Spain and Ireland have recorded increases in the youth part-time employment rate of 11.8 and 20.7 percentage points respectively between the second quarter of 2008 and 2011.25 One out of three youth
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 8 2. 4. 1 Latin america and the Caribbean In Latin america and the Caribbean, youth unemployment has declined recently
Low quality schooling and high dropout rates supress youth employment. According to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, completing a high quality secondary education is an important threshold for increasing the odds of obtaining a quality job. 32
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 9 Youth face an underdeveloped private sector and a growing informal sector.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 10 cent in one 2008 survey. 48 Educational achievement as measured by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) indicates that the education system in this region is performing adequately at imparting basic skills,
Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelhoods, 10.52 Ibid, 11.53 International labour organization,"China Youth employment Report,"(Geneva: ILO, 2005). 54 UNESCO, Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2010,(Paris:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 11 Africa has the highest rate of working poor, estimated at 40.1 per cent in 2012.58 More than three out of four workers are engaged in the informal sector. 59 This is far high than all other regions except South Asia.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 12 This chapter explores how ICTS are transforming three sectors:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 13 3. 2 Health Healthcare is a global multi-trillion dollar industry that is undergoing massive changes as a result of ICTDRIVEN innovations.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 14 Figure 6: Technology-enabled programmes, by purpose Source: World health organization, 2012 THE WHO study further found that 27 per cent of the programmes profiled by CHMI featured ICTS in a prominent role.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 15 THE WHO study also reveals many programmes that face important barriers. 71 Problems with end-user acceptance of the technology may be the result of lack of familiarity with the technology
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 16 Firms or countries tend to follow any of the five following trajectories
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 17 4 New employment and entrepreneurship opportunities Emerging sectors The increasing adoption of ICTS in everyday life,
This chapter explores a range of emerging opportunities involving ICTS and youth employment and entrepreneurship. First, the ways in which young people find work through digital job matching services is covered,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 18 4. 1 Online job services and job matching While it may be skilled common for,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 19 Figure 8: Crowdsourcing vs. Microwork Source: Author elaboration and Howe (2008) Crowdsourcing Crowdsourcing business models benefit individuals with higher-level technical skills.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 20 Microwork Microwork is a series of small tasks that have been broken out of a larger business process
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 21 Samasource is a nonprofit organization that brings digital work opportunities to people around the world.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 22 Jobs in the app economy can be categorized as follows: IT-related jobs that use app economy skills the ability to develop,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 23 Figure 9: Global map of app trade routes Source: Developer Economics 2012 For developers focusing on in-region, for-region development, the opportunity may lie in addressing market gaps in app categories in their own country.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 24 The World bank Bank's infodev programme, in collaboration with the Government of Finland and Nokia, has established a network of five mlabs in Armenia, Kenya, South africa, Pakistan, and Viet nam.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 25 winners receiving incubation, financial, and other forms of support. 99 This is a model that many other countries can adapt as contests have become a very popular way to stimulate ICT innovations (see section 6. 3). These efforts are extremely important
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 26 4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly Mobile phone repair as well as computer maintenance and assembly continue to be important areas of youth job
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 27 Employment growth in the renewable energy sector alone is projected to be impressive for the coming decades.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 28 4. 7. 2 Green jobs for youth The dialogue around ICTS and the green economy has centered largely on food security, sustainable agriculture, and energy efficiency.
however in the context of the 2012 Rio+20 conference on sustainable development, youth advocacy groups lobbied that young people should be seen as an asset for a green economy that would in turn generate youth employment. 113 Youth have expressed a strong interest
youth and young students from some universities are preparing for the expansion of green jobs to increase our employment and youth employment rates. 115 Paulo,
What Are the Up-and-coming Areas for Youth employment in Your Country? UN World Youth Report Website, last modified on December 29, 2011, www. unworldyouthreport. org/index. php?
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 29 a variation of ICT skills that is becoming increasingly important for some careers.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 30 5. 2 Digital literacy Most of today's attention around ICT skills is focused on the concept of digital literacy.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 31 Second, being digitally literate involves much more than having technical skills.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 32 All of these distinctions have important implications for digital literacy training.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 33 Figure 12: Web skills/Competencies/Literacies grid EXPLORING CREATING CONNECTING PROTECTING BEGINNER Browser basics (e g.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 34 5. 4 Complementary skills The discussion in this chapter so far has focused on the ICT-related skills required for meaningful participation in society as well as work.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 35 Learning and innovation skills: creativity and innovation; critical thinking and problem solving;
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 36 Business incubators and accelerators are emerging around the world seeking to emulate the successes of Silicon valley.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 37 Figure 14: Core entrepreneurial skills and attributes132*English continues to be recognized as key for conducting business
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 38 Important skills for digital entrepreneurs In addition, digital entrepreneurs also require skills in a variety of areas related to business communications, customer relation management
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 39 Micromentor is an initiative of the nonprofit humanitarian agency Mercy Corps that offers free online guidance to entrepreneurs
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 40 turn to crowdfunding as one of their primary sources of investment capital.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 41 6. 4 Toolkits and training programmes There are many digital resources designed to help young entrepreneurs that have been created by the major software companies, many in conjunction
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 42 Providing access to market information has long been a goal of many initiatives,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 43 A study looking at learning spaces and the influence of ICTS identifies six trends as the hallmark of the learning experience of and with ICTS:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 44 Figure 15: Story of Kelvin Doe Source: Authors 7. 1 New learning models New technologies are changing how learning
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 45 Figure 16: Blended learning and ICTS Source: Authors The blended learning process relies on digital environments called Learning Management Systems (LMS.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 46 Blended learning has gained popularity mostly in European and North american high schools, colleges and universities,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 47 Prominent and emerging models of self-directed learning include open universities, open course ware (OCW), open educational resources (OER), and massive open online courses (MOOCS.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 48 Similar services continue to grow as universities and other educational institutions seize the power of ICTS
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 49 Figure 18: Social capital and collaborative/peer learning Source:
Authors In the context of youth employment, it is important to consider the benefits that participating in collaborative learning can offer.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 50 work alongside more experienced workers they acquire and develop many of the same ICT
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 51 A report prepared for the European commission in 2008 predicted some of these changes by arguing that the emergence
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 52 7. 4 Repositories, games and mobile resources Using online channels to learn
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 53 7. 4. 3 Social media Social media are used extensively for learning as well.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 54 There is an opportunity for public access points, such as telecentres, libraries,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 55 The European Computer Driving Licence is an international computer skills certification programme.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 56 Figure 20: How Open Badges work Source: Mozilla Open Badges175 8 The role of government In a statement released for International Youth Day 2012, the UN Secretary-general,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 57 This chapter looks at the role of governments in advancing policies, programmes and strategies for youth employment and entrepreneurship.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 58 programmes in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Laos, Pakistan, and Viet nam designed to support the integration of ICTS in education are starting to show results. 182 The importance of government coordination Research reveals that many ICT
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 59 8. 2 ICT skill development in non-formal educational settings The examples from Uruguay and Estonia fall within the formal education systems.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 60 At the same time, it is important for governments to recognize the growth
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 61 Another area for government-private sector partnership is job placement.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 62 Foster innovation through contests and competitions. This can be accomplished by partnering with other actors such as donor agencies, corporate businesses,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 63 and have driven the explosive expansion of social media and other web 2. 0 applications.
Public-private partnerships can further advance youth employment through training internships, and job placement programmes. Policies and programmes to support entrepreneurship require another level of dedication.
and support governments in implementing youth employment and entrepreneurship strategies, while development agencies and foundations can provide financial support and expertise.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 64 References Amin, Mohammad. Necessity vs. Opportunity Entrepreneurs in the Informal Sector. 2009. http://works. bepress. com/mohammad amin/15.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 65 Hofer, Andrea-Rosalinde and Austin Delaney.""Shooting for the Moon:
"China Youth employment Report.""Geneva: International Labour Office, 2005. International labour organization.""Decent Work and Youth in Latin america."
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 66 Johnson, Larry, Samantha Adams, and Michele Cummins. The NMC Horizon Report:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 67 OECD. ICT Skills and Employment: New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy.
What Are the Up-and-coming Areas for Youth employment in Your Country? UN World Youth Report Website.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 68 United nations Environment Programme. Transition to Green Economy Could Yield up to 60 Million Jobs.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 69 Glossary Accelerators For-profit incubator that support start-ups with funding and other services in exchange for equity.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 70 HTML Hypertext markup language (HTML) is the main markup language for creating web pages
self employment and microcredit for Roma in Hungary Piloting Stage Kiút aims to support Roma to work in the formal economy by starting up a business.
the possible support for the development of business incubators and investment support for self employment and business creation can be very relevant for socially innovative start-ups.
/The Kiút Programme, self employment and microcredit for Roma in Hungary Kiút aims to support Roma to work in the formal economy by starting up a business.
and to increase the youth employment rate. This initiative is focused on the Europe 2020 objectives of reducing early school leaving
and encourage youth employment (through youth guarantees108), social innovation processes have been highlighted: young people's needs and their participation in the design of measures have been a primary focus to make education and training more relevant to them;
and youth unemployment is also being tackled through more workplace and entrepreneurial learning experiences and more possibilities for self employment.
and job creation through promoting and supporting self employment, social enterprises and business start-ups. The Single Market Act I, adopted in April 2011,
the White paper on Pensions and the Youth employment Package. It also builds on the contribution the European Structural
Youth work and non-formal learning play an important role in social innovation, particularly by offering alternative ways of learning and through practices that tackle inclusion problems such as youth employment or early
Since the launch of the Structured Dialogue in 2010, youth representatives and policymakers first engaged in debates on themes such as youth employment and youth participation and then looked into social inclusion.
Teleworking and virtual meetings are held mainly back by social/psychological (e g. fear of social isolation and adverse impacts on careers) and institutional (lack of support from managers/organisations) barriers.
buying and using smaller cars and teleworking. The policy package with regard to smaller cars consists of economic and regulatory instruments supported by informational measures,
while the policy package for teleworking consists of a wide variety of measures, including economic, regulative, informational and procedural instruments.
Unpaid work Leisure Housework, paid work and leisure (Minutes per day and person, latest year available) Note:
van Vuuren, D.,The trend in female labour force participation: what can be expected for the future?
Self employment is a less popular option today than it was in 2009, with a clear majority in the European union (EU) now favouring work as an employee.
the sharp economic downturn in Andalusia may stimulate a greater willingness to embrace self employment and other forms of entrepreneurship.
including by targeting the new unemployed through self employment programmes. Setup a business incubation monitoring and evaluation system that assesses the performance of Andalusia incubators against EU current benchmarks.
Self employment Entry Across Groups. Journal of Business Venturing 10,143-156. Becker, G. 1965. Human Capital.
including self employment and start-ups, but this is likely to be hampered, to some extent, by the relatively low levels of human capital in the region.
including education, vocational educational training, self employment, assistance to all forms of start-ups, not only those connected with R&d&i.
the sharp economic downturn in Andalusia may stimulate a greater willingness to embrace self employment and other forms of entrepreneurship.
Promote self employment to tackle unemployment and diversify the economy The rising levels of unemployment, the need to diversify the economy (e g. away from construction, real estate, etc.)
2006) call for a greater focus on providing opportunities for people to establish their own businesses though self employment or creation of firms.
Turning to institutions in Andalusia, the region should review its policies in relation to the stimulation of self employment.
ANDALUCIA EMPRENDE is placed well to take responsibility for a more targeted programme of support for self employment.
Transiting from unemployment into self employment Description of the approach Germany has suffered from persistently high unemployment rate,
as well as low self employment rates. Consequently, a programme known as the Start-up Subsidy (SUS Existenzgründungszuschuss) was introduced in 2003 under
Rationale for the intervention Germany had one of the lowest self employment rates in Europe (fluctuating between 10-11 percent)
job creation schemes and self employment schemes targeting the registered unemployed. The policy has been successful in terms of uptake:
Additionally, both the probability of being in self employment and/or paid employment and the personal income are significantly higher for participants.
Baumgartner, H. J. and Caliendo, M. 2007) Turning Unemployment into Self employment: Effectiveness and Efficiency of Two Start-up Programmes, DIW, Discussion Papers 671, Berlin.
although it is responsible for vocational education, self employment programmes, and even for some entrepreneur training schemes. A by-product of this divide is that workforce development is aligned not as with cluster development as it could be.
Moreover, with a surging unemployment rate above the 25%threshold, it would be important to capture the potential of self employment programmes for both reducing joblessness and increasing business activity rates;
Meanwhile, the dramatic surge of the regional unemployment rate (26%)urges the introduction of self employment programmes.
Self employment has the potential to alleviate unemployment, enhance the long-term income of participants, and positively impact on their career prospects by improving employability.
Currently, however, self employment programmes are in the remit of the regional ministry of employment. As a result, co-ordination and co-operation between the ministry of employment and the Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Science would be crucial in this domain.
because the success of self employment schemes is highly dependent on the training of participants, who are often unfamiliar with business management practices.
including by targeting the new unemployed through self employment programmes. Setup a business incubation monitoring and evaluation system that assesses the performance of Andalusia incubators against EU current benchmarks.
According to Chow (2006), most often entrepreneurship is interpreted as business ownership or self employment, but that is not an accurate definition.
For example, relationship promoters often had a full time job and a central position within the network. In this context, the works on the creative milieu suggest that high communicators play an important role for network development at regional level.
The high-tech orientation shows itself also in the employment structure: Oxfordshire has a comparably very high proportion of employment (4. 9%)in R&d activities (Oxfordshire County Council 2005.
The idea of a substitution for motor vehicle travel is represented also well by teleworking or eworking (also known as telecommuting in the US)( table 2). In theory this would decrease the amount of travel time
or at a teleworking center that is nearer the worker's residence than his/her usual work place.
Research by Wells and Nelson (2004) suggests that teleworking would have only a minor impact in terms of reducing emissions,
and air-quality benefits of teleworking at the disaggregate level (e g. Lake, 2003), whereas system-wide the impacts are much more modest,
due to relatively small amounts of teleworking and due to long-term (secondary) impacts counteracting the short-term savings (Mokhtarian, 1998).
) There is, however, still some potential for growth of adoption of teleworking given the type of jobs that lend themselves to this practice;
but actual teleworking remains below its potential level. ICT Innovation and Sustainability of the Transport Sector European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 44 Table 2. ICT use by persons and transport demand Type of ICT use
Exceptions are impacts of teleworking on travel demand and the impacts of ICT use in the transport system on fatality reduction, particularly off-vehicle speed limitation and in-vehicle driver assistance.
What is more significant is that it was to gain self employment by implementing their innovative ideas and/or to exploit market opportunities that majority of these entrepreneurs have setup their firms.
Youth employment Pathways: This will provide support for training 3, 000 disengaged young people, aged 15 18 in regional Australia and areas of identified higher levels of youth disengagement.
Indeed, self employment represents one of the most important job options for women, especially for women in developing economies.
where income may be difficult to measure because of large informal sectors and self employment and other barriers to consumption expenditure,
http://data. worldbank. org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups. 31 Household incomes include wages, salaries, self employment incomes, capital and property income,
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