Storrie D. and Bjurek H.,(1999), Benchmarking European labour market performance with efficiency frontier technique. Discussion Paper FS I 00-2011.134.
The need for complex human capital makes nanotechnology particularly vulnerable to shortages in labour markets for qualified personnel.
A critical scale of employment having positive effects for the local labour markets by attracting and retaining highly skilled labour;
Labour markets An essential success factor for KETS is skilled a highly labour force and a thick labour market (Wolfe, 2008.
Employment levels in agency supported firms (typically internationally trading) almost quadrupled over the 1998 2008 period from a very low base of c. 900 to over 4
SOUTHEAST 16 of these companies were attracted to the region because of its close proximity to Dublin, the availability of skilled people as against a tighter labour market in Dublin,
partnerships and through labour market dynamics. The Southeast is placed well to leverage its particular strengths in manufacturing to support the next generation of production.
In addition, current labour market trends have seen increasing levels of highly skilled people becoming unemployed. Although the scale of the phenomenon is not clear in the Southeast,
Skills related labour market interventions at both national and regional level will need to realise the following aims:
These goals cover areas such as services for jobseekers and the unemployed, workforce development, labour market policy, social inclusion, equality and diversity, and customer service.
to assist job seekers with re-entry to the labour market and to support workers in redundancy situations.
The following labour market actions are proposed to assist in supporting those impacted by high rates of unemployment in the region:
Labour market Activation The merits of a further Labour market Activation fund should be considered given the unemployment rate in the region2.
After a period of sustained growth, employment levels in the region have declined significantly over the past three years.
The Labour market and Skills Educational profile Overall educational attainment: In line with the trend nationally, educational attainment in the South East has increased over the past number of years.
there is a significantly lower percentage of those with higher level educational attainment in the labour force within the South East (34 percent of those in the labour market have third level qualifications
This presents significant challenges from a labour market activation perspective, in that those with lower levels of qualifications are generally hardest to reach
and competition from lower cost locations will impact on employment levels overall and could result in a net reduction in employment within the region over the coming years.
HEI-industry research partnerships and through labour market dynamics. The South East is placed well to leverage its particular strengths in manufacturing to support the next generation of production.
Employment levels in agency supported firms (typically internationally trading) almost tripled over the 2001 2010 period from a base of c. 2, 000 to over 5, 400.
the 35 ICT Software & Services are considered separately below SOUTH EAST EMPLOYMENT ACTION PLAN FORFÁS availability of skilled people as against a tighter labour market in Dublin,
while, on the other hand, those with third level qualifications in the region seem to be affected less by current adverse labour market conditions.
even though this cohort only accounts for 38 percent of the total labour force in the region, indicating a significant over-representation of younger people amongst the unemployment relative to their contribution to the labour market.
Labour market Activation 2010 Labour market Activation Fund A number of education and training providers from the South East were successful in tendering for services under the 2010 Labour market Activation Fund.
The Labour market Activation Fund is currently being evaluated in relation to programme outputs and outcomes Under the previous labour market activation programmes of 2009,
in the South East participating in the 2010 Labour market Activation Fund Initiative Provider/Programme Learning Outcome Digital Skills Academy Webactivate Programme,
and improve the training options available to Job seekers to assist with re-entry to the labour market.
Springboard 2011 The HEA Springboard initiative, aimed at assisting unemployed people to re-enter the labour market through the provision of part-time courses in areas of identified skills needs
and grant funded at 100 percent to ensure that job seekers can participate at nil additional cost in line with other available Labour market Activation Fund programmes.
Conclusions & Policy Implications From a labour market activation perspective the general trends of unemployment disproportionately affecting younger and lower skilled cohorts generally reflects the trend nationally.
the disproportionate declines in particular occupational groups Crafts/Plant and Machinery Operatives create additional needs given the unfavourable short term labour market outlook for sectors such as construction and traditional manufacturing.
Industry and education and training providers need to work more closely together in the development and revision of course curricula to ensure that students have the most relevant skills upon entering the labour market.
Learnings from the 2010 Labour market Activation Fund which is currently being evaluated, should also be taken on board.
and keep people close to the labour market. The effectiveness of the programme in reaching and engaging those that are unemployed also needs to be monitored.
The following labour market actions are proposed to assist in supporting those impacted by high rates of unemployment is the region:
Labour market Activation The merits of a further Labour market Activation fund should be considered given the unemployment rate in the region70.
identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs, and new forms of participation,
context conditions for the operation of the cluster, labour market situation, etc. It also involves an analysis of the linkages between the cluster and other clusters or industries,
and networking of local stakeholders to implementing active labour market policies. For the next programming period social innovation is treated in a horizontal way in the ESF regulation.
and adapting jobs in Europe NEUJOBS is analysing future possible developments of the European labour market (s) under the main assumption that European societies are now facing
as a consequence, employment decreased significantly leading to serious labour market problems in the early 1990s.
Location becomes increasingly important as the local highly skilled labour market expands thus contributing to regional capabilities and knowledge.
These include, for example, a well-educated labour force and professional labour markets (Simmie et al. 2003), attractive and‘fashionable'places to live with high social and cultural amenity and a high reputation,
and the concepts used to‘explain'patterns of uneven regional development such as embeddedness,‘institutional thickness',cumulative causation, agglomeration economies, localisation economies, fungeability, labour market dynamics, quality of life and environmental amenity,
and the specific situation in particular labour market segments and national or regional contexts. Concerning countries, Spain shows the lowest average of firms having outsourced any ICT services to external service providers (only 24%of sectoral firms,
Technical change, inequality and the labour market. Journal of Economic Literature 40 (1), 7-72. Allen et al, University of Westminster, January 2003, Modelling policy measures and company initiatives for sustainable urban distribution Final Technical Report.
Education, training and labour market arrangements that provide a highly skilled and adaptable workforce with capabilities in line with business needs
flexibility and accessibility of training is needed to support the increasing geographic and occupational labour mobility required in the modern labour market.
to examine how to maintain the programme's integrity as a means of filling genuine skills gaps in the local labour market
First, there is a need to prepare European citizens better for entering the labour market, thereby reducing the number of unemployed.
A flexible human resources development, grants the employees labour market ability, and opens up new business fields for the enterprise. http://www. innovation-aktuell. de/kv0409. htm Systematic and continuous human resources development safeguards the innovation ability and the compatibility of the enterprise.
Identifying training needs for Innovation in SMES page 223 of 271 Sector Skills Development Agency (SSDA) is responsible for supporting employers in the development of appropriate skills in the labour market
organisational and inter-organisational levels decisively improve the innovation behaviour Apart from business management effects there are manifold labour market political and political-economic effects 11.7.
such as those affecting labour markets, tax design, competition, financial markets and bankruptcy laws. The PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Policy design in areas such as competition, the regulatory framework, the tax system, labour markets, financial markets and bankruptcy laws should take account of the way these areas impinge on SMES and innovation in knowledge-based economies.
as well as with the goods market and the labour market (Le Bas, 1995). This process is therefore uncertain,
They also point out that smart specialisation depends on good general framework policies (e g. competition, trade policy, labour market policy and education and skills) and horizontal innovation policies (e g.
and rigidities (e g. labour market barriers) that prevent shifts in specialisation patterns. Smart specialisation also draws on the broad economic research on industrial development e g.
Imperfect competition, product market and labour market conditions can influence the degree of market integration. Industrial policies (e g. taxes and subsidies) can also play a role in shaping the production structure, for good or bad.
The most appropriate data appear to be OECD's regional labour market statistics. By comparing specialisation indicators over time, changes in scientific, technological or economic specialisations can be analysed.
For example, developing labour markets or innovation in a city or in a rural area may not entail the same type of instruments
As science, technology and labour market for world class experts became global, only global ambitions can lead to sustainable success that makes a region attractive
and iv) Labour market and Education Observatory of Malopolska which focuses on gathering information and improving knowledge of the regional labour market and education.
The most appropriate data appear to be OECD's regional labour market statistics (e g. number of establishments or number of employees per TL2 region),
An example Figure 3 below shows the RCANS for an anonymous region in 32 industries according to OECD's regional labour market statistics.
OECD regional labour market statistics Combining baseline indicators for specialisations in science, innovation, and economic development By comparing specialisation indicators over time, changes in scientific, technological or economic specialisations can be analysed.
However in Zimbabwe, according to Small and Medium Enterprises Institute, SMES are defined as a registered enterprise with employment levels ranging from 30 to 70 depending on the types of industry.
Plan for Jobs 2013 Forfás, DJEI February 2013 A Review of the Equity Investment Landscape In Ireland Forfás January 2013 Regional Labour markets Bulletin 2012 EGFSN
OECD Statextracts (Short-term Labour market Statistics: Activity Rates, aged 55-65, all persons; accessed February 13, 2014), http://stats. oecd. org. 23.
Cristiano Antonelli and Francesco Quatraro, Localized Technological Change and Efficiency Wages across European Regional Labour markets, Regional Studies 47, no. 10 (2013): 1686 1700.115.
Economic and Labour market Review, 4 (7), 56-65. Ciccone, A, . & Hall, R. E. 1996).
such as Education (lack of adaptation to globally competing existing industries) Infrastructure Labour market education You should also consider to what extent the existing fragmentation of your triple helix is caused by the educational system,
The ICT sector has a major role on the labour market: In 2011 the ICT industry employed 94,800,
as the above results are explained largely by the sheer scale of the labour markets of the countries concerned.
It helps businesses to adapt to the ongoing changes of the labour market. Therefore, unemployment will be decreased
Sector Q1 2012, based on FÁS Regional Labour market Bulletin 2012 & CSO Figures 21 Table 3. 3 Number of Phd Graduates Midwest Region
based on FÁS Regional Labour market Bulletin 2012 & CSO Figures 22 The available data indicates that
and labour market and the knowledge and technology transfer services (particularly in smart specialisation). Improving the quality, efficiency and openness of tertiary and equivalent education with a view to increasing participation and attainment levels, in particular to disadvantaged groups ERDF,
and matching education and training systems to labour market needs. Rural Development Programme, RDP The priority,
and under to enhance up to 135 000 young Australians with higher qualifications for future labour market demand.
Vertical conglomerates in countries with rigid labour markets tend to keep obsolete technologies alive for longer periods.
labour market regulation is called into play, as flexible labour markets in the USA facilitate the redeployment of the workforce and then the adoption of innovation much more than in Europe.
We suggest a complementary interpretation, but one which reverses the causal path. It is because the service sector in the USA started to experiment with IT very early
then the policy implication would be somewhat less simplistic than just placing more flexibility in the labour market.
development and innovation system, including through matching the labour market demand through high quality higher education supply, cooperation with the business sector and increased private investment.
Investing in human capital and helping people enter the labour market will be a top priority in Hungary with a focus on issues highlighted in the country specific recommendations.
and training systems in view of ensuring a better match with labour market demand. Vocational education and early childhood care and education also constitute important areas for investment.
As regards impeding market regulation, highly regulated labour markets may be an important barrier for companies to grow. 33 As innovation policy advisor Burton Lee states:
Sweden and Norway with traditionally highly regulate labour markets, while Austria, a country with a fairly loose labour market regulation, has only an average share of highgrowth companies (see section 3. 2 above).
Since the European culture is said to favour security, the risk of failure may be an important impediment to start
See also Minniti (2008), p. 787, suggesting that in developed countries labour market reforms may be particularly conducive to support the growth of high-performance ventures. 34 Quotation from INNO-Grips Newsletter October 2010
or the employment level of a country grows if such policies are applied. This means that if the government spends no funds at all on one type of policy,
As regards impeding market regulation, highly regulated labour markets may be an important barrier for companies to grow. 33 As innovation policy advisor Burton Lee states:
Sweden and Norway with traditionally highly regulate labour markets, while Austria, a country with a fairly loose labour market regulation, has only an average share of highgrowth companies (see section 3. 2 above).
Since the European culture is said to favour security, the risk of failure may be an important impediment to start
See also Minniti (2008), p. 787, suggesting that in developed countries labour market reforms may be particularly conducive to support the growth of high-performance ventures. 34 Quotation from INNO-Grips Newsletter October 2010
or the employment level of a country grows if such policies are applied. This means that if the government spends no funds at all on one type of policy,
other labour market data relate to 2012, or were taken from census findings for 2011. We also deploy a number of regional econometric methods, the findings
and indeed is even more important than other labour market indicators. In this chapter we will therefore analyse in detail some of the available employment indicators in a breakdown by county,
context conditions for the operation of the cluster, labour market situation, etc. It also involves an analysis of the linkages between the cluster and other clusters or industries,
and networking of local stakeholders to implementing active labour market policies. For the next programming period social innovation is treated in a horizontal way in the ESF regulation.
But it does not help explain how falling employment levels could coincide with a very tight regional labor market.
as well as its fall in employment levels. While the comparator group of similar regions also experienced strong decline in employment levels over this period
this process came along with a high and growing unemployment rate, at more than twice the level of the West.
In addition, demographic and migration trends also help to understand falling employment levels despite increases in productivity and low rates of unemployment.
and, ii) strengthening the capacity of vocational training providers to deliver attractive and high-quality education and training programs in correlation with labour market demands, especially for sectors with significant growth potential,
Creation of new opportunities on labour market (example, work at home; A more efficient management of enterprises, especially of small and medium sized enterprises,
2 1. 3 LABOUR MARKET EVOLUTION...3 2 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: A PRIORITY FOR THE REGIONAL GOVERNMENT OF CASTILLA Y LEÓN...
Background document 3 1. 3 Labour market evolution Due to the important rates of growth of our economy,
They comprise a diverse range of organisational forms such as employee-owned businesses, credit unions, cooperatives, development trusts, social firms, intermediate labour market organisations,
Following changes to the national rules on procurement, The french city of Nantes introduced labour market inclusion conditions into its procurement of public works (CEC, 2013a.
Similarly the Catalan Region and Barcelona City33 have applied social clauses in procurement for all its large contracts to integrate groups at risk of exclusion in the labour market.
employers, industry representatives, unions, labour market and training intermediaries (temporary work agencies and group training companies), local and regional government agencies,
and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs, and new forms of participation,
The social contract included regulation of labour markets and a strong welfare state. The reduced power of large firms and unions,
and labour market flexibility increased the strain upon it. Social entrepreneurs and social enterprises such as nonprofit organisations have stepped into this breach (OECD, 2003;
labour market regulation, finance markets and intellectual property protection. OECD research shows for example how unbalanced taxes on company profits
20 30 40 50%Lack of access to additional funds Lack of skilled persons within business or labour market Lack of access to knowledge or technology Uncertain demand for new
As to external constraints the second strand of the literature heavy labour market regulations and market entry requirements are deemed traditionally to discourage entrepreneurship,
The establishment of spin-off enterprises from multinational companies and the normal flows of workers and managers between companies within the local labour market are some of the clearest examples of passive knowledge transfers.
such skills constitute a competitive advantage for these routine workers in the labour market. Working with engineers also helps routine employees to further analyse their own activities
employers, industry representatives, unions, labour market and training intermediaries (temporary work agencies and group training companies), local and regional government agencies,
Adult learning and links with the labour market. Regional development, including capacity building for Business Support Providers (BSPS) and SME development agency staff.
identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs, and new forms of participation,
identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs, and new forms of participation,
and training and integration into employment of persons excluded from the labour market. Social entrepreneur A person who recognises a social problem
Social innovations can, for instance, concern new competencies, jobs and forms of participation in the labour market,
Consequently, those who are not academically successful are structurally shutout of stable and well-paid employment situations (Barrett 2010.
Disadvantaged Groups in the Labour market. Economic and Labour market Review 4 (6): 18 24. doi: 10.1057/elmr. 2010.78.
Barroso, J. M. 2009. How to Boost Social Innovation. http://europa. eu/rapid/press-release ip-09-81 en. htm. Bateman, M. 2010.
DG Employment is also running an initiative called New Skills for New Jobs to develop better matching-up of skills and labour market needs.
Government Options for the Labour market. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press, 1997, pp. 433-63.26 Gordon, Robert J.,Monetary Policy in the Age of Information technology:
the respondents state that knowledge-sharing and collaboration opportunities with universities and public research organisations, quality and quantity of R&d personnel in the labour market, proximity to other company sites,
whereas the quality of R&d personnel in the labour market stood out in the EU. Market growth
Above average attractiveness was stated for knowledge-sharing and collaboration opportunities with universities and public research organisations, quality and quantity of R&d personnel in the labour market, proximity to other company sites,
and skills than the corresponding knowledge transfer strategies. 27 Quality and quantity of R&d personnel in the labour market rated clearly before labour costs.
That quantity of R&d personnel in the labour market is stated as a top three attractiveness factor contrasts with the observed lack of sufficient quantity in Germany. 30 Other factors are stated twice (proximity to other company
whereas the quality of R&d personnel in the labour market and public R&d support via grants & direct funding and fiscal incentives stood out in EU countries.
b1) quality of R&d personnel in the labour market (b2) quantity of R&d personnel in the labour market (b3) labour costs of R&d personnel (c) Proximity to:(
Active labour market policy is a top priority to sustain employment, strengthen social cohesion and reduce the risk of poverty.
it focuses on labour market practices and the delivery of services. As such, it is at odds with other definitions
identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs, and new forms of participation,
focusing primarily on labour market changes. Instead of these we have adopted a simpler and sharper alternative. Social innovations are innovations that are social both in their ends and in their 18 means.
which provides flexibility for employers and security for employees against labour market risks and holistic early years'provision in Reggio Emilia, Italy);
returning to the labour market. In the West it had its roots in the humanism of the 18th century and the Industrial revolution,
Germany, France and the UK) and economic (helped by women's growing power in the labour market.
which focus on integrating highly excluded groups into the labour market, it is highly likely that these figures significantly underestimate the true scale of social enterprise activity in the country.
or disadvantaged and marginalised groups into the labour market. lxviii A study of the WISE sector in Europe carried out by research network EMES,
and reintegrate them into the labour market. The Koispe is a relatively unique organisational form in that it is both an independent trading enterprise and an official mental health unit,
which play a key role in integration various marginalised groups into the labour market 47 including adults with learning difficulties,
Mindlab are also carrying out work on climate change, gender divisions in the labour market, breaking down barriers to employment faced by young immigrants. c SILK,
few resources are being devoted to labour market development and there is a dearth of skills, across sectors and relating to all stages of the innovation lifecycle.
as yet, been devoted to labour market development. Our analysis suggests that this is as important an issue as finance.
or focused on transitions into the labour market. -Coordination, design, and implementation of different projects. This should include setting stricter protocols for evaluation
and growth have not fared well compared to more modest theories focused on such things as the dynamics of labour markets or monetary policy.
2001) The Emergence of Social Enterprise, London and New york, Routledge. lxix Spear, R. & Bidet, E. 2003)‘ The Role of Social Enterprise in European Labour markets',Working papers Series
identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs, and new forms of participation,
As yet, very few resources have been devoted to labour market development. However, developing skills within the field of social enterprise is critical to the growth
especially research, education, labour market and development policies. Secondly, we also need to understand more about the growth of the spaces over time,
and arts at national/regional level, improving the labour market for researchers, promoting better policies for employment, education and training,
The commerce sector has long been striving for the goals of increased competitiveness, sustainability, innovation, environmental protection and a skilled, mobile labour market.
Flexibility of labour markets: The dynamic and rapidly changing nature of the sector, responds to consumers'changing shopping habits and professional clients'needs.
The EU needs to encourage Member States to reform their labour markets towards more flexibility so that retail and wholesale an create jobs and offer career development.
labour markets in some Member States are inflexible, preventing retail and wholesale from adapting to customers'needs;
Encourage Member States to reform their labour markets towards more flexibility and continuous skills development, so that retail and wholesale can create jobs
Member States should be encouraged to reform their labour markets towards more flexibility and continuous skills development,
including licensing, tax and labour market regulations. Market framework refers to the availability of necessary inputs
labour market interventions to improve access to talent, and projects to improve framework conditions for crossstakeholder or cross-regional collaboration between various actors.
poor links between universities and the labour market don't help. We should be giving tax incentives to start-ups.
among members about immigration or labour market issues, and on identifying avenues for consensus with external partners on the protection of personal data?
2. Policies and regulation of the business environment (what to reform) Getting the basics right Stable and prudent macroeconomic policies, efficient and simple taxation, a flexible labour market, openness to trade and foreign
Creating one connected regional labour market linked to a multimodal transportation network should give a boost to the region's ability to attract investors.
The government-linked corporate sector is extremely powerful in domestic capital, land and labour markets. This has crowded probably out domestic private-sector development.
The labour market is flexible, without the intrusive and bureaucratic employment legislation that characterizes the West and many developing countries.
i e. stable and prudent macroeconomic policies, efficient and simple taxation, a flexible labour market, openness to trade and foreign direct investment, simple and transparent domestic business regulation.
Stable and prudent macroeconomic policies, efficient and simple taxation, a flexible labour market, openness to trade and foreign direct investment, simple and transparent domestic business regulation, a safety
International labour organization, Key Indicators of the Labour markets, 8th Edition; national sources 2. 2: Data Tables The Global Competitiveness Report 2014 2015 493 2014 World Economic Forum 2014 World Economic Forum Pillar 8 Financial market
International labour organization, Key Indicators of the Labour markets, 8th Edition; national sources Pillar 8: Financial market development 8. 01 Availability of financial services In your country, to what extent does the financial sector provide a wide range of financial products and services to businesses?
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