innovation and employment opportunities they present. Figure 3 shows that SMES in different European countries have performed very heterogeneously,
including licensing, tax and labour market regulations. Market framework refers to the availability of necessary inputs
labour market interventions to improve access to talent, and projects to improve framework conditions for crossstakeholder or cross-regional collaboration between various actors.
poor links between universities and the labour market don't help. We should be giving tax incentives to start-ups.
Individual attitudes and skills can be influenced effectively by direct experience in a start-up environment, for example through internship programmes or employment opportunities.
among members about immigration or labour market issues, and on identifying avenues for consensus with external partners on the protection of personal data?
and inter-country labour mobility. But in order to answer how these 1. During the last five years, SMES were responsible for more than 80%of the jobs created (European SME coordination unit, CEC, 1999.
Human capital and the labour market, by Karen Chapple and Sergio Montero-Muñoz. Chapter III: The contribution of research organisations, by David Wolfe.
6 Human capital and the labour market...6 Contribution of research organisations...7 Entrepreneurship...9 SME development...
HUMAN CAPITAL AND THE LABOUR MARKET...32 Introduction...32 Policy issues...32 Assessment of the region...
127 Human capital and labour market...128 Contribution of research organisations...128 Entrepreneurship and start-ups...130 SME development...
i) the impact of human capital and the labour market on entrepreneurship and SME development; ii) the contribution of research organisations to entrepreneurship and SME development;
Human capital and the labour market The Andalusia labour market is affected by structural weaknesses High levels of unemployment,
large numbers of temporary workers and low productivity undermine the performance of Andalusia‘s labour market. Although the overreliance of the region on the construction industry and the subsequent housing bubble has contributed clearly to these problems,
Although young people have seen traditionally the public sector as the natural route to the labour market, the sharp economic downturn in Andalusia may stimulate a greater willingness to embrace self employment and other forms of entrepreneurship.
Box 1. Main policy recommendations Human capital and labour market Link training programmes more effectively with sectors in order to improve firm productivity and innovation
Work across the silos of business and employment agencies by connecting business incentives with job creation in strategic sectors.
The reliance on the temporary growth areas of construction and tourism also point to a major problem in the labour market.
and the Labour market It is recognised now well that the set of technical, cognitive, facilitative and operational skills competencies and knowledge,
often referred to as=human capital‘play a key role in the formation of a labour market and more generally in the development of an economy.
2008) Human Capital and the Labour market Research and development Institutions: Framework and Governance Start-ups/New Firm Formation Existing Firms Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development Networks Input Factors for Framework Conditions Key Drivers of Innovation
there are four labour market-related factors most critical to entrepreneurship in all its forms:(1) higher education;(
i) human capital and labour market issues affecting entrepreneurship and SME development; ii) the contribution of research organisations to entrepreneurship and SME development;
i) human capital and the labour market; ii) contribution of research organisations; iii) entrepreneurship and new start ups;
population (thousands)( 2008) 31 143 5 562 Labour market participation rate (2008) 73.4 68.9 Employment rate (2008) 65.1 56.6 Unemployment rate (2008) 11.3
since 2008 the labour market situation has deteriorated strongly, with unemployment rising from 11%to 27.2%in early 2010(+16.2%)compared to+12.7%for Spain as a whole.
and labour market structures of the region. On the one hand construction which had been one of the main sectors driving the economy in the booming period,
HUMAN CAPITAL AND THE LABOUR MARKET Introduction Human capital development and labour market dynamics play a key role in a knowledge-based global economy.
with a particular focus on the labour market characteristics of successful regional innovation systems. It then outlines the complex landscape of education and training
Policy issues A rich literature debates the role of human capital formation and labour market dynamics in fostering entrepreneurship and innovation.
then turning to the debates about labour market preparation for entrepreneurship. A final section describes the Spanish context.
and the growth of these industries has altered fundamentally the labour market (Aoyama & Castells, 2002). In this new informational mode of development the source of productivity lies in the technology of knowledge generation, information processing,
Increasingly, researchers interested in regional innovation have focused on the role of labour mobility, particularly transnational immigration patterns.
To wrap up, the four labour market-related factors most critical to entrepreneurship appear to be: 1) higher education;
The Spanish labour market differs somewhat from that of most European countries. Immigration to Spain from Latin american and EU15 countries has increased rapidly in the last decade.
Historically, Spanish labour market regulation has been notoriously rigid; the high costs of terminating employees are in part responsible for a shift towards temporary hiring contracts,
As of June 2010, major labour market reform became provisionally effective; this will reduce the cost of permanent contracts and increase that of temporary contracts.
Employers will also have more flexibility in reducing working hours (and salary) of employees. These reforms may force Spanish labour market regulation to begin to converge with that of its northern European neighbours.
Although labour and immigration policies and programs come under the purview of the national government,
) Assessment of the region Local labour market conditions The Andalusian labour market contains several structural weaknesses that distinguish it from the rest of the Spanish economy, namely:
The unemployment rate is closely related to the impermanence of much of the labour market: in 2007,45%of employed residents were in temporary jobs, 13.5%above the national average (Granados-Cabezas, 2010.
In addition, the changing demographic structure in the region has affected labour market dynamics. The regional workforce is aging,
and structures how regional actors think about labour markets, innovation, and training in the region. The regional innovation system separates itself from the general education
This contradicts established best practices about sector-based workforce development that tailors training to employer needs in specific industry sectors (Zandniapour and Conway
but also by fostering low-tech innovation. 10 Policy recommendations In the area of human capital and the labour market,
trying to create a win-win situation by restructuring employment practices in a way beneficial to both employers and low-skilled workers (Marano and Tarr, 2004).
Connect business incentives with job creation Work across the silos of business and employment agencies by connecting business incentives with job creation in strategic sectors.
Fostering entrepreneurship alone does not guarantee that Andalusia can capture the benefits for its distressed labour market.
Job training seeks to help economically or educationally disadvantaged people access employment opportunities, while economic development programmes must help businesses become more competitive
Additional synergies come from bringing employers together to share concerns and best practices, as well as help design appropriate curricula.
When employers are involved directly in programs, curricula focus on the most appropriate skills, trainees become more familiar with workplace practices,
introducing workers to prospective employers. An impressive set of evaluations has shown that these initiatives have significant and positive impacts on the employability
In particular, research spin-offs and industry-university knowledge transfer (labour mobility, research collaborations, technology transfer agencies, university technology licensing programs, etc.)
as well as to the=thickness‘of the local labour market (Gertler and Vinodrai, 2005). Second, in addition to the conduct of basic research, universities provide both formal and informal technical support,
The University of Waterloo currently has the largest cooperative education program in the world, with over 11 000 students (60 percent of the student body) and 3 000 employers, 281 of them local, involved
and the flexibility of labour markets; 10. Invest more in human capital through better education and skills.
According to anecdotal evidence, the impression is that young Andalusians continue to prefer the relative labour market security of the public sector. Nevertheless,
although young people have seen traditionally the public sector as the natural route to the labour market, the sharp economic downturn in Andalusia may stimulate a greater willingness to embrace self employment and other forms of entrepreneurship.
Moreover, the focus on entrepreneurship should not be restricted to future labour market entrants. The region could promote the establishment of dedicated (re) training programmes for existing business people (in employment
and generally equipping those already in the labour market with the latest business concepts, tools and techniques.
or regional employment office in order to ensure that the social security system is aligned with the new regional priorities designed to facilitate a higher level of entrepreneurial activity.
the German government prioritised active labour market policies, including vocational educational training, employment subsidies, job creation schemes and self employment schemes targeting the registered unemployed.
while members of employer associations account for 55 percent of private sector employees (Anderson and Mailand, 2005).
the Danish labour market model often referred to as=Flexicurity‘also provides generous provision for vocational training and retraining both for those in work and the unemployed.
although its=flexicurity‘labour market model whereby employers are given flexibility over the hiring and firing of labour while employees are given generous social protection
the Scottish universities have produced generations of well-trained graduates to service the life sciences labour market: indeed Scotland produces a proportionately larger number of graduates from its universities than other parts of the UK.
i) human capital and labour market; ii) research organisations; iii) entrepreneurship and start-ups; iv) SME development.
Human capital and labour market Three key issues have emerged in the area of human capital and labour market:
Box 6. Main policy recommendations Human capital and labour market Link training programmes more effectively with sectors in order to improve firm productivity and innovation,
Work across the silos of business and employment agencies by connecting business incentives with job creation in strategic sectors.
Storrie D. and Bjurek H.,(1999), Benchmarking European labour market performance with efficiency frontier technique. Discussion Paper FS I 00-2011.134.
The need for complex human capital makes nanotechnology particularly vulnerable to shortages in labour markets for qualified personnel.
and high skill labour supply that innovative firms thrive on. CEA-LETI through its Minatec initiative takes a special role of a anchor organisation at the cluster that at other cluster a large MNE plays (e g.
However, some also point to problems in the high skilled labour supply in the late 1990s contributing to the problems the cluster has
High quality labour supply, a commercial environment and a well functioning cluster are at least as important. Public procurement and lead markets No role of public procurement was identified.
A critical scale of employment having positive effects for the local labour markets by attracting and retaining highly skilled labour;
This traditional sector is the second largest industrial employer and an important driver of economic growth in the region (ECRN,
The region and the city have a sizeable workforce (around 190,000 people enter the regional job market every year)
Labour markets An essential success factor for KETS is skilled a highly labour force and a thick labour market (Wolfe, 2008.
At the same time central government was keen to redistribute employment opportunities and cut operating costs through relocating public services outside London.
In addition to the major broadcasters and their supporting businesses there is the newly housed Salford University building with superb facilities to support the talent pipeline that falls at the feet of prospective employers.
Recent connections into international broadband infrastructures are a positive development for realising future potential in these activities The food sector (including fishing) remains a significant employer,
however over the 1998-2008 period in line with the decrease nationally Medical Devices is the most significant employer within the exporting sectors
sought to drive the implementation of their Skills Strategy through six regionally based employer-led Workforce Development Fora (WDF.
and activities and to stimulate employment opportunities in particular. The areas outlined below were highlighted during the regionally based workshop9
and are significant employers and exporters. The map overleaf highlights some of the enterprise and research strengths of the agribusiness sector (particularly food in this instance) in the Southeast and in adjacent regions. 11 See http://www. teagasc. ie/publications/2008/20080609/Foresightreportvol1. pdf 12 Teagasc
Employment levels in agency supported firms (typically internationally trading) almost quadrupled over the 1998 2008 period from a very low base of c. 900 to over 4
SOUTHEAST 16 of these companies were attracted to the region because of its close proximity to Dublin, the availability of skilled people as against a tighter labour market in Dublin,
(and is itself a significant employer). The Group promotes a trans-disciplinary approach, combining mainly engineering, computing and business,
partnerships and through labour market dynamics. The Southeast is placed well to leverage its particular strengths in manufacturing to support the next generation of production.
In addition, current labour market trends have seen increasing levels of highly skilled people becoming unemployed. Although the scale of the phenomenon is not clear in the Southeast,
Skills related labour market interventions at both national and regional level will need to realise the following aims:
higher education and local government and it seeks to facilitate the supply of appropriately skilled labour to local employers by identifying regional skills needs
Its economic mission seeks to encourage new investment and employment opportunities in Gaeltacht areas. The Gaeltacht covers parts of counties Donegal
These goals cover areas such as services for jobseekers and the unemployed, workforce development, labour market policy, social inclusion, equality and diversity, and customer service.
FÁS has six employment services offices in the Southeast Region and two Regional Training Centres (located in Waterford and Wexford).
Indeed, some employers have offered employment to the existing employees in other regions within the country.
to assist job seekers with re-entry to the labour market and to support workers in redundancy situations.
The following labour market actions are proposed to assist in supporting those impacted by high rates of unemployment in the region:
Labour market Activation The merits of a further Labour market Activation fund should be considered given the unemployment rate in the region2.
In relation to future Springboard calls for proposals, consideration should be given to increasing the regional weighting in assessments to maximise the linkages in proposals with the current and future needs of employers within the region.
After a period of sustained growth, employment levels in the region have declined significantly over the past three years.
Agriculture (primary production) remains a significant employer in the region, and at 9. 6 percent is more than twice the State average and the highest proportion across all regions.
and to date has 170 members, many very significant employers from the region. The projects that are currently up
The Labour market and Skills Educational profile Overall educational attainment: In line with the trend nationally, educational attainment in the South East has increased over the past number of years.
there is a significantly lower percentage of those with higher level educational attainment in the labour force within the South East (34 percent of those in the labour market have third level qualifications
This presents significant challenges from a labour market activation perspective, in that those with lower levels of qualifications are generally hardest to reach
and are significant employers and exporters, including Glanbia, Greencore, AIBP, Bulmers, Irish Country Meats, and Slaney Foods.
and new employment opportunities for skilled individuals emerging from activities in decline. The Environmental protection agency (EPA) is located in Co. Wexford
and competition from lower cost locations will impact on employment levels overall and could result in a net reduction in employment within the region over the coming years.
HEI-industry research partnerships and through labour market dynamics. The South East is placed well to leverage its particular strengths in manufacturing to support the next generation of production.
Employment levels in agency supported firms (typically internationally trading) almost tripled over the 2001 2010 period from a base of c. 2, 000 to over 5, 400.
the 35 ICT Software & Services are considered separately below SOUTH EAST EMPLOYMENT ACTION PLAN FORFÁS availability of skilled people as against a tighter labour market in Dublin,
while, on the other hand, those with third level qualifications in the region seem to be affected less by current adverse labour market conditions.
even though this cohort only accounts for 38 percent of the total labour force in the region, indicating a significant over-representation of younger people amongst the unemployment relative to their contribution to the labour market.
Labour market Activation 2010 Labour market Activation Fund A number of education and training providers from the South East were successful in tendering for services under the 2010 Labour market Activation Fund.
The Labour market Activation Fund is currently being evaluated in relation to programme outputs and outcomes Under the previous labour market activation programmes of 2009,
in the South East participating in the 2010 Labour market Activation Fund Initiative Provider/Programme Learning Outcome Digital Skills Academy Webactivate Programme,
and improve the training options available to Job seekers to assist with re-entry to the labour market.
FAS is estimating a budget spend for the Region of €18m for 2012, based on its assessment of the socioeconomic and industrial environment in the Region, together with research and analysis of employment opportunities in the South East Region.
Springboard 2011 The HEA Springboard initiative, aimed at assisting unemployed people to re-enter the labour market through the provision of part-time courses in areas of identified skills needs
According to the Jobbridge website, on 2 december 2011, there were 189 employers from the South East advertising internships
the Department of education and Skills (DES) approved the mainstreaming of the Job seekers Support Programme (JSSP) in 2011.
which are in demand by industry combined with direct access to employers and the workplace. The initiative is aimed solely at the unemployed
and grant funded at 100 percent to ensure that job seekers can participate at nil additional cost in line with other available Labour market Activation Fund programmes.
Waterford Chamber Skillnet held a Jobs Fair where member companies with job vacancies will meet with Talk Talk employees at end October.
Conclusions & Policy Implications From a labour market activation perspective the general trends of unemployment disproportionately affecting younger and lower skilled cohorts generally reflects the trend nationally.
the disproportionate declines in particular occupational groups Crafts/Plant and Machinery Operatives create additional needs given the unfavourable short term labour market outlook for sectors such as construction and traditional manufacturing.
Activation Activation measures aimed at improving the employability of unemployed persons by providing career assessment and guidance,‘progression pathways'of relevant job search, training, education and employment opportunities.
Industry and education and training providers need to work more closely together in the development and revision of course curricula to ensure that students have the most relevant skills upon entering the labour market.
Learnings from the 2010 Labour market Activation Fund which is currently being evaluated, should also be taken on board.
Structured internships and opportunities providing work experience opportunities within enterprise are hugely valuable in improving the success of students and job seekers.
and keep people close to the labour market. The effectiveness of the programme in reaching and engaging those that are unemployed also needs to be monitored.
At the same time, the mobile and generally younger workforce employed in SSC/Contact Centres is attracted to the urban area that offers a range of potential employers as well as a dynamic and vibrant quality of life.
more sustainable employment opportunities, by: Embedding best practice, high quality standards, client-centric offerings and continuous improvements as the norm.
and is one of the largest ICT employers in the local region. The TSSG and WIT established Arclabs in response to the lack of a critical mass of ICT companies in the South East.
Indeed, some employers have offered employment to the existing employees in other regions within the country.
The following labour market actions are proposed to assist in supporting those impacted by high rates of unemployment is the region:
Labour market Activation The merits of a further Labour market Activation fund should be considered given the unemployment rate in the region70.
In relation to future Springboard calls for proposals, consideration should be given to increasing the weighting in assessments to the linkages between proposals and the current and future needs of employers within the region. 70 The South East received funding
CSO, Census of Population, 2006 SOUTH EAST EMPLOYMENT ACTION PLAN FORFÁS Appendix 2 Economic/Employment statistics Table A4:
limited to delegates and experts with relevant professional experience and/or academic expertise, a second larger Workshop was held at the OECD in Paris on 9-10 november 2009 to go deeper into the policy challenges
identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs, and new forms of participation,
but also yields great economic returns for employers thanks to avoided work accidents and improved staff retention rates.
Petition for better access to officials of the Federal Employment agency. Overviews of all public petitions to the Petitions Committee of the Bundestag,
and labor markets that balance employee protection with the interests of employers. Moreover, public institutions in Switzerland are among the most effective and transparent in the world (5th.
and hiring and the rather conflict-ridden labor-employer relations in the country. The tax regime in the country is perceived also as highly distortive to business decisions (128th.
and significant tensions in labor-employer relations (144th). Efforts must also be made to increase the university enrollment rate
Attractiveness of working conditions for researchers compared with other employment opportunities; facilitated mobility of research and innovation personnel between the public and the private sector.
context conditions for the operation of the cluster, labour market situation, etc. It also involves an analysis of the linkages between the cluster and other clusters or industries,
providing new employment opportunities for specific categories of the population, combating social divide, etc. These justifications go much beyond the alleged classical benefits of innovation for job and economic value creation.
and networking of local stakeholders to implementing active labour market policies. For the next programming period social innovation is treated in a horizontal way in the ESF regulation.
and adapting jobs in Europe NEUJOBS is analysing future possible developments of the European labour market (s) under the main assumption that European societies are now facing
as a consequence, employment decreased significantly leading to serious labour market problems in the early 1990s.
Location becomes increasingly important as the local highly skilled labour market expands thus contributing to regional capabilities and knowledge.
This is facilitated by labour mobility within the region, allowing for knowledge spillover between firms, an element
These include, for example, a well-educated labour force and professional labour markets (Simmie et al. 2003), attractive and‘fashionable'places to live with high social and cultural amenity and a high reputation,
and the concepts used to‘explain'patterns of uneven regional development such as embeddedness,‘institutional thickness',cumulative causation, agglomeration economies, localisation economies, fungeability, labour market dynamics, quality of life and environmental amenity,
labour mobility, the creation of spin-offs and dense networks, for example, between firms, customers and suppliers (e g.,
Labour mobility can enhance technology development through diffusion of information and skills, as employees transfer both their tacit and firm-specific knowledge to new jobs.
Similarly focused on labour mobility, migration patterns and their effects on embeddedness and regional development recent studies by Richard Florida (2004, 2005a, 2005b) suggest a particular important role for place
Employers are now less likely to see training just as a cost but also as an investment.
and the specific situation in particular labour market segments and national or regional contexts. Concerning countries, Spain shows the lowest average of firms having outsourced any ICT services to external service providers (only 24%of sectoral firms,
Technical change, inequality and the labour market. Journal of Economic Literature 40 (1), 7-72. Allen et al, University of Westminster, January 2003, Modelling policy measures and company initiatives for sustainable urban distribution Final Technical Report.
while consumers and payers (e g. health plan and employer) are the ones most likely to reap the significant savings.
like the Swedish regulatory changes that allowed employers to provide their employees with cheap PCS which in turn drove demand of broadband and Internet services.
The advice will consider methods of access for employers who favour one set of arrangements yet would prefer to pay premiums rather than self-insure.
Increased employer-sponsored visas to meet skill gaps where required skills are not available locally.
TPO00007 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Industry Competitiveness xvi Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Boosting parents'participation in the workforce The Government aims to ease the labour cost pressures for employers
Education, training and labour market arrangements that provide a highly skilled and adaptable workforce with capabilities in line with business needs
For employers operating in multiple Australian jurisdictions this means complying with just one set of rules for all of their operations.
As not all employers are able to cover risks themselves, an alternative may be to allow other private employers to access cover under the Commonwealth laws as premium payers rather than self-insurers.
The Government will commission advice about the viability of expanding access to the Comcare workers'compensation scheme
The advice will consider methods of access for employers who favour one set of arrangements yet would prefer to pay premiums rather than self-insure.
This will enable employers to choose TPO00007 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Industry Competitiveness The Reform Agenda:
and removing the requirement for employers to re-offer choice to their employees when superannuation funds merge.
engages employers and workers in decisions about training provision, and maintains the quality and relevance of training.
A survey of employers by the National Centre for Vocational education Research (2013b) indicated that satisfaction in the ability of the system to deliver job ready employees declined 6 percentage points, to 78 per cent, between 2011 and 2013.
flexibility and accessibility of training is needed to support the increasing geographic and occupational labour mobility required in the modern labour market.
and particularly poor completion and employment outcomes for lower level qualifications, the system also needs to pay more attention to the needs of trainees and employers alike (NCVER, 2013a).
address the needs of employers and lift completion rates. The COAG Industry and Skills Council has agreed on objectives for reform of the VET system,
including State governments, registered training organisations, industry groups and employers, to develop a reform plan that creates a more agile and industry-focused VET system by:
and increasing flexibility for training providers to meet employer needs. As an initial step, the 2014-15 Budget provided $476 million to establish the Industry Skills Fund to support the training needs of small to medium enterprises not readily met by the national training system.
employers will be involved actively in the design and delivery of the courses. Importantly students will have identified pathways to employment with the school's industry partners.
A new model for apprenticeship support services The Government will implement new arrangements for delivering support to Australian apprentices and their employers from 1 july 2015.
The Australian Apprenticeship Support Network will provide a one-stop shop for employers looking to hire a new apprentice suited to their business.
connecting apprentices and employers through targeted job matching; providing advice about different course and training delivery options;
including employer incentives and trade support loans. Pilot training scholarship programmes under the Industry Skills Fund The Government is trialling a new approach to funding training,
by investing in two new innovative pilots that will enable young job seekers in regional communities to acquire a job
and provide employers the skilled employees they need to grow their business. Training for Employment Scholarships:
7, 500 scholarships will be provided to smaller employers who take on a new worker, aged 18 24,
Approved employers will be able to engage a training provider of their choice and be reimbursed for the cost of up to 26 weeks of training once their employee completes their training.
Employers overwhelmingly prefer to hire Australian workers as it is cheaper and faster to fill skills requirements locally where there are suitable workers.
to examine how to maintain the programme's integrity as a means of filling genuine skills gaps in the local labour market
and managed in a way that grows employment opportunities for Australians. In the 2014-15 Budget, the Government reconfirmed its focus on skilled migration,
The Government also announced a reorientation towards employer-sponsored visas, assisting employers to find workers to fill vital positions where they have been unable to find local workers.
TPO00007 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Industry Competitiveness 56 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda provide greater flexibility in relation to English language testing and skill requirements for 457 applicants
At the same time, the Government will improve employment opportunities and outcomes for Australians. Changes to give effect to these decisions will be rolled out in phases during 2014-15.
and employer organisations by better aligning the responsibilities of, and penalties for, the officers of Registered Organisations with those of company directors.
the employer will, subject to appropriate safeguards, be able to have the Fair Work Commission approve the agreement.
and employers should be able to achieve flexibility in the workplace through individual flexibility arrangements (IFAS).
even if their employer agrees. The Bill provides workers with fair flexibility by ensuring IFAS can be made in relation to a minimum of five key conditions.
and employers to consider productivity improvements when bargaining for an enterprise agreement. Boosting the workforce participation of parents The Government aims to boost women's workforce participation to help increase Australia's labour force and GDP,
The new PPL scheme will encourage female workforce participation by supporting women to remain engaged with their employer.
the Government aims to ease the administrative burden on employers by taking responsibility for making payments to eligible employees.
An Employee Share Scheme Where an employer provides a financial interest in their company (usually through shares or options) to their employee (s) in relation to their employment.
Tax on the discount provided by the employer may be deferred or exempt depending on whether the employee receives options or shares.
'including that the company offering the ESS is the recipient's employer (or employer's holding company) and that the employee not hold more than a 5 per cent interest (or 5 per cent of voting rights) in the company.
TPO00007 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Industry Competitiveness The Reform Agenda: Ambition 4 81 Proposal 16:
and best way to expand access to the Comcare workers'compensation and work health safety and laws to eligible private employers as premium payers.
) Employers use and views of the VET system: Statistical Report. Adelaide: National Centre for Vocational education Research.
) Geographic Labour mobility, Research Report. Canberra: Commonwealth of australia. Productivity Commission. 2014c). ) Productivity Update 2014. Canberra: Commonwealth of australia. Productivity Commission.
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