The best companies once took on a broad range of roles in meeting the needs of workers, communities,
Olam International, a leading cashew producer, traditionally shipped its nuts from Africa to Asia for processing at facilities staffed by productive Asian workers.
and training workers in Tanzania, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Côte d'ivoire, Olam has cut processing and shipping costs by as much as 25%not to mention, greatly reduced carbon emissions.
Poverty limits the demand for products and leads to environmental degradation, unhealthy workers, and high security costs.
In inefficient or monopolized markets where workers are exploited, where suppliers do not receive fair prices,
Strict antitrust policy, for example, is essential to ensure that the benefits of company success flow to customers, suppliers, and workers.
which looks at key statistical sources for measuring input (such as firm level micro data, R&d statistics, labour force survey),
Ratio of retirees to workers in Europe will double to 54%by 2050 (IMF; Only 49%of men between the ages of 55 to 65 work (OECD). Environmental Trends:
in particular by involving workers, customers and stakeholders affected by its business activity.''23 Basically, this covers enterprises for which the social or societal objective of the common good is the reason for the commercial activity, often in the form of a high level of social innovation,
the Digital Activist Inclusion Network Pilot stage This network has been set up by the Workers'Educational Association in the East midlands of the United kingdom with European Social Fund support.
and other workers from Merseyside's disadvantaged neighbourhoods and gives them a start in employment.
The types of trades comprise mason assistants, carpenters, painters, building workers, pavers, green space maintenance staff, plumbers, metal workers, plasterboard,
Obstacles to this goal include the significant worker-time invested in social and training support to clients before
and introduce modern management techniques that involve workers. Workplaces with flatter hierarchies and possibility for workers to contribute are more creative and ultimately more productive and open to addressing both social and technological challenges.
In The netherlands and Belgium workplace innovation is called‘Social Innovation 'and has been supported for over a decade by the Structural Funds.
carpenters, painters, building workers, pavers, green space maintenance staff, plumbers, metal workers, plasterboard, and external cleaners.
and introduce modern management techniques that involve workers. Workplaces with flatter hierarchies and the possibility for workers to contribute are more creative and ultimately more productive and open to addressing both social and technological challenges.
Workplace innovation concerns not only the private sector but also large parts of the social economy such as charities and foundations as well as the public sector. Celebrated examples include Google,
The mediators also play a fundamental role as integration outreach workers. Because they are immigrants themselves
European population ageing will have direct consequences for the working population and social welfare systems, health services and pensions in terms of demand and expenditure.
Earnings/gains from productivity growth tend to be concentrated heavily among high-income workers. At the same time, projections suggest a considerable surplus of low-skilled workers
and older workers who cannot retrain to meet requirements for new skills. As a consequence of this skills mismatch,
workers and consumers to fully exploit the benefits that an economy can generate. Mutual societies, cooperatives, third-sector organisations in general and social business are an integral part of this wider economy and,
citizens, consumers and workers. These twelve priority projects range from worker mobility to SME finance and consumer protection, via digital content, taxation and trans-European networks,
as well as social entrepreneurship. As a response to the wide interest shown in the consultation process for the Single Market Act I,
In the current programming period (2014-20) the European Social Fund (ESF) will also contribute to the 20%climate mainstreaming target by supporting the labour force transition towards low-carbon skills, jobs and working methods,
the number of workers in this sector aged 15 to 64 stood at 22.3 million, i e. 10.5%of the total in all sectors. 84 S O C i a L I N N O V A t I O N A d E C a D
the regulation must be accompanied by a directive on workers'participation in the decision-making process of a European Mutual Society,
whose main aim is the social and professional integration of disabled and disadvantaged workers; and, the minimum required percentage of disabled or disadvantaged employees is reduced from 50%to 30%.
In addition, the new GBER extends the definition of disadvantaged workers who can benefit from the measures to support their recruitment
and extends the list of costs that are eligible for aid for compensating the additional costs of employing workers with disabilities. 3. 1. 5. 7. Employee financial participation Employee financial participation (EFP) can be defined as the participation
their workers and other stakeholders to make public commitments on the CSR issues relevant to each sector and jointly monitor progress'.
At the same time, businesses will benefit from better skilled young workers and society will have unemployed fewer young people. By bringing together stakeholders such as social partners, chambers of commerce, industry and crafts, education and training providers, youth organisations and businesses under one umbrella, innovative partnerships are created,
but by distributing complexity to the margins to the local managers and workers on the shop floor,
and invisibility of garbage workers. 12 She set out to do the 1 PROMPTS, INSPIRATIONS AND DIAGNOSES 23 opposite of
which actors and non-actors play out stories of oppression (abusive husband mistreating his wife/factory owner exploiting the workers etc.).
The aim is to tap into the experience and insight of front line workers, who are placed often best to identify problems.
or groups of front line workers, professionals, and citizens. Within universities the usual form is a grant,
Taking innovative front line workers out of service roles and putting them into incubators or prestigious time-limited roles to turn ideas into business plans (with the time costs then potentially turned into equity or loans).
or workers, or participants, but their culture is social, are committed to the communities in which they operate, providing work, services, and support.
and engaging individuals as workers. In some cases, firms have used the particular relations that characterise households as a channel for selling.
from managers to front line workers. 323)‘ Top slicing'departmental budgets for innovation, for example, 1 per cent of turnover as a rough benchmark (similar to the proportion of GDP now devoted to government support for technological and scientific research and development).
and manual workers have resisted innovations (particularly ones involving changes to demarcations). However, in other cases, unions have helped drive innovation,
management and trade unions in a quality programme for upgrading public services. 392) Supporting front line workers as innovators such as the joint IDEO/Kaiser permanente (KP) project in the US.
or freeing up time for public sector workers to volunteer for socially innovative projects. 394) Secondments of public sector employees into‘skunk works',innovation teams,
between public service workers and civil society, and make the boundaries between them more fluid. 399) Inside-outside teams linking civil servants with social entrepreneurs and those working with communities,
The MONDRAGON group is now the third largest industrial group in Spain it has built up a network of 140 worker cooperatives and employs over 100,000 people.
using the mobile telephones to support frontline workers or using cable television or the Internet to strengthen local communities.
Finally, the name of the employing workers indicator set has been changed to labor market regulation, and the scope of this indicator set has also been changed.
and on benefits provided to workers. The labor market regulation indicators continue to be excluded from the aggregate distance to frontier score
The labor market regulation indicators (formerly employing workers) are included not in this year's aggregate ease of doing business ranking,
specifically as it affects the hiring and redundancy of workers and the rigidity of working hours.
Over the period from 2007 to 2011 improvements were made to align the methodology for the labor market regulation indicators (formerly the employing workers indicators) with the letter and spirit of the International labour organization (ILO) conventions.
http://www. doingbusiness. org/methodology/employing-workers. Doing Business 2015 presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex.
several assumptions about the worker and the business are used. The worker: Is a cashier in a supermarket
or a grocery store Is a full-time employee Is not a member of the labor union, unless membership is mandatory The business:
and regulation but does not grant workers more benefits than those mandated by law, regulation or (if applicable) collective bargaining agreements.
Doing Business 2015 Spain LABOR MARKET REGULATION Employment laws are needed to protect workers from arbitrary or unfair treatment and to ensure efficient contracting between employers and workers.
Many economies that changed their labor market regulation in the past 5 years did so in ways that increased labor market flexibility.
and (iv) the ratio of the minimum wage to the average value added per worker. The average value added per worker is the ratio of an economy's GNI per capita to the working-age population as a percentage of the total population.
Difficulty of hiring index Data Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? Yes Maximum length of a single fixed-term contract (months) It depends on the type of fixed-term contract:(
including renewals (months) 12 Minimum wage applicable to the worker assumed in the case study (US$/month) 1140.02 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0. 31 Source:
and (vii) the average paid annual leave for workers with 1 year of tenure, 5 years of tenure and 10 years of tenure.
No Paid annual leave for a worker with 1 year of tenure (in working days) 22.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 5 years of tenure (in working days) 22.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 10
years of tenure (in working days) 22.0 Paid annual leave (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure, in working days) 22.0 Source:
ii) whether redundancy is disallowed as a basis for terminating workers;(iii) whether the employer needs to notify a third party (such as a government agency) to terminate 1 redundant worker;(
iv) whether the employer needs to notify a third party to terminate a group of 9 redundant workers;(
v) whether the employer needs approval from a third party to terminate 1 redundant worker;(vi) whether the employer needs approval from a third party to terminate a group of 9 redundant workers;(
vii) whether the law requires the employer to reassign or retrain a worker before making the worker redundant;(
viii) whether priority rules apply for redundancies; and (ix) whether priority rules apply for reemployment.
Difficulty of redundancy index Data Maximum length of probationary period (months) 2. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law?
Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed? Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed? No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?
Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed? No Retraining or reassignment obligation before redundancy? No Priority rules for redundancies?
No Priority rules for reemployment? No Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 86 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Redundancy cost Redundancy cost measures the cost of advance notice requirements,
severance payments and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weeks of salary.
The average value of notice requirements and severance payments applicable to a worker with 1 year of tenure, a worker with 5 years and a worker with 10 years is considered.
One month is recorded as 4 and 1/3 weeks. Redundancy cost indicator (in salary weeks) Data Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 2. 1 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker
with 5 years of tenure 2. 1 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 2. 1 Notice period for redundancy dismissal (average
for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure) 2. 1 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 2. 9 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal
for a worker with 5 years of tenure 14.3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 28.6 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5
and 10 years of tenure) 15.2 Source: Doing Business database. Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes Doing Business collects data on the existence of unemployment protection schemes as well as data on
or for their workers to find affordable homes. Running or hosting Makerspaces, Hackerspaces, Living Labs or Urban Labs:
so that the public service workers in London can maintain their own website without again gathering all the experts from the various boroughs
and to negotiate terms with manufacturers to ensure a living wage for workers assembling the devices.
Fairphone works with factories where a specially established fund will ensure decent wages are distributed amongst workers.
legislators and government workers. Since any open-licensed project can be hosted on Github for free,
or for their workers to find affordable homes. Running or hosting Makerspaces, Hackerspaces, Living Labs or Urban Labs:
so that the public service workers in London can maintain their own website without again gathering all the experts from the various boroughs
and to negotiate terms with manufacturers to ensure a living wage for workers assembling the devices.
Fairphone works with factories where a specially established fund will ensure decent wages are distributed amongst workers.
legislators and government workers. Since any open-licensed project can be hosted on Github for free,
Skills to reorganise, skills to innovate Europe is skilled not short of technical workers. Schools and universities produce a steady flow of graduates trained in software programming, network design and other technical aptitudes,
Job opportunities will be broadened as the networks require workers with new skills and integration across new technology areas.
and Robert Owen's approach to workers'welfare are social innovations the present turmoil and technological progress offer new opportunities to harness these initiatives to promote social-policy goals
and A. Kicinger,"Population and labour force projections for 27 European countries, 2002-052: impact of international migration on population ageing:
Labour force by qualifications (in 000s), EU27+,"European Centre for the Development of Vocational training (Cedefop) website, 2012b.
and impact of financial crises",International Journal of Manpower,(2012), Vol. 33 (1): 76-95 Christensen, Henrik Serup,"Political activities on the Internet:
The Mismatched Worker. New york: W. W. Norton & Company. Keck, Margaret E, . and Kathryn Sikkink.
men and women participating in the labour force. RAND Report, RR-348-EC, Cambridge: UK. Report prepared for Justice DG, European commission.
A Comparison of Older and Younger Workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 47: 104 112,2005.
grow faster and employ more workers. Fostering Innovation-driven Entrepreneurship in Europe 35 Toomas Hendrik Ilves President of Estonia The role of innovation-driven entrepreneurship in your economy:
the continued improvement of our European workers'skills and knowledge; the access to adequately priced financing, in particular for SMES;
Recent successes by The netherlands in improving the conditions for innovation-driven entrepreneurship are the top sector approach, valorization grants and an action plan for skilled technical workers.
Strengthening this connection has an effect for both the next generation labour force and the education system. Teachers and professors can be trained as entrepreneurship developers to inspire
while an equal number say it is challenging to find workers with the skills they need.
Healthnet one of the most widely implemented computer-based telecommunications systems in Sub-saharan africa, currently is being used in over 30 countries by around 10,000 healthcare workers to exchange ideas
Users mainly physicians and medical workers connect to the network through Enhancing healthcare delivery through ICTS 147 local telephone nodes to access services such as physician collaborations (Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda.
Levels of motivation of health workers which is associated with level of facilitation, remuneration, workload, provision of quality training
Efficiency of health facilities which is affected by the availability of financial resources, availability of equipment, promotional activities and number of skilled health workers and proper management.
The key variables that play a key role in the provision of healthcare services are resources (health centres, facilities) and level of service which results from the motivation of health workers.
An increase in demand results in increased workload which reduces health worker motivation resulting in reduced level of service
An effective health system requires management of resources, effective monitoring and reporting as well as well-motivated health workers.
and minimizing missed opportunities due to stock outs. 2. Health worker motivation. The provision of immunization services requires highly motivated health workers who are trained well,
remunerated, facilitated and with acceptable workload. 3. Effective monitoring of immunization activities by carrying out regular supervisions of health units that provide immunization services. 4. Mobilization
Immunisation sessions which involve preparation of equipment, vaccines, safe injection practices, transport, management of human resource (health workers) and vaccine wastage.
mobilization of mothers, record keeping, routine supervision from the district officials, timely delivery of vaccines to avoid stock outs, training of community workers.
The majority of health facilities (5) stated that they needed to increase the number of health workers as well as training.
and tally sheets by the health workers. The tally sheets are forwarded to the health district level for entry into a computerized database Health Management Information system (HMIS.
Health workers will use the PDA to access immunization information (diseases, vaccines, side effects, immunization schedule, stock management) from the immunization content management system.
health workers as well as preparing requisitions and facilitate distributions of vaccines to the various health sub districts and health units.
side effects through online accessibility to the medical workers as well as the public improving their attitude towards immunization. 3. Timely reporting of disease outbreaks/epidemics will be made easier
A manual for operational level health workers. UNEPI/TRA. Borooah, V. K.,(2003. Gender bias among children in India in their diet and immunization against disease.
During the 1980s, one in about 25 workers lost a job, and in the 1990s the figured has risen to one in 20 workers. 9. Much of the policy debate about globalisation has revolved around a trade-off between maintaining higher wages at the cost of higher unemployment versus favoring higher levels of employment
at the cost of lower wage rates. Globalisation has rendered the comparative advantage in traditional moderate technology industries incompatible with high wage levels.
yet the number of workers who can contribute to producing and commercialising new knowledge is limited to a few areas in the world.
Other key factors generating new economic knowledge include a high degree of human capital, a skilled labour force,
and other knowledge workers as agents endowed with new economic knowledge. 34. When the focus shifts from the firm to the individual as the relevant unit of observation
a knowledge worker may choose to exit the firm or university where the knowledge was created initially.
and in a worker. The firm is created endogenously through the worker's effort to appropriate the value of his knowledge through innovative activity. 35.
What emerges from new evolutionary theories and the empirical evidence on innovation as a competitive strategy, is a picture of markets in motion with a lot of new firms entering
which are made easier by the mobility of workers and technicians, the activity of technical consultants,
and employ a highly educated labour force. Public agencies have strong incentives to adapt their strategies to meet the needs of this population of SMES.
even the sectors that employ highly educated workers are affected by structural problems. Regional human capital needs to be upgraded
offsetting only partially job losses and possibly accounting also for large numbers of self-employed workers in the construction and tourism industries.
R&d as a%of GDP (2007) 0. 2 0. 2 University R&d as a%of GDP (2007) 0. 3 0. 4 Secondary education as%of labour force (2008) 20.7 16.8
Tertiary education as%of labour force (2008) 29.8 24.9 High-tech manufacturing as a%of employment (2008) 4. 8 2 Knowledge-intensive services as%of employment (2008) 28 9 26.9 Active
This is in part the result of the influx of low-skilled migrant workers, but also a consequence of the growth of low added-value sectors that do not require high-level qualifications.
Defence is an important subsector, with a turnover of more than EUR 1 500 million and over 11 000 workers employed.
Debates in the literature Higher levels of human capital create returns not only in terms of worker productivity but also of higher wages (Becker, 1965.
resulting in rising demand for college-educated workers relative to their supply (Katz & Murphy, 2002).
wages are bid up for those workers who possess high levels of human capital while, due to falling demand,
wages fall or stagnate for less educated workers. Yet, institutions also play a role: national policies and international bodies regulate trade flows
A 2005 opinion survey of the Spanish public found significant opposition to loosening immigration laws for workers, particularly among less-skilled Spaniards (Martínez i Coma and Duval-Hernández
even the sectors that employ highly educated workers are experiencing structural problems. Andalusia presents an example of=badly used human capital‘:
‘as the educational attainment of resident workers has increased, this is not employed appropriately enough to contribute significantly to economic growth (Cuadrado-Roura, 2010).
which uneducated workers out-migrate to one which attracts immigrant workers to work in unskilled occupations.
The immigrant population has increased from less than 1%of the total population in the early 1990s (mostly British and German retirees) to 8. 8%in 2009, mostly Latin americans (32%),African (24%)and EU-15 (20),
despite having responsibility for employment policies, skills training for unemployed and employed workers (Formacíon Profesional por el Empleo FPL),
and integration of immigrant workers. Figure 8. Regional Agencies involved in human capital development Source: Personal elaboration based on the competencies of the three regional ministries as listed in www. juntadeandalucia. es as of July 2010.
Vocational training for employment (Formación Profesional para el Empleo or FPE) serves either dislocated or incumbent workers.
Unions also collaborate in the training of workers with the Ministry of Employment. 6 Recently,
For instance, in 2009 they took part in an initiative of the Regional Ministry of Employment to train more than 1 000 students, workers and redundant workers of the aeronautic sector. 7 Spanish Minister of Education discourse in the Congress
. While the university offerings focus mostly on connecting high-tech workers and start-ups to entrepreneurship skills,
While hiring Phd-level workers might be key for highly innovative companies in IT or biotechnology sectors
Training workers can take months or years while firms need quick and flexible access to labour to compete in the global market.
not only attempt to improve wages and advancement potential for workers, but also try to change internal labor market practices such as management and mentoring in order to make workers more productive (Giloth 2000).
Because they focus on a single sector, these types of programs offer economies of scale and scope. They organize groups of firms that require similar worker skill sets,
obtaining economies of scale by working across a variety of different firms in one industry. Additional synergies come from bringing employers together to share concerns and best practices,
introducing workers to prospective employers. An impressive set of evaluations has shown that these initiatives have significant and positive impacts on the employability
Use or renting of facilities 8. 1 Training of firm workers by the Universities 15.2 Other types of collaborative activities 1. 9 Source:
9. Improve the adaptability of workers and enterprises, and the flexibility of labour markets; 10. Invest more in human capital through better education and skills.
the plan recognised that there were important forms of traditional skill and knowledge of products embodied in the workers and owners of SMES themselves.
Maskell, 1998): 80 percent of workers are in trade unions while members of employer associations account for 55 percent of private sector employees (Anderson and Mailand, 2005).
and prompt more redundant workers and employees to set up their own businesses. Here, the regional government could work closely with the Technological Corporation of Andalusia (CTA) to undertake a review of current levels of company spinoffs
Capabilities Strong scientific basis Highly skilled labour force Strong focus on collaboration between topresearch and leading corporations Strong focus on design(>50 percent of output) Strong scientific basis Highly skilled labour force Generation of successful entrepreneurs is about to retire leaving a gap Market demand Research activities very
application oriented through central coordination of identification of market opportunities (Minalogic) Focus on semiconductor design activities,
It is estimated that Plastiwin represents mainly SME's (as 80 percent of Walloon companies account for less than 50 workers), employs around 10,000 people (40 percent of employment of the Walloon chemical industry),
Adjusting and using AMT also requires in-house capabilities for dealing with new technologies (skills of workers, coordination among departments, integration of suppliers and customers.
Adjusting and using AMT also requires in-house capabilities for dealing with new technologies (skills of workers, coordination among departments, integration of suppliers and customers.
in-house capabilities for dealing with new technologies-skills of workers, coordination among departments, integration of suppliers and customers-may be missing
Labour markets An essential success factor for KETS is skilled a highly labour force and a thick labour market (Wolfe, 2008.
In all clusters that have been analysed, the quality of the labour force was emphasised as being crucial to success,
In-house capabilities for dealing with new technologies-skills of workers, coordination among departments, integration of suppliers and customersmay be missing
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