Unemployment

Long-term unemployment (6)
Structural unemployment (2)
Temporary layoff (3)
Unemployment (377)
Youth unemployment (114)

Synopsis: Employment & working conditions: Employment: Unemployment: Unemployment:

85 3. 2. 2. Unemployment paradoxes and quick fixes...87 3. 2. 3. Challenge for France...

Today, the unemployment problem is an issue in Europe, but, essentially, all work that can be described as well-defined processes can be robotized or automated,

This way of doing increases also pollution in developing countries and the unemployment in Europe and other developed countries.

, such as unemployment and exclusion, depletion of natural resources, pollution and its subsequent serious diseases, organized crime and cyber criminality, terrorism, devitalization of regions and overpopulation in megacities,

as well as unemployment and lack of workforce in the services areas such as tourism, hotels and restaurants, agriculture and others?

and biotechnology as well as space exploration for societal needs, among others. 3. 2. 2. Unemployment paradoxes and quick fixes Growth,

However, the firms in charge of the unemployment survey are playing with numbers persons on training are removed from the list of jobseekers.

It is urgent to find realistic solutions for unemployment and exclusion. All challenges mentioned in this chapter form a complex system

and Communication at Stanford university, has the ambition of disrupting unemployment. They try to find a solution for the intersectoral problem of unemployement.

whether such growth will also significantly reduce unemployment...Persistent mismatches between employee skills and job requirements can seriously impede innovative activity.

The United states alone spends $100 billion a year on unemployment benefits. The value of underused people is much bigger.

and experience sharing on fighting unemployment. Another Stanford initiative is the Triple Helix Association5 which connects the same populations and focuses on academic conferences.

because it is only digital One another case dealing with young unemployment is the European Young Innovators Forum (EYIF),

and reduce unemployment. Unemployment is still high and 35 h/week is exceeded in many companies.

Carlos Slim's suggestion in 2014 was to reduce the working week to 3 days.

Could artificial intelligence create an unemployment crisis? Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), vol. 56, no. 7, pp 37 39,2013, available at http://cacm. acm. org/.

Unemployment also started to increase after 2007, when it was 4%and Luminita Nicolescu, Ciprian Nicolescu ISSN 2071-789x RECENT ISSUES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2a,

and services and increasing efficiency but also for meeting the job creation challenge of high unemployment. In the short to medium term there is a real opportunity for governments to use policies for entrepreneurship

At the same time many address problems of unemployment and the social problems of poor neighbourhoods. This is of great relevance in the current post-crisis context in

and high levels of employment to a situation where unemployment now stands at 14.2 per cent,

The economic value of the CEB soft supports depends somewhat on the prevailing economic environment and unemployment levels.

In times of high unemployment, these CEB activities stimulate the use of surplus resources, creating additional wages, profits and tax revenues.

Rationale for interventions Findings The period from 2004-2008 was characterised by low levels of unemployment

and a steep rise in unemployment. The need to focus on productivity enhancements, innovation, knowledge and skills acquisition,

In periods of high unemployment, government intervention may be triggered to address the risk that some individuals may become long-term unemployed

Unemployment increased from a level of 4. 5 per cent in 2004 to 13.7 per cent in 2010.

unemployment and low economic growth in Ireland. It was recognised that micro enterprises (employing 10 or less people) could be a valuable source of employment and economic growth,

Secondly, at times of high unemployment, where there are unused or underused resources in the economy, start-up activity may utilise surplus resources thereby creating additional wages, profits and tax revenues.

Start-up Grants (SUG) are provided by TE centres which aim to get people out of unemployment and into employment.

'Key objectives of both schemes were to reduce unemployment and increase self employment. Evaluation of the deadweight impacts of both schemes suggests they were a success:

In conclusion and based on these preliminary investigations, business support tools to stimulate the labour market are generally a success in reducing unemployment.

The Economic Journal, 90 (357). 1980 FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 139 At times of high unemployment, where there are unused or underused resources in the economy,

With the current rate of unemployment and the existence of unused resources in the economy

Turning to impacts on wages, profits and tax revenues, these additional impacts are likely to be relatively small in the period up to 2008, because of the low levels of unemployment and consequent high levels of labour market displacement.

and reduce the rate of unemployment. Underskilled youth do not have sufficient options to gain experience.

but in light of the scale of the unemployment challenge that Ireland is currently facing,

These initiatives may be particularly suitable to Early School Leavers who are the most vulnerable to long-term unemployment.

The successful programme offers tailored support for an age group that could suffer from long-term unemployment

and reduce the rate of unemployment. Specifically with regard to entrepreneurial activity, we offer the following recommendations to help startups attract

etc) without requiring positive retained earnings. 5. 2 Skills development programmes Ireland currently has an unbearably high rate of unemployment.

because unemployment or debt has drained their resources or negatively affected their credit ratings. For others, potential funding institutions may be risk averse.

Since 2008 unemployment and emigration levels disimproved by 192%and 27%respectively in the countryside

Some will argue that increases in the minimum wage lead to higher unemployment. But this is an error of applying microeconomic analysis to a macroeconomic phenomenon.

if any unemployment resulted from an increase in the minimum wage, macroeconomic policy, especially monetary policy, would adjust,

and unemployment did not go up. As they entered the workforce, female workers earned money that let them purchase goods and services,

%Note that there are several micro-regions with high unemployment, explained by a fragmented settlement system3 and by a number of poorly accessible, peripheral areas.

and Tánaiste in February 2012 unemployment stood at 15.1 per cent. The idea that our economy could put 100

The rate of unemployment has declined from a peak of 15.1 per cent at the start of 2012 to below 10.6 per cent at end 2014.

Regions with history of high unemployment such as the South East which Government has brought a new focus to,

The South East has had the largest decrease in unemployment in the State; and Exports continuing to grow,

Unemployment is down from a crisis peak of 15.1 per cent to 10.6 per cent at the end of 2014 and, critically,

and Tús together with the reform of the Community Employment programme indicate the Government's determination to address the challenge of long-term unemployment.

and unemployment remains unacceptably high, improvements are evident in labour market indicators and employer demand continues to grow,

The pace of progress in the regions and especially those with the highest unemployment levels-needs to be accelerated through targeted supports for enterprise and job creation.

and unemployment has fallen from a crisis peak of over 15 per cent to 10.6 per cent now.

and elevated levels of debt and unemployment at home, all increase the importance of developing new sources of economic growth.

and retention, reducing unemployment and meeting the skills needs of emerging industries. HEA) 373 The Post Graduate programme of Professional Practice programme, currently in pilot phase, will be evaluated.

In Europe, austerity, budget cuts, unemployment, ageing, migration, and climate change are only a few of the many issues that can be cited as examples of the effects of such crises.

In Europe, austerity, budget cuts, unemployment, ageing, migration, and climate change are only a few of the issues that can be cited as examples of the effects of such crises.

The Competition invites Europeans to develop new solutions to reduce unemployment and minimize its effects on the economy and society.

Unemployment (Storrie & Bjurek, 1999; 2000). ) The indicator is sensitive to national policy priorities, in that the weights are determined endogenously by the observed performances (this is a useful secondbest approach

For example, if a hypothetical composite were formed by inequality, environmental degradation, GDP per capita and unemployment, two countries

versus unemployment benefits. Similarly, Nicoletti and others make use of factor analysis in the analysis of, for example,

since both Germany and its Hamburg region endure substantial unemployment with an unemployment rate of nearly 9%.At the same time the industry is unable to fill vacant positions with skilled labour.

despite high rates of unemployment in certain sections of the society. According to some preliminary calculations the shortage of skilled (technical) labour, primarily of engineers and scientists, is leading to a loss of over 20 billion euros a year in the form of unrealized business opportunities.

and the level of unemployment was below two digits. For the 2008 call, special emphasis was made in the previous recollection of demand.

and entrepreneurs mediated by the state, plus very low levels of unemployment. All this notwithstanding, Uruguay still has important groups of populations excluded from access to a dignified quality of life

as articulated in the Europe 2020 Strategy, 6 such as unemployment, inequality and poverty, health and education,

tackling high unemployment in local area Skillendar (UK) Skills calendar to match job seekers & volunteers with people who need work/tasks done in neighbourhood Creating

Smart places Eastserve, Manchester (UK) Tackling local digital divide, low skills, high unemployment and poverty, improving engagement and social cohesion Naprawmyto (PL) Facilitating local action and dialogue on local problems,

unemployment and social disruption Civic engagement and activism Hackney CAB crowdmap (UK) Support low-income residents, losing some or all housing benefit,

and unemployment but still requiring tasks to be done Cookisto (EL and UK) Homemade food swapping and exchanging,

8 Clear goals for activating labour markets, including the target of 70%labour market participation, low unemployment and flexi-curity policies.

what is often characterised as‘jobless growth'where there have been massive rises in unemployment, especially in southern Europe and amongst young 8 http://ec. europa. eu/employment social/eie/chap1-5-2 en. html 18 people,

tackling high unemployment in local area-Digital fast and flexible matching to recruit and manage the supply

unemployment and poverty, improving engagement and social cohesion-ICT affordable broadband for jobs, education & community-Holistic approach to local urban regeneration-Central and local government funding

, public-private-civil partnerships and operation-5-fold increase in access, doubling training and digital inclusion cf. to average, lower unemployment by 6, 200,180 start-ups, 3

combatting pay cuts, unemployment and social disruption-ICT web/mobile for matching supply & demand, managing system, social fora, awareness raising;

combatting pay cuts and unemployment by providing a new means to meet economic necessities, as well as retaining this economic (nonprofit making) activity in the community thus supporting local prosperity.

and unemployment but still requiring tasks to be done-ICT web/mobile free platform for matching supply & demand, managing system, social fora, traditional media, awareness raising;

whose main goal is to reduce unemployment. This Strategy is structured into three large blocks: job creation;

The crisis and rising unemployment have caused a substantial increase in situations of social inequality and poverty.

Today, unemployment is the main cause of poverty amongst the working-age population. For this reason, measures promoting social cohesion focus on integrating unemployed people into the labour market and on improving job-seeking skills.

In the present context of severe economic crisis and high unemployment it is particularly important to improve employability as a way of working towards a change to Catalonia 2020 Strategy 23 a more balanced production model, based on productivity.

and research staff of excellence and establishing prestigious MA programmes with high international profiles. 6. 1. 8. Increasing integration into labour market of people from groups at risk of social exclusion Unemployment

in order to reduce the high levels of unemployment and to generate economic growth through increased productivity and the creation of quality jobs.

Unemployment rapidly increased, but GDP did not decline (regional GDP decreased by a mere 0. 5%2008 in current prices).

5, 675 6, 98 2000--03 2006--09 2007--10 2007--10 Change in unemployment ratee--0, 85--0, 38--0

Moreover, long-term unemployment is dramatically impacting large groups of younger generations that find increasing challenges in building their future

health insurance, unemployment, an accident risk fund, a guarantee fund and medical leave. BOX 4. 2 Southern European economies continue a steady pace of regulatory reform Greece, Italy,

) Estonia increased the unemployment insurance contribution rate twice during 2009 from 0. 3%to 1%on June 1, 2009,

facilitate a reduction in unemployment, aid innovative firms and support greater lending to the private sector,

According to findings of research presented at the conference, business-friendly regulation has a positive association with the entry of new firms, the profits of innovative firms, reductions in unemployment, growth in bank lending

CAN REGULATION HELP REDUCE UNEMPLOYMENT? Freund and Rijkers (forthcoming) investigate the factors that lead to swift, substantial and sustained reductions in unemployment.

The authors examine the incidence and determinants of episodes of drastic reductions in the unemployment rate reductions of at least 3. 25 percentage points of the initial level that persist for a minimum of 3 years.

Unemployment reduction episodes often coincide with an acceleration of growth and an improvement in macroeconomic conditions.

Such episodes are much more prevalent in countries with higher levels of unemployment and given unemployment, are more likely in those with better regulation.

An efficient legal system that enforces contracts expeditiously is particularly important for reducing unemployment. The authors'findings suggest that

while employment is largely related to the business cycle, better regulation can reduce the likelihood of high unemployment

and promote a more rapid recovery if unemployment builds up. They also underscore the importance of effective contract enforcement and secure property rights in enabling growth in employment.

CORRUPTION SAND OR GREASE? Freund, Hallward-Driemeier and Rijkers (2014) investigate whether corruption accelerates policy implementation.

and methodology of selected papers from the Doing Business research conference Theme Main findings Methodology overview Data sources Unemployment Freund

and Rijkers (forthcoming) Episodes of drastic reductions in the unemployment rate are much more prevalent in countries with higher levels of unemployment and,

given unemployment, are more likely in those with better regulation. The authors use an event-studies approach to examine how countries achieved episodes of drastic reductions in the unemployment rate over the period 1980 2008.

with the potential for an unemployment reduction episode as the dependent variable. After performing several robustness checks,

Unemployment Reduction Episodes in Rich, Middle-Income and Transition Economies. Journal of Comparative Economics. Fritsch, Michael,

. 0 8. 7 0. 0 13.0 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme?..Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Health insurance for permanent employees?

0. 0 8. 3 7. 3 0. 0 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Health insurance for permanent employees?

16.8 8. 9 8. 9 0. 0 4. 3 6. 1 7. 2 23.1 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme?

23.1 23.1 23.1 16.7 23.1 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? No No Yes No..Yes Yes Yes Yes No Health insurance for permanent employees?

7. 2 0. 0 11.6 0. 0 0. 0 9. 3 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme?

10.5 5. 3 0. 0 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? No No Yes No..Yes Yes No No Yes Health insurance for permanent employees?

46.2 15.9 5. 3 27.0 5. 8 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No No Health insurance for permanent employees?

. 2 0. 0 11.4 11.4 57.8 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Health insurance for permanent employees?

0. 0 10.0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? No Yes..

7. 2 15.1 13.0 40.7 8. 7 0. 0 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? Yes No No Yes No..

. 7 8. 9 12.3 17.2 0. 0 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes..

6. 1 6. 3 22.0 22.0 0. 0 13.9 4. 3 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme?

. 3 22.9 0. 0 0. 0 14.9 9. 7 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? Yes No No..

22.9 22.9 0. 0 18.1 9. 2 18.6 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? No No Yes No No No No No No No Health insurance for permanent employees?

. 0 16.0 0. 0 8. 7 8. 7 8. 7 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme?

7. 7 7. 6 69.6 0. 0 7. 2 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? No Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes Health insurance for permanent employees?

15.2 54.2 0. 0 9. 3 10.0 21.7 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? Yes No Yes No Yes No..

0. 0 18.8 6. 9 5. 3 31.7 0. 0 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme?

. 8 23.1 0. 0 4. 3 0. 0 4. 0 0. 0 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme?

23.1 n. a. 24.6 23.1 23.1 46.2 69.3 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No..

2 2 Youth and unemployment...3 2. 1 A global crisis...3 2. 2 The skills mismatch...

and unemployment Around the world youth disproportionately suffer from the malaise of unemployment. The scale of the problem is immense

even in countries where unemployment is low, youth unemployment is twice the national average or greater.

International Labour Office, 2013), 1. 7 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013,3. 8 Jenny Marlar, Global Unemployment at 8%in 2011:

Youth are three times more likely than older adults to be unemployed,(Gallup. com, April 17, 2012), www. gallup. com/poll/153884/Global-Unemployment-2011. aspx.

and increasingly with skills obsolescence brought about by long-term unemployment. 12 This situation has multiple implications for youth.

and computer literacy. 15 The unemployment situation varies significantly between developed and developing countries, and among and within regions.

In general, in the developed world long-term unemployment among youth is becoming acute resulting in high levels of dissatisfaction and a lack of trust in socioeconomic and political systems.

/Global-Unemployment-2011. aspx Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 6 Figure 3: Youth unemployment rates, by region Source:

Chile, and Peru there exists a higher concentration of unemployment among youth with secondary education than either primary

especially women and young people who tend to experience higher unemployment and underemployment and could benefit from flexible income-generating opportunities. 89 The microwork market is growing rapidly.

ATEDEC focuses its efforts on youth in certain neighbourhoods of Kigali where many are suffering from unemployment, delinquency, and drug abuse.

deadend work and record levels of unemployment. 176 Youth unemployment and underemployment are at a record high.

Global Unemployment at 8%in 2011: Youth are three times more likely than older adults to be unemployed.

Gallup. com, April 17, 2012. www. gallup. com/poll/153884/Global-Unemployment-2011. aspx. Mcfedries, Paul.

which rising earnings have done little to offset high unemployment, local business distress, and severe pressures on community services.

which services are designed explicitly to tackle societal challenges such as climate change and unemployment. This research project has identified,

GDP slw-down since mid-2011, environmental disasters, climate change, an ageing population and growing unemployment will require innovative solutions that challenge traditional ways of doing things.

The competition invited Europeans to come up with new solutions to reduce unemployment and minimise its corrosive effects on the economy and society.

13%were on unemployment benefit (RMI) and 8%people had a disability; 345,000 hours dedicated to insertion (about 200 full time equivalent jobs),

which Hayek could be added) acknowledged that protection against poverty, unemployment, illness and old age are important

an innovative way to address senior and junior unemployment through intergenerational entrepreneurship. The BIS also promotes social business by bringing together people who have interests in sustainable business.

increasing income inequality and longterm unemployment without relying on economic growth as a panacea. Investing in health and education, preferably as early as possible (e g. through early childhood education and care interventions) will help reduce costs in the long term,

which aim to make the EU economy more efficient (a resource-efficient Europe, an industrial policy for the globalisation era), foster innovation (a Digital Agenda for Europe, Innovation Union) and fight unemployment and exclusion

Projects were typically related to unemployment, marginalisation of disadvantaged groups, environment and access to affordable and good quality health and education.

For example, tendering for innovative approaches to cutting graduate unemployment or street homelessness, encourages bids by teams with the capacity to develop concepts to scale,

such as lower unemployment. 327) Holistic local budgets such as the New deal for Communities, which gave local communities wide discretion on how to spend large sums of money (typically around £50 million over ten years),

and emerging thinking on creating markets for other social‘bads'(such as criminality or unemployment), to accelerate market innovation to meet social and environmental goals. 490) Markets for goods'.

Issues such as the distribution of working time, the valorisation of voluntary labour, the content and channels of life skills learning, the role of many of the social and educational services, the arrangements for retirement and unemployment, the size

and growing unemployment will require innovative solutions that challenge traditional ways of doing things, such as moving from closed innovation models to open

and fostering better digital entrepreneurship. 13 The real question is how these positive beginnings can scale to enable new forms of social innovation to emerge to tackle societal challenges, such as unemployment, clean and renewable energy provision, poverty,

employee termination, weekend work, holiday with pay, night work, protection against unemployment and medical care and sickness benefits.

Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes Doing Business collects data on the existence of unemployment protection schemes as well as data on

Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes indicator Data Availability of unemployment protection scheme?

Despite the decreasing affordability of education, increasing unemployment caused by the financial crisis has led to increases in the number of students enrolled in higher education institutes as education is seen as an alternative to unemployment.

The composite effect of rising unemployment and tuition fees however, has contributed to exacerbating inequalities in access to higher education (see Figure E. 3. 1 on educational attainment in tertiary education.

Unemployment of skilled and unskilled labor in an open economy: International trade, migration, and outsourcing.

and Loungani, P.,The Tragedy of Unemployment, Finance and Development, December 2010, Vol. 47, No. 4 de Haas, H.,The determinants of international migration, International Migration Institute

and DG ECFIN, The impact of ageing on public expenditure projections for the EU-25 Member States on pensions, health care, long-term care, education and unemployment transfers (2004-2050), Special report.

"Unemployment and Right-wing Extremist Crime.""Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 113 (2): 260 285. FAO,"How to Feed the World in 2050,2009.

The link between unemployment and crime rate fluctuations: An analysis at the county, state, and national levels.

Crime, deterrence and unemployment in Greece: A panel data approach The Social science Journal,(49) 2: 167-174, Sathyamurthy, T. V.,"Nationalism in the Era of Globalisation,"Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 33, No. 33/34

and in the Eurozone in particular, where growth rates remain low and unemployment stubbornly high. Europe continues to struggle to increase its competitiveness and set its economy on a more solid footing.

and in the 1990s the figured has risen to one in 20 workers. 9. Much of the policy debate about globalisation has revolved around a trade-off between maintaining higher wages at the cost of higher unemployment versus favoring higher levels of employment

and a decrease in unemployment (Koellinger & Thurik 2012) so a more analytic approach toward the role SMES is required.

Human capital and the labour market The Andalusia labour market is affected by structural weaknesses High levels of unemployment,

with unemployment rising from 11%to 27.2%in early 2010(+16.2%)compared to+12.7%for Spain as a whole.

The rapid soaring of unemployment has been the result of the industrial and labour market structures of the region.

Arguably, large regional unemployment also conceals a remarkable share of labour informality, which negatively impacts on labour productivity.

Interestingly, Spain‘s unemployment benefits constitute a disproportionately large share of its social benefit package, relative to the EU15 countries on average.

the high level of unemployment, large reliance on temporary workers, and low productivity. Although the overreliance of the region on the construction industry and the subsequent collapse of the housing bubble clearly contributes to these factors,

Already by 2009, unemployment among young adults (16-24) was considerably higher (38), %and among those with just a high school diploma, the unemployment rate stood at 56%(Instituto Estadístico de Andalucía, 2010).

Many under-25s are unable to demonstrate 12 months‘worth of unbroken employment (The Leader, Andalusia Suffering Most from Unemployment

Start-ups, stock of enterprises and unemployment, notably youth unemployment, are being impacted severely. Moreover, the region has limited a relatively entrepreneurial where people enter public sector employment as their preference.

Challenges Firstly, the region must cope with the very high levels of unemployment (average of 27.2,

The sheer levels of unemployment require the region to support all forms of entrepreneurship and start-ups in all sectors of activity (not simply those closely connected with R&d&i) and by all social groups,

Moreover, the large number of people entering the unemployment register will require rapid retraining and start-up support to engage in new forms of activity.

Promote self employment to tackle unemployment and diversify the economy The rising levels of unemployment, the need to diversify the economy (e g. away from construction, real estate, etc.)

combined with the population‘s latent interest to establish a business (GEM, 2006) call for a greater focus on providing opportunities for people to establish their own businesses though self employment or creation of firms.

Transiting from unemployment into self employment Description of the approach Germany has suffered from persistently high unemployment rate,

Whereas the BA pays recipients the same amount that they would have received in unemployment benefits for a period of six months plus a lump sum to cover social security contribution,

and yet experienced persistently high levels of unemployment (between 7-9 percent). To overcome this constraint,

Baumgartner, H. J. and Caliendo, M. 2007) Turning Unemployment into Self employment: Effectiveness and Efficiency of Two Start-up Programmes, DIW, Discussion Papers 671, Berlin.

This allied to the generous unemployment benefits available as part of the system is seen also as important in encouraging entrepreneurial

unemployment has climbed from 3. 6 percent to 5. 9 percent in 2009, forecast to rise above 7 percent in 2010.

over the same time span, unemployment decreased at 4. 7%annually, halving the number of the unemployed from 442 000 to 212 000.

unemployment has soared from 11%to 27.2, %only 3. 5%below the 1996 value preceding the phenomenal decade.

Conversely, unemployment among young adults (aged 16-24) with just a high school diploma stood at stunning 56%at the end of 2009.

Self employment has the potential to alleviate unemployment, enhance the long-term income of participants, and positively impact on their career prospects by improving employability.

when consideration is given to the problem of high levels of unemployment, especially youth unemployment in Andalusia. Entrepreneurship works when new firms are formed,

< Back - Next >

Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011