and improving the labour market. The current situation of economic crisis and public spending restrictions requires appropriate, effective and efficient economic policy measures.
It is necessary to improve the way the labour market works, correcting certain structural problems. For instance, in order to foster economic growth based on increased productivity and quality job creation, it is necessary to improve mechanisms for professional mediation,
information and guidance so as to adjust supply to demand in the labour market. Policies promoting a culture of mobility with regard to employment
In order to ensure that the labour market operate adequately, the results achieved by the education system must also be improved,
For this reason, measures promoting social cohesion focus on integrating unemployed people into the labour market and on improving job-seeking skills.
1. Improving employability 2. Improving the performance of the labour market 3. Facilitating companies'access to finance 4. Promoting the strategic adaptation of businesses 5. Promoting entrepreneurship 6. Fostering the transition to a more resource
in order to find a place in the labour market and adapt to a rapidly changing world. In the present context of severe economic crisis and high unemployment
active policies with regard to the labour market and making a decisive contribution to improving employability are two of the challenges facing the Catalan economy.
personalised access to career guidance services. 6. 1. 2. Helping young people gain access to the labour market The dramatic situation young people face in the labour market requires society to redouble its efforts
-Enabling people to accredit skills learned through professional experience, -Substantially increasing the number of young people taking vocational training courses,
and to establish a model for economic growth that is more balanced than previous models. 6. 1. 4. Matching vocational training to labour market requirements Serious imbalances exist between supply
and demand in the Catalan labour market, especially as regards vocational training. Vocational training should be a tool for professionalising people
to provide a single vocational training service that is adapted to the needs of the labour market; to develop a model for dual vocational training in cooperation with companies and production industries;
and research staff of excellence and establishing prestigious MA programmes with high international profiles. 6. 1. 8. Increasing integration into labour market of people from groups at risk of social exclusion Unemployment
For this reason, the Government promotes measures to foster integration into the labour market amongst groups at risk of social exclusion.
and promoting professional and educational stays abroad. 6. 2. Improving labour market performance The Catalan labour market has some structural shortcomings that require correction
personalised careers guidance for unemployed people 1. 2. Helping young people to gain access to the labour market 1. 3 Promoting new niches of employment 1. 4. Matching vocational training to labour market
and internationalisation 1. 8. Increasing integration into the labour market of people from groups at risk of social exclusion 1. 9. Using ICTS to promote equal opportunities
and information with regard to employment mediation mechanisms For the labour market to operate well, it is essential to ensure smooth communications between those looking for jobs
To this end, it is vital to improve public employment services, to strengthen company mediation services
and increase the information available to job seekers. The Government should also promote strategies to encourage Catalan businesses to implement measures at improving employability through open agreements that,
and training Social cohesion Innovation and knowledge Entrepreneurism Internationalisation Green economy STRATEGIC LINE 2. Improving labour market performance 2. 1. Improving efficiency and information
3. Inclusive growth-enlarged labour market and specialisation; war against poverty; a high employment economy delivering social and territorial cohesion.
Employment opportunities are changing. Education needs to facilitate teaching knowledge but there is a general consensus emerging in that we need a better way to prepare young minds for an uncertain future.
40 5. 3 An open labour market for researchers...41 5. 4 Gender equality and gender mainstreaming in research...
The main observations and findings of the analysis addressed mainly macroeconomic, fiscal and labour market issues,
Businesses have maintained their position as the largest employer of FTE researchers and reached 55.9%of the total in 2012,
Businesses have maintained their position as the largest employer of (FTE) researchers since 2006, reaching 55.9%in 2012,
and should be further expanding to achieve a critical mass of initiatives. 5. 3 An open labour market for researchers Incoming
The employer can quit the employee in case the previous position terminated or the employer cannot offer similar position to the person coming back from maternity leave
and the person rejects the offered new position. At the same time the employer is obliged not to extend the employment period of a fixed-term contract.
Gender quotas have been discussed in various areas in order to reduce the gap between the representation of men and women in various professions and bodies,
An open labour market for researchers Action 1: Remove legal and other barriers to the application of open,
In addition, it reduced employers'social security contribution rate in Shanghai and enhanced the electronic system for filing and paying taxes.
and concentrating residential development near job centers. A zoning plan can also help reduce greenhouse gas emissions by promoting an adequate and accessible public transportation system. 7 By ensuring that certain municipalities include new areas for housing development and new industries
and mandatory contributions borne by the employer (figure 10.6). ) Estonia increased the unemployment insurance contribution rate twice during 2009
Iceland increased the social security contribution rate for employers from 5. 34%to 7%in July 2009
or employer to terminate the employment relationship at any time for any or no reason at all) Limitations on clauses limiting liability,
What Is the Impact of Labour market Regulation on Employment in LICS? How Does It Vary by Gender?
all of them nationals with the technical expertise and professional experience necessary to obtain construction permits and approvals.
social contributions and labor taxes paid by the employer, property taxes, property transfer taxes, dividend tax, capital gains tax, financial transactions tax, waste collection taxes, vehicle and road taxes,
Paying taxes Indonesia made paying taxes less costly for companies by reducing employers'health insurance contribution rate.
Paying taxes Kenya made paying taxes more costly for companies by increasing employers'social security contribution rate.
enhancing the electronic system for filing corporate income tax returns and reducing employers'social security contribution rate. Lithuania Starting a business Lithuania made starting a business easier by eliminating the need to have a company seal
Furthermore, Moldova increased the employers'health insurance contribution rate and introduced new filing requirements for VAT.
On the other hand, it increased employers'pension fund contribution rate. Enforcing contracts The Seychelles made enforcing contracts easier by establishing a commercial court,
Trinidad and tobago Starting a business Trinidad and tobago made starting a business easier by introducing online systems for employer registration and tax registration.
Paying taxes Turkey made paying taxes more costly for companies by increasing employers'social security contribution rate.
or unfair treatment and to ensure efficient contracting between employers and workers. They increase job stability
and can improve productivity through employer-worker cooperation. They benefit both workers and firms. 1 Labor market regulations encompass a wide spectrum,
Albert Babayan MINISTRY OF ECONOMY Anush Baghdasaryan AVENUE CONSULTING GROUP Vahagn Balyan AVENUE CONSULTING GROUP Irina Belubekyan UNION OF MANUFACTURERS AND BUSINESSMEN (EMPLOYERS
Ghazaryan UNION OF MANUFACTURERS AND BUSINESSMEN (EMPLOYERS) OF ARMENIA Hayk Ghazazyan KPMG Suren Gomtsyan CONCERN-DIALOG LAW FIRM Armine Grigoryan THE STATE COMMITTEE OF THE REAL PROPERTY CADASTRE
Zakri Baharudin MALAYSIAN EMPLOYERS FEDERATION Anita Balakrishnan SHEARN DELAMORE & CO. Shamsuddin Bardan MALAYSIAN EMPLOYERS FEDERATION Abdul Murad Bin Che Chik ZAIN MEGAT & MURAD Mohd Nawawi bin
Hj Said Abdullah TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD Nawawi bin Hj. Said Abdullah ENERGY COMMISSION Ahmad Fuad bin Md Kasim TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD Che Adnan Bin Mohamad NADI CONSULT ERA SDN BHD Tahir
NAMIBIAN EMPLOYER'S FEDERATION Hugo Van den berg KOEP & PARTNERS NEPAL Anil Chandra Adhikari CREDIT INFORMATION BUREAU LTD.
Oluwapelumi Asiwaju G. ELIAS & CO. SOLICITORS AND ADVOCATES Popoola Atilola Omosanya LATEEF O. FAGBEMI SAN & CO. Olusola Ayodele NIGERIA EMPLOYERS'CONSULTATIVE
F. J. & G. DE SARAM, MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Ayomi Fernando EMPLOYERS'FEDERATION OF CEYLON P. N. R. Fernando COLOMBO MUNICIPAL COUNCIL
COUNCIL Ravi Peiris EMPLOYERS'FEDERATION OF CEYLON Dayaratne Perera COLOMBO MUNICIPAL COUNCIL K. L. G. Thilak Perera DEPARTMENT OF CUSTOMS Nissanka Perera
NSIBANDE Bongani Mtshali FEDERATION OF SWAZILAND EMPLOYERS AND CHAMBER OF COMMERCE George Mzungu M&e CONSULTING ENGINEERS Jerome Ndzimandze FJ BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Knox Nxumalo ROBINSON
whilst being active in the job market, to encourage and enable‘intrapreneurship, 'i e. taking initiative and developing new ways of working, products and services within existing enterprises,
and when entering the job market. Changing mindset and aspirations towards entrepreneurship are crucial to achieving this
and colleges up-to-date in a fast-growing technological environment is a prerequisite for graduates with a good‘match'to the evolving needs of the labour market.
an employers'organsiation for Swedish engineering companies in 2011 on its member companies that had particpated in the 2008 study.
Backgroundin 2009, findings from an Engineering Employers'Federationreport 43 revealed that services account for between 15%and20%of total revenue earned by UK manufacturers (comparedwith 66%across UK industry as a whole.
National Centre for Product Design and Developmentresearch (PDR), Cardiff Metropolitan University, Walessupport Programmes43engineers Employers Federation (2009.
We intend to monitor more closely the effects of digital technologies on employment and labour markets
The skillsets of employees and job seekers will need to evolve to meet the requirements of digitisation,
many governments are enacting policies aimed at encouraging more graduates to become job creators, not job seekers.
10 3 New employment opportunities Macro sectors...11 3. 1 Agriculture...12 3. 2 Health...13 3. 3 Offshore services...
10 Protracted adverse labour market conditions have led youth to give up completely their job search or seek additional education.
and the United states) only 43 per cent of employers said they could find employees with the right skills. 14 This mismatch between
what employers are looking for in new workers and the skills young people possess is particularly wide in theoretical and hands-on training, problem solving,
and Underemployed Among those in the Labour force%Unemployed%Underemployed%Employed full time for an employer 15-to 29-year-olds 15 26 43 30-to 49-year-olds 5 13 46
The costs of NEET youth alienation from the European labour market shows that absorbing just 20 per cent of this population into the labour market would save nations in the European union more than EUR 21 billion a year collectively. 22 In the United states
Developing countries The labour market in the developing world is highly diverse and can range from the prevalence of selfemployment
and the difference is largest in the Southern Cone countries. 31 This difference reflects how many employers continue to offer certain jobs only to men,
and 30 to 80 per cent of students performed at the lowest level in all subjects. 34 Employment opportunities do not necessarily increase with higher levels of education.
and 23.7 per cent in North africa. 36 Labour market conditions for young people remain dire, despite advances in educational attainment over the past two decades. 37 Gender disparities are also common in this region,
young people in the middle East are likely to enter the labour market through the informal sector, and then transition to public or private jobs. 42 Formal employment in the Arab States is associated strongly with public sector jobs.
and 86.7 per cent in Ingushetia. 45 The situation of the youth labour market is in many ways different to that in Latin america and the Arab States.
and for skilled blue-collar workers. 46 The region has high numbers of university graduates in fields highly desired by employers today, like science, technology,
and math. 47 This mismatch is demonstrated in surveys indicating high rates of employer dissatisfaction with the availability of skilled workers, 40 per 39 World bank, The Road Not Traveled:
ILO estimates that an average of 2. 1 million young people will be entering the labour market every year between 2011 and 2015,
young people are likely to continue earning their living in the informal sector. 3 New employment opportunities Macro sectors The diffusion of ICTS is occurring across all economic sectors and job categories.
In today's job market basic ICT skills are considered essential for people entering the workforce and for those trying to find a better job.
and the opportunity to incorporate into the labour market marginalized groups like rural women or unemployed youth.
but can also extend to semiskilled and low-skilled workers with access to a relatively basic digital infrastructure. 80 The global increase in the use of mobile technologies is playing a key role in expanding employment opportunities for youth.
and how the emerging app economy 83 might generate new employment opportunities for young people around the world.
Employers may find it hard to identify lower-skilled workers for entry-level jobs in developing countries as many of the job matching services target more qualified candidates.
Mobile phones are becoming an important tool for job seekers and there are a number of job-matching services in the developing world that simplify the job search process.
'or access online resources. 84 Souktel's Jobmatch Program connects thousands of job seekers in the Arab States with employers who are looking for staff through an easy-to-use SMS and mobile audio technology.
Employers enter job openings into Souktel's database. Young job seekers use their mobile phones to create
and update personal profiles in Souktel's system. When position openings match job seekers'qualifications they are notified via text message.
Souktel's mobile-based job search functionality is especially useful in the middle East and Africa where young women may not have the same freedoms to seek employment through conventional means,
Crowdsourcing is becoming increasingly popular as a way for employers to instantaneously increase their workforce without the investment
ICT is Dramatically Reshaping the Global Job market (ICT Policy Notes, World bank, June 2012). 90 Ibid. 91 Monitor Group
www. samasource. org 4. 3 Apps development There is speculation regarding how the growing trend of apps development will generate new employment opportunities for young people around the world.
There are countless initiatives that offer youth skills training in device repair, local employment opportunities, as well as business training for local micro enterprises.
Even in many jobs that do not entail contact with a computer employers are screening for basic computer skills as a minimum qualification for employment. 117 An increasing number of non-IT positions also expect people to have advanced more skills
An analysis of frameworks,"(European commission, Joint Research Centre IPTS, 2008). 117 Author Chris Coward's interviews in southern Viet nam of several light manufacturing facilities revealed that employers
required job applicants to have computer skills even though they would not use computers in their tasks.
information on local labour markets; sector-specific training, often in collaboration with industry; language training, especially English. 6 Entrepreneurship skills and support It is recognized widely that entrepreneurship is a necessary ingredient for stimulating economic growth and employment opportunities around the world.
In developing countries successful small businesses are the primary engines of job creation, income growth, and poverty reduction.
much hope for youth lies in their ability to become job creators rather than job seekers.
there are a number of entrepreneurial skills that are key to helping young people create employment opportunities for themselves
For employers, certificates remain an important mechanism to assess the credentials of potential job candidates. Companies require evidence that new employees possess the skills needed for tasks that they will perform in their jobs.
Employers assign great weight to such certificates when the credentialing entity is recognized well known and in the country for high quality education and rigorous testing.
Learners collect badges in a backpack where they can be displayed online for potential employers and others to view.
and other metadata that can be useful to employers to understand, for example, precisely what skills have been learned, a level of granularity that is unavailable in other forms of accreditation.
traditional models of education are not adequately preparing students to meet the demands of a changing job market. 177 The report emphasizes that formal education remains the primary vehicle for improving the supply of skills needed for driving innovation,
and other alternative certification systems. 8. 4 Public-private partnerships One of the chief complaints from employers is that they cannot find qualified labour to fill the vacancies.
Jobs. 198 OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012.199 Cisco, QA Apprenticeships, http://apprenticeships. qa. com/employers/corporate-bespoke-apprenticeships
Bleak Labour market Prospects for Youth.""Geneva: International Labour Office, 2012. International labour organization.""Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012."
Mckinsey Center for Government, 2012. www. improvingthestudentexperience. com/library/general/Educationtoemployment. pdf OECD."Employment and Labour markets:
2012. www. oecdilibrary. org/employment/employment-and-labour markets-key-tables-from-oecd 20752342. Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 67 OECD. ICT Skills and Employment:
ICT is Dramatically Reshaping the Global Job market. ICT Policy Notes, World bank, June 2012. http://documents. worldbank. org/curated/en/2012/06/17817177/new-frontiers-opportunitieswork-ict-dramatically-reshaping-global-job market.
World bank. The Road Not Traveled: Education Reform in the middle East and North africa, Executive Summary. Washington, D c.:
Resolving labour shortages (42%)and enhancing reputation and standing in the community (38%).150 million Europeans some 30%-have used never the internet.
The problems of integrating welfare systems with active labour market policy, or linking health and long term care, illustrate just how difficult it is to reform these systems,
and the inclusiveness of the labour market in the Member States and their regions. Over the period 2007-2013 some €75 billion is being distributed to EU Member States and regions, approximately 10%of the EU's total budget.
and services and thus often face difficulties in finding solutions to their social, cultural educational, health or labour market related problems.
They often provide employment opportunities for people facing disadvantages or provide social services and/or goods and services to persons in risk of poverty or exclusion.
In the early 2000s, Northern ireland changed from being a migrant no-go-zone to having labour shortages.
Employment agencies brought in migrants from Portugal and East Timor and, following accession to the EU in 2004
Their work has led to improvements in the terms imposed by unscrupulous employment agencies. They have addressed housing problems
which the cars could be put together in work inclusion social enterprises by those excluded from the labour market.
Secondly, it is a great combination of new business types of cooperation and employment opportunities with a strong social dimension.
In thematic objective (8) promoting employment and supporting labour mobility, the possible support for the development of business incubators and investment support for self employment
http://www. pakte. at/attach/200606-reflection-note-inno en. pdf 87 Idem. 57 health care by e g. improving the accessibility of these services, the training of teachers and mentors, the development of curricula and the labour market
which the cars could be put together in work inclusion social enterprises by those excluded from the labour market.
Secondly, it is a great combination of new business types of cooperation and employment opportunities with a strong social dimension.
matching migrant skills to the labour market, as well as those of the young unemployed. yy Investing in citizens, including protecting the most vulnerable:
and equip citizens with the skills that are in demand in the labour market. There is also a need to bridge the gender gap
and all sectors and in particular for proposals on how to develop a sectoral labour market strategy for the caring sector.
or the‘your first EURES job'scheme) and encourage youth employment (through youth guarantees108), social innovation processes have been highlighted:
to encourage countries to simplify the 107 See point 3. 1. 4. 2. 108 Youth guarantees ensure that all young people under the age of 25 receive good quality employment opportunities, continued education,
The agenda presents a set of concrete actions to step up reforms to improve flexibility and security in the labour market
regional and local authorities, social partners and employers, service providers, etc. a joint Guide to Social Innovation was published under the responsibility of the European Commissioners for employment and social policy (László Andor) and for charge of regional policy (Johannes Hahn) in February 2013.
which promotes a peer mentoring model to support target groups in transition from a‘closed'community (e g. prison, addiction treatment centres, military service, mental health and rehabilitation services) to the open labour market;
such as the work integration social enterprises (WISE), have a double function of providing social services to the community and of integrating low-skilled workers into the labour market.
PROGRESS, EURES (European employment services) and the European Progress Microfinance Facility. Allocations for the three axes are the following, respectively:
yy supporting the development of emerging skills and jobs and related training programmes to match labour market needs (Action 6;
which will be their employer. In this respect, the Commission will follow the procedure laid down in Article 154 of the Treaty (TFEU.
were unemployed, had taken time out of the labour market, and had difficulty getting conventional credit. By March 2013,4 645 microcredit loans were provided with a total budget of EUR 43 million.
and practical know-how that make them attractive for future employers. At the same time, businesses will benefit from better skilled young workers
Actions are concerted thus to achieve high-quality apprenticeships that can facilitate young people's access to the job market.
and of the evolving labour market. 194 http://www. u-portal. org/u multirank/./Structured Dialogue The structured dialogue project allows young people
identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs, and new forms of participation,
attracting talent (particularly younger people who want to believe that their employer has a social conscience;
As yet, very few resources have been devoted to labour market development. However, developing skills within the field of social enterprise is critical to the growth
delivered by prestigious graduate employers, business schools, think tanks, sector leaders and others. 486) Lessons in social entrepreneurship such as the programmes offered by INSEAD and the Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship at Oxford's Saïd Business school.
which link people's spare hours to employer needs. This was proposed originally in the mid-1990s as a Guaranteed Electronic Market (GEM),
more visible performance to the relevant audience (peers, labour market, and venture capital community; 2) higher impact of effort on performance;
or corporate income tax Social contributions and labor taxes paid by the employer Property and property transfer taxes Dividend,
(%of profit) Notes on total tax rate Employer paid-Social security contributions 1 online filing 90 30.9%gross salaries 35.68 Corporate income tax 1 online
Between 2009 and 2011 the World bank Group worked with a consultative group including labor lawyers, employer and employee representatives,
or unfair treatment and to ensure efficient contracting between employers and workers. Many economies that changed their labor market regulation in the past 5 years did so in ways that increased labor market flexibility.
iii) whether the employer needs to notify a third party (such as a government agency) to terminate 1 redundant worker;(
iv) whether the employer needs to notify a third party to terminate a group of 9 redundant workers;(
v) whether the employer needs approval from a third party to terminate 1 redundant worker;(vi) whether the employer needs approval from a third party to terminate a group of 9 redundant workers;(
vii) whether the law requires the employer to reassign or retrain a worker before making the worker redundant;(
viii) whether priority rules apply for redundancies; and (ix) whether priority rules apply for reemployment.
whether employers are required legally to provide health insurance for employees with permanent contracts. Doing Business also assesses the mechanisms available to resolve labor disputes.
Another revenue stream is Github Jobs where employers can post job offers for $450/listing. According to Peter Levine, general partner at Andreessen Horowitz, Github had been growing revenue at 300%annually since 2008, profitably nearly the entire way.
and you connect to your employer's computers to check or send mail, you can inadvertently reveal your national origin
Another revenue stream is Github Jobs where employers can post job offers for $450/listing. According to Peter Levine, general partner at Andreessen Horowitz, Github had been growing revenue at 300%annually since 2008, profitably nearly the entire way.
and you connect to your employer's computers to check or send mail, you can inadvertently reveal your national origin
22 Policies to promote labour mobility 9 Policies to attract ICT skilled immigrants 10 Other 1
The issue of labour market regulation is more contentious. Many economists argue that Europe's labour market regulations are too restrictive
and that they deter companies from reorganising the workplace. Policymakers and economists diverge however, on the link between labour regulations and productivity growth,
Despite this, many policymakers (as well as executives judging from our survey) do not see labour market reform as a priority.
policy toward private enterprise, financing conditions, the tax regime, the macroeconomic environment and labour markets. The overall index is a simple average of the five category subindexes.
and higher education 10 Policies to attract ICT skilled immigrants 10 Policies to promote labour mobility 9 Policies to redress under-representation of women in ICT jobs 2 Other 1
and transformations in the world of work and the labour market. Overall findings from all reports may be found in the Synthesis Report published by RAND Europe,
Education is likely to become an increasingly critical national and personal asset in a globalised labour market,
& Sandford 2010). 4. 2. Uncertainties about the effects of a global education and eskills Although the globalisation of education and the diffusion of e-skills are projected often to be associated with better labour market prospects for graduates,
limited access to skilled positions by those with‘second tier'(not technologyoriented) skills could result in a loss of intellectual diversity in the labour market (Cave et al. 2009;
skills mismatch and polarisation of labour market outcomes Low Social innovation, enabled by ICTS among other factors,
unmet demand on labour market for certain skills++Medium term Need to make educational systems responsive to these developments,
and G. Moreno,"Patterns of labour market integration in Europe-a life course perspective on time policies,"Socioeconomic Review, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2007, pp. 233-260.
"Second career labour markets. Assessing challenges advancing policies..""from http://www. bertelsmann-stiftung. de/cps/rde/xbcr/SID-D9524723-CEBE39DA/bst engl/xcms bst dms 38023 38024 2. pdf. Bertot, John C, Paul T Jaeger,
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