Labour market

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Synopsis: Employment & working conditions: Labour market: Labour market: Labour market:

The most typical concept used in defining a functional region is that of labour markets (OECD, 2002:

The social contract included regulation of labour markets and a strong welfare state. The reduced power of large firms and unions,

and labour market flexibility increased the strain upon it. Social entrepreneurs and social enterprises such as nonprofit organisations have stepped into this breach (OECD, 2003;

labour market regulation, finance markets and intellectual property protection. OECD research shows for example how unbalanced taxes on company profits

++o+XVI Organised diffusion+++o/++Education policy XVII General stimulation+++XVIII Entrepreneurship education+o o o Labour market policy XIX Aim for flexibility+o

Active Labour market Schemes in Finland 149 Appendix II: Grant Evaluation 151 Appendix III: Forfás Board members 154 Appendix IV:

Thus, the turnover and employment levels of new firms, export and productivity performance together with their longevity are indicators of a successful entrepreneurial performance. 1. 2 Ireland's Enterprise Policy Context

education and training initiatives be focused on the needs in the labour market. The concept of developing entrepreneurs through education and training was echoed again in Towards Developing an Entrepreneurship Policy for Ireland, 2007.

Active labour market programmes and market-driven programmes are considered also separately126. Scenario 126 The outcome of a programme targeted at entrepreneurship may be that of securing employment for unemployed persons

Active labour market programmes international review In Finland Start-up Grants (SUG) are provided by TE centres which aim to get people out of unemployment and into employment.

In conclusion and based on these preliminary investigations, business support tools to stimulate the labour market are generally a success in reducing unemployment.

However, these schemes often come at high costs, with relatively high levels of deadweight. 127 The Centre for Labour market Research.

profits and tax revenues needs also to take account of the potential for labour market displacement. Our assessment has been informed by Forfás'appraisal methodology for projects seeking support from the industrial development agencies which concludes that no more than 20 per cent of the wage,

depending on a range of deadweight scenarios and average firm employment levels. Given the robustness of the mechanisms employed by CEBS in the assessment of applications of financial supports (outlined above),

if cost benefit breakeven were to be achieved (based on 60 per cent deadweight and employment levels of 2 FTES per firm.

These calculations suggest that even allowing for a high level of labour market displacement in the period 2004-2010,

In particular, because of reduced employment levels, labour productivity has shown a significant increase across a range of efficiency indicators.

FÁS'objectives in providing these courses relate to the labour market. If the course succeeds in bringing a person from a position of being unemployed

and out of the labour market to a situation where they are a proprietor of a business,

Turning to impacts on wages, profits and tax revenues, these additional impacts are likely to be relatively small in the period up to 2008, because of the low levels of unemployment and consequent high levels of labour market displacement.

This translates into potential employment levels of between 10,700 and 21,500 depending on the scale of employment in assisted firms

Comparing the annual benefits to the fully loaded costs indicates that even allowing for a high level of labour market displacement in the period 2004-2010,

Impact Forfás March 2014 Regional Labour markets Bulletin 2013 EGFSN March 2014 Action Plan for Jobs 2014 Forfás, DJEI February 2014 Consumer

OECD, Employment and Labour market Statistics (summary tables; accessed October 15, 2013), http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/lfs-data-en. 41.

Aligning the supply of graduates with the demand of the regional labour market necessitates actions that target the improvement of the curricula, the services and the research capacities of the relevant higher education institutions.

on Market size Labour market efficiency Higher educa: on/Training and Lifelong Learning Infrastructure Macroeconomic stability Ins:

It is indispensable to align the supply of graduates with the demand of the regional labour market,

the primary task of the former group is to ensure alignment between the supply of graduates and the demand of the regional labour market,

Higher education/Training and Lifelong Learning 69,00 67,86 70,07 2010 RCI 98,5 101,7 Labour market efficiency 47,00 40,86 55,03 2010 RCI 85,4 115,0

Our work in 2015 will also have a particular focus on regional development, medium-term labour market activation and welfare reform,

as well as strategies for a number of other specific sectors. 2015 ACTION PLAN FOR JOBS 5 This Government has worked hard to return stability to the economy and to the labour market.

An updated labour market activation and welfare reform strategy; A medium term strategy for early years and school age care to support increased parental participation in the labour force;

Particular focus is required to address domestically influenced cost factors in the labour market in the energy sector and in the property market as rapid increases in prices have the potential to produce adverse knock-on consequences in terms of prices and wage expectations across the entire economy.

Although the labour market continues to be characterised with an excess supply, and unemployment remains unacceptably high,

improvements are evident in labour market indicators and employer demand continues to grow, with over 100,000 jobs advertised on the Governments Jobsireland

Publish regional labour market profiles to better reconcile available skills with employers'needs; and 2015 ACTION PLAN FOR JOBS 31 Publish the Further Education

identified through regional labour market profiles and through local and regional employer engagement. SOLAS, ETBS, HEIS) 16 Develop new Apprenticeships in response to proposals from key sectors of the economy.

identified through regional labour market profiles and through local and regional employer engagement. SOLAS, ETBS HEIS) 38 Support for Local and Rural Development 48 Each Local authority will make an integrated Plan, for the promotion of economic development and local and community development in its area.

Evaluating the effectiveness of labour market programmes; Targeting more places and opportunities for young unemployed people and those who are unemployed long term;

and that the labour market responds flexibly and efficiently to employment growth. DSP) 128 Implement the actions agreed under the Comprehensive Employment Strategy for Persons with Disabilities.

Storrie D. and Bjurek H. 1999), Benchmarking European labour market performance with efficiency frontier technique, Discussion Paper FS I 00-2011.

graduate employment is a proxy for the adequacy of graduates for labour market requirements; budget and research expenditure is a proxy for the quality of the infrastructure;

Similarly, all the areas of national policy that may impact universities'role in their territories Labour market and employment policies, Science, technology and innovation policies, Competition policy and Regional and urban planning policies

Elsewhere in Europe, institutional and regulatory frameworks include the continental corporatist models of central-West europe with strong social partners but rigid labour markets, the low social transfer models of southern Europe countries

8 Clear goals for activating labour markets, including the target of 70%labour market participation, low unemployment and flexi-curity policies.

Social and Economic Councils at the different levels of the labour market. The overall goal is to improve employability and increase the quantity and quality of jobs.

Youth unemployment, where job-churn in the labour market has reduced considerably so many older workers are staying put in the context of job loss

has happened not yet to any significant extent, probably due to labour market rigidities across sectors and localities, and training and skill problems.

The changing roles of different interest groups and the reduction of the postwar political consensus concerning labour markets and their embedded social contracts (both formal and informal), resulting inter alia in trades unions and worker representatives generally losing power

Labour market reforms towards less regulation and trends towards a‘race to the bottom'in terms of pay levels, working conditions and workers'rights, especially in the context of economic globalisation.

and de-unionisation of the labour market as exemplified by much more occasional, intermittent, casual and‘unsocial'hours employment,

and for employers to find skilled workers as labour markets become more transparent. Because ICT has the potential to connect workers to work irrespective of their location,

or become stronger in the labour market who are excluded more or less from the traditional labour market, such as the disabled, older persons,

and overall skills, including in ICT, of people on edge of labour market. Mission Leben: Improvement of all-round work and ICT skills of unemployed people with a mental illness,

80,000 job seekers with loose links to the labour market, with 13. 7m potential, facilitated by 9 full-time-equivalent staff across the UK.

helps thousands of people on the edge of the labour market find additional jobs in their neighbourhood

but also rely on physical and traditional activities to assist people with problems entering the labour market. Good and inclusive relationships with vulnerable beneficiaries are also crucial

Policy and regulation will need to be adapted to become enablers of these beneficial aspects of new ICTENABLED forms of labour market matching,

The Mission Leben case illustrates this with individuals traditionally completely excluded from the labour market, and demonstrates how they can be included in an economically sustainable business model.

The creating and doing work cases illustrate a strong inclusion policy of catering for people previously excluded from the labour market

what can be done rather than what can't Inclusion policy for people previously excluded from the labour market

and talent One of the conundrums of advanced labour markets is that there are fairly fixed valuations of different kinds of time and talent based on job-position, education, skill-sets, labour market regulation and legislation

Opening up the labour market in this way, as long as there are still appropriate regulations to counter exploitation and unfair remuneration where money does change hands many exchanges are non-monetary could enable young inexperienced people

local time exchanges, where time mostly is exchanged one-to-one regardless of the labour market price tag on the skills exchanged;

or exchanged in ways that do not happen in the mainstream labour market. Underutilised time and skills get utilised

and improving the labour market. The current situation of economic crisis and public spending restrictions requires appropriate, effective and efficient economic policy measures.

It is necessary to improve the way the labour market works, correcting certain structural problems. For instance, in order to foster economic growth based on increased productivity and quality job creation, it is necessary to improve mechanisms for professional mediation,

information and guidance so as to adjust supply to demand in the labour market. Policies promoting a culture of mobility with regard to employment

In order to ensure that the labour market operate adequately, the results achieved by the education system must also be improved,

For this reason, measures promoting social cohesion focus on integrating unemployed people into the labour market and on improving job-seeking skills.

1. Improving employability 2. Improving the performance of the labour market 3. Facilitating companies'access to finance 4. Promoting the strategic adaptation of businesses 5. Promoting entrepreneurship 6. Fostering the transition to a more resource

in order to find a place in the labour market and adapt to a rapidly changing world. In the present context of severe economic crisis and high unemployment

active policies with regard to the labour market and making a decisive contribution to improving employability are two of the challenges facing the Catalan economy.

personalised access to career guidance services. 6. 1. 2. Helping young people gain access to the labour market The dramatic situation young people face in the labour market requires society to redouble its efforts

and to establish a model for economic growth that is more balanced than previous models. 6. 1. 4. Matching vocational training to labour market requirements Serious imbalances exist between supply

and demand in the Catalan labour market, especially as regards vocational training. Vocational training should be a tool for professionalising people

to provide a single vocational training service that is adapted to the needs of the labour market; to develop a model for dual vocational training in cooperation with companies and production industries;

and research staff of excellence and establishing prestigious MA programmes with high international profiles. 6. 1. 8. Increasing integration into labour market of people from groups at risk of social exclusion Unemployment

For this reason, the Government promotes measures to foster integration into the labour market amongst groups at risk of social exclusion.

and promoting professional and educational stays abroad. 6. 2. Improving labour market performance The Catalan labour market has some structural shortcomings that require correction

personalised careers guidance for unemployed people 1. 2. Helping young people to gain access to the labour market 1. 3 Promoting new niches of employment 1. 4. Matching vocational training to labour market

and internationalisation 1. 8. Increasing integration into the labour market of people from groups at risk of social exclusion 1. 9. Using ICTS to promote equal opportunities

and information with regard to employment mediation mechanisms For the labour market to operate well, it is essential to ensure smooth communications between those looking for jobs

and training Social cohesion Innovation and knowledge Entrepreneurism Internationalisation Green economy STRATEGIC LINE 2. Improving labour market performance 2. 1. Improving efficiency and information

3. Inclusive growth-enlarged labour market and specialisation; war against poverty; a high employment economy delivering social and territorial cohesion.

40 5. 3 An open labour market for researchers...41 5. 4 Gender equality and gender mainstreaming in research...

The main observations and findings of the analysis addressed mainly macroeconomic, fiscal and labour market issues,

and should be further expanding to achieve a critical mass of initiatives. 5. 3 An open labour market for researchers Incoming

An open labour market for researchers Action 1: Remove legal and other barriers to the application of open,

What Is the Impact of Labour market Regulation on Employment in LICS? How Does It Vary by Gender?

and colleges up-to-date in a fast-growing technological environment is a prerequisite for graduates with a good‘match'to the evolving needs of the labour market.

We intend to monitor more closely the effects of digital technologies on employment and labour markets

10 Protracted adverse labour market conditions have led youth to give up completely their job search or seek additional education.

The costs of NEET youth alienation from the European labour market shows that absorbing just 20 per cent of this population into the labour market would save nations in the European union more than EUR 21 billion a year collectively. 22 In the United states

Developing countries The labour market in the developing world is highly diverse and can range from the prevalence of selfemployment

and 23.7 per cent in North africa. 36 Labour market conditions for young people remain dire, despite advances in educational attainment over the past two decades. 37 Gender disparities are also common in this region,

young people in the middle East are likely to enter the labour market through the informal sector, and then transition to public or private jobs. 42 Formal employment in the Arab States is associated strongly with public sector jobs.

and 86.7 per cent in Ingushetia. 45 The situation of the youth labour market is in many ways different to that in Latin america and the Arab States.

ILO estimates that an average of 2. 1 million young people will be entering the labour market every year between 2011 and 2015,

and the opportunity to incorporate into the labour market marginalized groups like rural women or unemployed youth.

information on local labour markets; sector-specific training, often in collaboration with industry; language training, especially English. 6 Entrepreneurship skills and support It is recognized widely that entrepreneurship is a necessary ingredient for stimulating economic growth and employment opportunities around the world.

Bleak Labour market Prospects for Youth.""Geneva: International Labour Office, 2012. International labour organization.""Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012."

Mckinsey Center for Government, 2012. www. improvingthestudentexperience. com/library/general/Educationtoemployment. pdf OECD."Employment and Labour markets:

2012. www. oecdilibrary. org/employment/employment-and-labour markets-key-tables-from-oecd 20752342. Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 67 OECD. ICT Skills and Employment:

The problems of integrating welfare systems with active labour market policy, or linking health and long term care, illustrate just how difficult it is to reform these systems,

and the inclusiveness of the labour market in the Member States and their regions. Over the period 2007-2013 some €75 billion is being distributed to EU Member States and regions, approximately 10%of the EU's total budget.

and services and thus often face difficulties in finding solutions to their social, cultural educational, health or labour market related problems.

which the cars could be put together in work inclusion social enterprises by those excluded from the labour market.

http://www. pakte. at/attach/200606-reflection-note-inno en. pdf 87 Idem. 57 health care by e g. improving the accessibility of these services, the training of teachers and mentors, the development of curricula and the labour market

which the cars could be put together in work inclusion social enterprises by those excluded from the labour market.

matching migrant skills to the labour market, as well as those of the young unemployed. yy Investing in citizens, including protecting the most vulnerable:

and equip citizens with the skills that are in demand in the labour market. There is also a need to bridge the gender gap

and all sectors and in particular for proposals on how to develop a sectoral labour market strategy for the caring sector.

The agenda presents a set of concrete actions to step up reforms to improve flexibility and security in the labour market

which promotes a peer mentoring model to support target groups in transition from a‘closed'community (e g. prison, addiction treatment centres, military service, mental health and rehabilitation services) to the open labour market;

such as the work integration social enterprises (WISE), have a double function of providing social services to the community and of integrating low-skilled workers into the labour market.

yy supporting the development of emerging skills and jobs and related training programmes to match labour market needs (Action 6;

were unemployed, had taken time out of the labour market, and had difficulty getting conventional credit. By March 2013,4 645 microcredit loans were provided with a total budget of EUR 43 million.

and of the evolving labour market. 194 http://www. u-portal. org/u multirank/./Structured Dialogue The structured dialogue project allows young people

identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs, and new forms of participation,

As yet, very few resources have been devoted to labour market development. However, developing skills within the field of social enterprise is critical to the growth

more visible performance to the relevant audience (peers, labour market, and venture capital community; 2) higher impact of effort on performance;

The issue of labour market regulation is more contentious. Many economists argue that Europe's labour market regulations are too restrictive

and that they deter companies from reorganising the workplace. Policymakers and economists diverge however, on the link between labour regulations and productivity growth,

Despite this, many policymakers (as well as executives judging from our survey) do not see labour market reform as a priority.

policy toward private enterprise, financing conditions, the tax regime, the macroeconomic environment and labour markets. The overall index is a simple average of the five category subindexes.

and transformations in the world of work and the labour market. Overall findings from all reports may be found in the Synthesis Report published by RAND Europe,

Education is likely to become an increasingly critical national and personal asset in a globalised labour market,

& Sandford 2010). 4. 2. Uncertainties about the effects of a global education and eskills Although the globalisation of education and the diffusion of e-skills are projected often to be associated with better labour market prospects for graduates,

limited access to skilled positions by those with‘second tier'(not technologyoriented) skills could result in a loss of intellectual diversity in the labour market (Cave et al. 2009;

skills mismatch and polarisation of labour market outcomes Low Social innovation, enabled by ICTS among other factors,

unmet demand on labour market for certain skills++Medium term Need to make educational systems responsive to these developments,

and G. Moreno,"Patterns of labour market integration in Europe-a life course perspective on time policies,"Socioeconomic Review, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2007, pp. 233-260.

"Second career labour markets. Assessing challenges advancing policies..""from http://www. bertelsmann-stiftung. de/cps/rde/xbcr/SID-D9524723-CEBE39DA/bst engl/xcms bst dms 38023 38024 2. pdf. Bertot, John C, Paul T Jaeger,

including licensing, tax and labour market regulations. Market framework refers to the availability of necessary inputs

labour market interventions to improve access to talent, and projects to improve framework conditions for crossstakeholder or cross-regional collaboration between various actors.

poor links between universities and the labour market don't help. We should be giving tax incentives to start-ups.

among members about immigration or labour market issues, and on identifying avenues for consensus with external partners on the protection of personal data?

Human capital and the labour market, by Karen Chapple and Sergio Montero-Muñoz. Chapter III: The contribution of research organisations, by David Wolfe.

6 Human capital and the labour market...6 Contribution of research organisations...7 Entrepreneurship...9 SME development...

HUMAN CAPITAL AND THE LABOUR MARKET...32 Introduction...32 Policy issues...32 Assessment of the region...

127 Human capital and labour market...128 Contribution of research organisations...128 Entrepreneurship and start-ups...130 SME development...

i) the impact of human capital and the labour market on entrepreneurship and SME development; ii) the contribution of research organisations to entrepreneurship and SME development;

Human capital and the labour market The Andalusia labour market is affected by structural weaknesses High levels of unemployment,

large numbers of temporary workers and low productivity undermine the performance of Andalusia‘s labour market. Although the overreliance of the region on the construction industry and the subsequent housing bubble has contributed clearly to these problems,

Although young people have seen traditionally the public sector as the natural route to the labour market, the sharp economic downturn in Andalusia may stimulate a greater willingness to embrace self employment and other forms of entrepreneurship.

Box 1. Main policy recommendations Human capital and labour market Link training programmes more effectively with sectors in order to improve firm productivity and innovation

The reliance on the temporary growth areas of construction and tourism also point to a major problem in the labour market.

and the Labour market It is recognised now well that the set of technical, cognitive, facilitative and operational skills competencies and knowledge,

often referred to as=human capital‘play a key role in the formation of a labour market and more generally in the development of an economy.

2008) Human Capital and the Labour market Research and development Institutions: Framework and Governance Start-ups/New Firm Formation Existing Firms Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development Networks Input Factors for Framework Conditions Key Drivers of Innovation

there are four labour market-related factors most critical to entrepreneurship in all its forms:(1) higher education;(

i) human capital and labour market issues affecting entrepreneurship and SME development; ii) the contribution of research organisations to entrepreneurship and SME development;

i) human capital and the labour market; ii) contribution of research organisations; iii) entrepreneurship and new start ups;

population (thousands)( 2008) 31 143 5 562 Labour market participation rate (2008) 73.4 68.9 Employment rate (2008) 65.1 56.6 Unemployment rate (2008) 11.3

since 2008 the labour market situation has deteriorated strongly, with unemployment rising from 11%to 27.2%in early 2010(+16.2%)compared to+12.7%for Spain as a whole.

and labour market structures of the region. On the one hand construction which had been one of the main sectors driving the economy in the booming period,

HUMAN CAPITAL AND THE LABOUR MARKET Introduction Human capital development and labour market dynamics play a key role in a knowledge-based global economy.

with a particular focus on the labour market characteristics of successful regional innovation systems. It then outlines the complex landscape of education and training

Policy issues A rich literature debates the role of human capital formation and labour market dynamics in fostering entrepreneurship and innovation.

then turning to the debates about labour market preparation for entrepreneurship. A final section describes the Spanish context.

and the growth of these industries has altered fundamentally the labour market (Aoyama & Castells, 2002). In this new informational mode of development the source of productivity lies in the technology of knowledge generation, information processing,

To wrap up, the four labour market-related factors most critical to entrepreneurship appear to be: 1) higher education;

The Spanish labour market differs somewhat from that of most European countries. Immigration to Spain from Latin american and EU15 countries has increased rapidly in the last decade.

Historically, Spanish labour market regulation has been notoriously rigid; the high costs of terminating employees are in part responsible for a shift towards temporary hiring contracts,

As of June 2010, major labour market reform became provisionally effective; this will reduce the cost of permanent contracts and increase that of temporary contracts.

These reforms may force Spanish labour market regulation to begin to converge with that of its northern European neighbours.

) Assessment of the region Local labour market conditions The Andalusian labour market contains several structural weaknesses that distinguish it from the rest of the Spanish economy, namely:

The unemployment rate is closely related to the impermanence of much of the labour market: in 2007,45%of employed residents were in temporary jobs, 13.5%above the national average (Granados-Cabezas, 2010.

In addition, the changing demographic structure in the region has affected labour market dynamics. The regional workforce is aging,

and structures how regional actors think about labour markets, innovation, and training in the region. The regional innovation system separates itself from the general education

but also by fostering low-tech innovation. 10 Policy recommendations In the area of human capital and the labour market,

Fostering entrepreneurship alone does not guarantee that Andalusia can capture the benefits for its distressed labour market.

as well as to the=thickness‘of the local labour market (Gertler and Vinodrai, 2005). Second, in addition to the conduct of basic research, universities provide both formal and informal technical support,

and the flexibility of labour markets; 10. Invest more in human capital through better education and skills.

According to anecdotal evidence, the impression is that young Andalusians continue to prefer the relative labour market security of the public sector. Nevertheless,

although young people have seen traditionally the public sector as the natural route to the labour market, the sharp economic downturn in Andalusia may stimulate a greater willingness to embrace self employment and other forms of entrepreneurship.

Moreover, the focus on entrepreneurship should not be restricted to future labour market entrants. The region could promote the establishment of dedicated (re) training programmes for existing business people (in employment

and generally equipping those already in the labour market with the latest business concepts, tools and techniques.

the German government prioritised active labour market policies, including vocational educational training, employment subsidies, job creation schemes and self employment schemes targeting the registered unemployed.

the Danish labour market model often referred to as=Flexicurity‘also provides generous provision for vocational training and retraining both for those in work and the unemployed.

although its=flexicurity‘labour market model whereby employers are given flexibility over the hiring and firing of labour while employees are given generous social protection

the Scottish universities have produced generations of well-trained graduates to service the life sciences labour market: indeed Scotland produces a proportionately larger number of graduates from its universities than other parts of the UK.

i) human capital and labour market; ii) research organisations; iii) entrepreneurship and start-ups; iv) SME development.

Human capital and labour market Three key issues have emerged in the area of human capital and labour market:

Box 6. Main policy recommendations Human capital and labour market Link training programmes more effectively with sectors in order to improve firm productivity and innovation,

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