'This'offers'new'possibilities'for'public'employees'to'coqcreate'a'working'environment'that'is'compatible'with'their'work/life'balance'aspirations.'
'In'this'sense,'the'skepticism'of'single'employees'is'also'a'barrier.''For'example,'in'the'Slovak'context,'this'has'been attributed'to'the'bureaucratic'attitude'inherited'from'the'communist'regime,'characterized'by'a'strong'aversion'to'change'and'innovation.'
employees'!'preferences! in! the! use! of! ecprocurement.''''Connected'to'this,'the'support'of'managers'in'arranging'training
'The'eventual'achievement'is'the'increase'of'both'employees''ICT'skills'and,'more'importantly,'the'change'of'organizational'cultures.'
, employees! and! teleworkers.!Within! this! general! framework! telework! relationships! can! be! then! arranged! in! autonomy!
employees'!'particular! needs,!, while! also! making! clear! arrangements! with! respect! to! the! time! that! has!
'According'to'a'grassroots'dynamic,'committed'employees'generally'design'telework'projects'in'autonomy, 'then'promoting'it'to'the'top'management,
''Top'management's'decision'whether'to'consent'employees'to'telework 'or'not'is'necessary,'of'course.'
employees! for! experimental! telework! and! providing! the! necessary! support! through! top! management's! guidance.!''European) Policy) Brief)#)5)))8!
employees! through! pilot projects;!this! may! attenuate! their! perception! of! risk.''5 8! Policy! recommendations! for!
for'modifying'governance'traditions'and'employees''preferences'in'the'use'of'eqprocurement.''7. Identify'a'pivotal!
'This'implies'the'establishment'of'clear'rules,'rights'and'duties'for'employers,'employees'and'teleworkers.'
'Organizations'can'then'discuss'the'most'appropriate'solution'in'light'of'employees''particular'needs, 'while'also'making'clear'arrangements'with respect to'the'time'that'has'to'be spent'at'the'employers''premises.'
among'employees'for'the'implementation'of'telework'experiments 'and'provide'the'necessary'support'through'top'management's'guidance.!
'8. Highlight'the'diffused'benefits'achievable'for'both'managers'and'employees'through'the'experimentation! of!
social welfare benefits paid directly to the employee and social welfare contributions paid on behalf of employees. 20 2. The county and regional level characteristics of GDP and R&d 2. 2. 3 FTE headcount of researchers by county Figure 16:
Number of researchers (FTE, 2011) Source: The National Innovation Office RDI Observatory's map imaging based on HCSO data.
There are approximately 17,000 employees in Enterprise Ireland client companies across the region (Southeast Regional Competitiveness Agenda, Forfás, 2009.
A particular challenge for the region will be to address skills development needs of those employees emerging from these sectors
A realistic plan with achievable targets can provide many benefits for employers, employees and to members of the wider community.
New forms of engaging with employees, end-users or citizens, NGOS and local communities can be powerful tools for innovation,
%and Neamt (25,3%)Counties, being positioned as the second place as hierarchy, from the perspective of the total turnover, irespectively on the first place as hierarchy, from the perspective of the total number of employees from all the processing industries
The polarization among EU states is emphasized also by the fact that the retribution per employee increases more rapid than the economic development level,
We have argued in a recent study of ours that in the European union the share of R&d human resources in the total number of employees is correlated positively with the level of economic development (Lavric, 2013.
There is also another important aspect regarding the R&d human resources that consists in the fact that the retribution per employee increases more rapid than the economic development level
and execute projects. 3. Shaping the organizational culture in the direction of fostering creativity and collaboration among the employees.
financial incentives for employees to develop new ideas, job rotation of staff, multidisciplinary or cross-functional work teams,
nonfinancial incentives for employees and training employees on how to develop new ideas or creativity. 4. SMES should develop strategies that integrate R&d and innovation.
FDI and Domestic Firm Survival Rates for Firms of 20 or More Employees (Share of Firms from 2006 and 2007 Cohorts Remaining in Business as of 2010)..45 Figure 34-Institutional framework
less than 10 employees, 10-50 employees, 50-250,250-1000 and more than 1000. The West region shows the second highest share of very big firms (more than 1000 employees),
and the third highest of large ones (250-1000). In this region, 3. 18%of the firms have more than 250 employees, against 3. 41%in all Romania, 4. 72%in Bucharest, 3. 46%in the Center and only 2. 75%in the Northwest.
And these large firms account for more than 62%of total turnover. Comparable figures for Romania as a whole and for Bucharest-Ilfov are 59%and 57%,respectively (Table 10.
Second, observations with tangible fixed assets to employee and value added to employee ratios greater (smaller) than three times the standard deviation from the upper (lower) quartile in the corresponding 2-digit sector
And Shares by Size Categories in 2010 (with%change between 2008 and 2010 in parentheses)% of firms with Region Nb. of firms<10 employees 10 50 employees 50-250 employees
250-1000 employees>1000 employees All 41, 852 31.24 48.42 16.93 2. 82 0. 59(-10.4)(-0. 5)(-11.5)(-20.6)(-18.0)(-15.4) Bucharest-Ilfov 9, 894 28.93
Region<10 employees 10 50 employees 50-250 employees 250-1000 employees>1000 employees All 5. 52 12.55 22.19 27.94
and the majority of these plants located outside the Western borders (64.7%)belongs predominantly to small firms (0-9 full time employees) producing chemicals
Out of Region Plant Size of Firms Headquartered in the West Region (2010) Size(#employees) Plants Percent 0-9 168 64.7 10-49 58 23.0 50
FDI and Domestic Firm Survival Rates for Firms of 20 or More Employees (Share of Firms from 2006 and 2007 Cohorts Remaining in Business as of 2010) Source:
Large companies provide transportation for employees using company buses but this leads to increased production expenses and traffic congestion. 100.
and outside it. 53 and of their employees would make the region more attractive to potential investors.
Enterprise Ireland fully complies with Government policy on the pay of Chief executives and State Body employees and with Government guidelines on the payment of fees to Board members.
and students all over the world or to increase the degree of specialization of employees at companies'level by developing programs of E training
Both for companies and employees broadband communications are meant to reduce the importance of localizing by allowing the establishment of offices in small,
and institutions intend to purchase a broadband connection at high speed transfer, this intention belonging to small companies for a value of 16-17%and at a smaller value than 9%for big companies with more than 50 employees.
education and security (preconditions-the degree of digital alphabetization of the population-%of employees with experience in using computers
since they represent about 90%of companies with approximately 60%of employees. Regarding the integration of procurement solutions in the European context,
Legislative proposal establishing a single framework of declarations regarding the nominal amounts due the employees and the general consolidated budget (single desk Law),
53,5 Staff using internet 42,7 43,8 Companies with website 66,6 67,0 Companies using digital signature 28,0 24,4 Employees who received ICT training 13,8 17,4 Net
%Employees per sectors in Spain (quarterly average) 2012 (3t) 2011 2010 2009 2008 Total 17.320,3 18.104,6 18.456,5 18.888 20.257,6 Agriculture 720,4 760,2 793,0 786,1
The number of innovative companies (with more than 10 employees) has been experiencing a downward trend since 2004 at both regional and national levels,
There are large differences in ICT equipment and usage in companies with more than 10 employees and companies with less than 10 employees (micro-enterprises and independent contractors),
In 2012, specifically, only 68%of companies with fewer than 10 employees had compared computers with 71.6%at the national level.
In the case of companies with more than 10 employees these percentages increased to 98%.63.7%of micro-enterprises
This figure rises to 97.1%for companies with more than 10 employees. There has been significant growth in recent years of mobile Internet access in companies,
Public sector innovation is not possible in a context where employees fear for their lot and where their energies are consumed by the dull compulsion of everyday life.
when they give talented employees what they crave above all namely time to indulge their own interests a form of social innovation that is urgently needed in the public sector. 6. 3 Civil society, users and citizens The involvement of civil society,
Forinstance, in 1991,24. 2%ofmanufacturing firms initalyhadlessthan10 employees, comparedto13. 3%intheukand7. 8%ingermany (OECD, 1997.
Employees also acquire entrepreneurship skills through interactions with their co-workers, suppliers, clients and consultants on projects such as those to improve quality control methods or products.
As well as gaps in external provision of entrepreneurship training, in-house training of employees by SMES is much less common than for large firms.
enterprises with less than 50 employees provide significantly less employee training than larger firms. This is even true for countries known for their strong training cultures
nevertheless provide a significant boost to the entrepreneurship skills of SME employees. This involves SMES bringing in outside firms
These skills are also critical to innovation by employees in existing SMES. The following recommendations are offered:
OECD figures for eleven OECD countries suggest for example that high-growth enterprises account for between only 2 and 8 per cent of all enterprises with 10 or more employees,
i e. comparing innovation rates per employee not per firm (Audretsch, 1995). On the other hand, there is a strong suggestion that SMES are associated particularly with bringing forward so-called breakthrough innovations.
using and interacting occurs on the job as employees face ongoing changes that confront them with new problems
are enterprises with average annualised growth in employees greater than 20%a year over a three year period and with ten or more employees at the beginning of the observation period.
with average annualised growth in employees greater than 20%a year over a three-year period and with ten or more employees at the beginning of the period. 2. See also NESTA (2009). 3. The OECD/Eurostat Entrepreneurship
number of persons engaged/number of employees. The dataset follows the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Rev. 3 for the classification of economic activities (see Annex 2. A1.
Also, innovation surveys typically cover firms with more than 20 employees, and therefore exclude micro enterprises.
as well as in an increase of the qualifications of the employees taking part in the innovation processes of the beneficiary companies and public institutions.
The funding is concentrated heavily on R&d in small businesses and covers more than one-third of R&d in businesses with less than 50 employees,
but less than 3%of R&d in businesses with more than 500 employees. Tekes directed approximately 26%of the total funding for businesses to the smallest enterprises employing less than ten employees, approximately EUR 75 million in 2008.
An additional EUR 10-15 million was directed towards SMES through projects in large businesses, which increases the SMES'share by 5-8%.The Ministry of Employment
which has been in operation for less than six years and with less than 50 employees, and willing to seek
The first, Culture of Entrepreneurship, aims at promoting entrepreneurship among university employees and students. Projects at universities and non-university research institutes can apply for financial support in the form of a non-repayable grant over a three-year period.
Funding recipients should have less than 300 employees or capital below JPY 300 million. The majority of schemes target venture companies and SMES.
reworking employee structures, to incorporate design-led positions and integration between functional teams; and developing new branding and communication strategies.
of employees Industry Services Total Industry Services Total%%%Micro 67 447 91.0 229 204 94.1 93.3 799 84 19.6 180 850
new employees have been recruited in 76%of the projects (of these, 79%are employees with at least a master's degree in engineering);
over 90%are planning the market introduction of a new product developed in the project;
In contrast, non-labelled firms are performing better than label firms with respect to product characteristics, customer orientation, competitive position, employee satisfaction,
and cost sharing. 2. UNITED STATES SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 107 United states A. Structural indicators on enterprise population Number of enterprises, 2005 Number of employees, 2004
employing over 5. 2 million employees. The industrial value added generated in these development zones accounted for 8. 95%of the total value added of the whole country.
from least to most restrictive A. Breakdown of value added by firm size class, 2003 Size class of employees C. Administrative burdens on start-ups, 2008 Index scale of 0
AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 123 Russian Federation A. Definition of SMES Size Employees Annual turnover Micro 1-15 Up to 1. 7 million euro
. Growth in the number of employees in SMES, 2001-2007 Thousands of people D. Barriers to entrepreneurship, 2008 Index scale of 0-6 from least to most restrictive E. Administrative
compulsory social security M. Education N. Health and social work O. Other community, social and personal service activities P. Private households with employed persons (ISIC Rev
In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Number of employees, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
and F. Services includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories G h i and K. For number of employees,
good quality of infrastructure and other facilities, proximity to natural resources that are key to the production process, a better match between employers and employees or buyers and suppliers, etc.
which means that micro firms with less than ten employees may be excluded largely from this database. The value of the ORBIS database for territorial analysis rests on the possibility to rearrange firm-level data according to detailed company location.
turnover per employee; growth rates according to turnover, value added or employment; productivity growth. Profitability indicators, e g. profit margin;
turnover, employees, value added) by classification variables (economic activity, firm size and location. Such a deviation potentially generates biased economic indicators.
Across OECD countries, employees of SMES participate in formal training activities to only half the extent that staff in large firms do (OECD, 2010b, forthcoming.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 171 Vocational education and training Vocational education and training (VET) is a type of task-oriented technical education widely used to prepare future self-employed entrepreneurs and SME employees.
Traditional apprenticeship programmes aim to train skilled employees and do not explicitly train entrepreneurship skills,
Schemes such as training leaves are taken not fully up by employees. Participation in voucher-type schemes is high among employees,
but on average only 50%of the amount of finance available for training is used and there is a low participation from micro and small enterprises and from unskilled, semiskilled and older employees.
Training packages and apprenticeship schemes have been very successful in some countries as employers use the national qualification system to upgrade the skills of their workforces.
In addition, there should be transparency and clarity of objectives and information to both employers and employees and provision of standardised accreditation.
understand the roles, rights and responsibilities of individuals as employees, managers, employers, entrepreneurs, investors, customers and global citizens;
Examples are regular programmes to train new employees or potential team leaders and project management and foreign language language training (Markowitsch and Hefler, 2007).
Across the EU-15 countries, data from the Eurostat Continuing vocational training Survey show that employees in enterprises with less than 50 employees receive significantly less in-company training than employees in larger firms.
In terms of annual volume of hours spent by employees in training, the average in firms with less than 50 employees is about half that of large firms with 1 000 employees and more,
and about two-thirds of the average of all firms. In some countries a relatively high proportion of small firms with between 10 and 49 employees provide some formal training for their employees:
Denmark (48%),Finland (38%),The netherlands (36%),Sweden (51%)and the United kingdom (35), %but even here the participation rates are much smaller than for larger firms (Denmark 56%,Finland 62%,The netherlands 42%,Sweden 68%,United kingdom 52%).
%The participation rate in these countries for large firms of at least 1 000 employees is much higher (Greece 33%,Hungary 26%,Italy 52%,Poland 46%,Portugal 43%,Spain 46
The result is that employees of small and micro firms can miss out on any type of training beyond day-to-day informal learning on the job.
Such an emphasis on employee-driven learning and trial-and-error behaviour can obviously be detrimental to both the firm and the employee. 4. ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS SMES
This provides an opportunity for employees to learn from others in different companies. In addition to enhancing SMES'efficiency, innovative potential and growth prospects,
undertaken in collaborations between SME employees and external professionals or in SME employee work groups (OECD, 2006;
and work with its employees in pursuit of new or improved solutions to current needs of the firm at the same time increasing the skills, knowledge and competencies of employees in significant ways.
for example to improve work processes (such as quality control, marketing and product development) with SME employees learning from or together with their co-workers.
Working with engineers also helps routine employees to further analyse their own activities and how they can better be performed (Martinez-Fernandez, Receretnam and Sharpe, 2007).
and by employees usually classified as working in lowknowledge intensity tasks. KISAS are still a relatively unexplored area
external to the firm, provided for owners and managers of independent enterprises with 250 employees or fewer,
it tends to be seen as a local resource by both enterprises and employees. This, and the positive effects of local networks and connectivity in achieving the vitality of local economies,
increase transparency and clarity of objectives and information to employers and employees; give standardised accreditation.
and other approaches to support the integration of new employees and the development of potential team leaders;
there are 15 000 social enterprises employing 350 000 employees, serving 5 million users and with an economic turnover of EUR 10 billion.
The main conclusion to be drawn is that the social economy in Europe is very important in both human and economic terms, over 11 million paid employees,
and pay between 5%and 20%of salaries in the Palmas currency to those employees who live in the neighbourhood.
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) Non-subsidiary, independent firms which employ less than a given number of employees.
The most frequent upper limit designating an SME is 250 employees, as in the European union. However, some countries set the limit at 200 employees,
while the United states considers SMES to include firms with fewer than 500 employees. Small firms are considered generally those with fewer than 50 employees
and micro firms have at most 10 employees. Financial information on turnover or balance sheets can also be used to define SMES.
Social economy The ensemble of entities that explicitly have both an economic and a social mission.
These can include associations, cooperatives, mutual organisations, foundations and more recently social enterprises. This type of economy is regulated essentially by the stakeholder principle,
Spin-off A new firm that is created by a former employee of a company (i e. corporate spin-off) or by researchers, teachers or students of a university (i e. university spin-off.
Conversely labor market sectors which require lower skill sets have seen employee's terms and conditions become increasingly precarious (Cappelli 1993).
which is used by the administrator to manage the company information, owner information, employee information, income and other financial information about the company.
This stems from creative, innovative, entrepreneurial, productive, successful and aspiring employees who have a full belief in the vision.
& employees about health Extra investments generated outside the UK to improve services at local hospitals in the UK New forms of care delivery:
To be sure, employees are being given general purpose tools that may be and often are useful for devising new ways to perform their Work at the same time, however,
In any case, it is expected now that a modern organization will provide reasonably sophisticated information technology as part of the office equipment to which every employee is entitled.
with only about a fifth of the workforce time in large service sector firms providing data communications network links with employees'homes,
19 september 2013 1 Survey on ICT and Electronic commerce Use in Companies Year 2013 First quarter 2014 Main results-98.3%of Spanish companies with 10 or more employees
-The percentage of companies with 10 or more employees using mobile broadband rises four points,
standing at 78.3%.-91.1%of companies with 10 or more employees interact online with the Public Administrations in 2013.
or more employees due to electronic commerce reached 15.1%of the total sales in 2013, that is, 6. 7%higher than in 2012.98.3%of Spanish companies with 10 or more employees had an Internet connection in the first quarter 2014.
Moreover, the use of computers has expanded to almost the entirety of these companies (99.2%).%)In turn, 87.3%had a Local area network (LAN) installed,
In those with 250 or more employees, this percentage reached 95.7%.%Percentage over the total number of companies with 10 or more employees Number of employees TOTAL 10 to 49 50 to 249 250 or more%of companies with-Computers 99.2 99.1 99.5 99.8-Local area network
87.3 85.9 95.0 97.7-Wireless Local area network 61.9 59.5 74.2 81.1-Internet connection 98.3 98.2 99.1 99.8-Mobile telephony 95.3 94.8 97.8 99.4
38.0 37.5 39.5 47.0%of companies with an Internet connection and website (1) 75.8 73.4 87.5 95.7%of companies that provide their employees with portable devices that allow a mobile connection to the Internet for business
2 54.6%of companies issued their employees with portable devices, enabling connection to the internet for company use. 36.4%of these were laptop computers,
For companies with 250 or more employees, this figure reached 59.8%,that is, six points over that of the last year.
Evolution of ICT use in companies with more than 10 employees ICT use in companies with more than 10 employees had an uneven behaviour between the first quarter 2013 and the same period of 2014.
Evolution of the use of ICT in companies larger than 10 employees 71.6%73.6%90.4%98.5%75.8%78.3%91.1%98.1%0 25 50 75 100
or more employees with an Internet connection accessed it via a broadband solution (fixed or mobile).
or more employees and an Internet connection First Quarter 2014 Number of empoyees TOTAL 10 to 49 50 to 249 250 or more Broadband (fixed or mobile) 99.9 99.8 100.0 100.0 Fixed
or more employees via their website were company introduction (90.5%),privacy policy statement or certification related to website security (65.2%)and access to catalogues and price lists (52.8%).
%)Services available on the website Percentage over the total number of companies with 10 or more employees and an Internet connection First Quarter 2014 Company introduction 90.5 Privacy policy statement or certification
%)Use of social media by companies with 10 or more employees 36.9%of companies used any social media due to work issues.
Use of Cloud computing solutions by companies with 10 or more employees At the beginning of 2014 15%of companies used Cloud computing solutions.
%and/or it was not necessary for developing their business (45.9%).5 ICT use by Autonomous Community Companies with 10 or more employees
Cataluña Asturias, Principado de Mobile broadband Internet and website 7 E-commerce Sales via e-commerce by companies with 10 or more employees 17.8%of companies with 10 or more employees carried out
graphic arts and reproduction of recorded media (25.2%)and Retail trade (23.7%)Sales via e-commerce represented 15.1%of the total sales made by companies with 10 or more employees,
or more employees 28.5%of companies with 10 or more employees made purchases via e-commerce during the year 2013.
%)Purchases via e-commerce represented 21.7%of the total purchases of companies with 10 or more employees,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovak Republic, Sweden and United kingdom. 8 Performance of the percentage of companies with 10 or more employees that carried out electronic commerce (2008-2013) Percentages calculated over the total
and sales made via ecommerce by companies with 10 or more employees (2008-2013) Millions of euros 163,739 156,607 174,022 183,396 182,947 195,405 160,319 168,864 167,935 187,596 183,110
of the volume of purchases and of the volume of sales carried out via e-commerce by companies with 10 or more employees (2009-2013)- 4. 4%11.1%5. 4%-0. 2%6. 8%5
with 10 or more employees (2008-2013) ) 13.8%15.5%15.6%19.1%20.3%21.7%9. 6%11.5%11.5%13.7%14.0%15.1%05 10 15 20 25 2008 2009
%of the total sales ICT use in companies with fewer than 10 employees 72.3%of companies with fewer than 10 employees had computers,
Regarding communications, 76.5%of companies with fewer than 10 employees used mobile phones, compared to the 74.6%of the previous year,
%ICT infrastructures in companies with less than 10 employees Percentage over the total number of companies with less than 10 employees First Quarter 2013 First Quarter 2014%companies having:
and website/webpage (1) 29.3 28.7 (1) Percentage over the total number of companies with less than 10 employees and an Internet connection Evolution of ICT use in companies with fewer than 10 employees
ICT use also had an uneven behaviour in companies with fewer than 10 employees between the first quarter 2013 and the same period of 2014.
This study has targeted 15,043 companies with 10 or more employees, and 10,618 companies with fewer than 10 employees, located in Spain and belonging to sections C, D e f, G h i, J, L, M, N and group 95.1, according to the National Classification of Economic activities
(CNAE-2009). The sample was designed to offer results by branch of economic activity and by Autonomous Community.
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