which to live and work. They improve Europe's competitiveness, boosting growth and job creation. At the same time, research and innovation help make people's lives better by improving things like healthcare, transport and digital services.
What kind of growth path can guarantee Welfare, Wealth and Work for Europe in the long term?
Welfare, Wealth and Work for Europe WWWFOREUROPE. Supported by a €8 million contribution from the EU 7th Framework programme, WWWFOREUROPE includes 33 partners from 12 Member States.
The Commissions is investing €4. 4 million to support 12 different organisations across seven countries to identify just how well this new software works.
Due to labour hoarding the nationalized companies'productivity decreased strongly. At the end of the 1980s the structural weaknesses resulted in a serious crisis of the nationalized sector.
lack of time of the key persons who are preoccupied with day-to-day work, difficulties in adopting high technology, a lack of advanced technical know-how,
There is a lack of experienced employees as well as a lack of time in the case of the few adequately qualified persons due to routine and administrative work.
It was indicated frequently in the survey that the daily work-overload of very few persons
two are research-oriented Software Park Hagenberg (SWP) and Research and Training Centre for Labour and Technology Steyr (FAZAT).
The Research and Training Centre for Labour and Technology (FAZAT) is located in one of the old industrial areas of Austria in Steyr.
chamber of labour, chamber of commerce) and major Austrian companies. Basically, the FFF pursues a bottom-up strategy
International Institute for Labour Studies, Geneva. Saxenian, A.,1994. Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon valley and Route 128.
62 1 1. Introduction1 This report is part of the work undertaken to realise Work Package 2 within the CRIPREDE project.
The work package's main objective is to identify current regional policies fostering innovation and technology transfer as well as‘good practice'policy
Moreover, our thanks go to the member of the CRIPREDE consortium, in particular Kjell-Erik Bugge and Bill O'Gorman for their comments. 2 As outlined in the description of work of the CRIPREDE project,
Spatial R&d and innovation clusters reflect the formal institutional settings and the inherent division of labour between enterprises and institutions, in short:
Such an infrastructure includes universities, public and private R&d institutions, a sufficient supply of highly qualified labour and a generally good infrastructure of business support institutions.
In this context, the works on the creative milieu suggest that high communicators play an important role for network development at regional level.
Albeit 21 being overcritical of Florida's works, their policy framework offers valuable insight into how regions might go about fostering RTD. 13 Synthetic knowledge consists of a combination of tacit and partly codified,
Furthermore, it is characterised by a high level of interfirm cooperation, a high division of labour, relations of trust and reciprocity,
Firms are able to draw on a pool of qualified labour; they can obtain a good overview of customers'needs;
where climate and cheap labour played a triggering role); pools of specific expertise, which often is to be observed in technology dominated clusters such as the optics industry in Rochester (US) and Wetzlar (Germany), the electronics or biotech industry around Boston (US) or Aachen (Germany);
Not only price for labour is an advantage but also the quality of the workforce: The Indians are seen as ambitious and capable people who are international mobile with high qualifications.
and growth to increased cross-border flows of labour, a development associated with globalization, consisting mostly of migrants returning to India
‘The principles of projectbased learning, often with the solution of real-life technical problems as part of the students'project work, have created skills highly demanded in product development intensive firms'(Dalum et al. 1999: 184.
or bought from outside the district, often from countries with a lower level of labour costs.
As in every industrial district, the enterprise structure in Prato is characterised by an extensive division of labour.
On the one hand this means cheaper production cost due to a lower level of labour costs for Tuttlingen's producers.
%which is far below national average. 55.6%of Tuttlingen's employees work in lead and growth sectors compared to only 33.7%in overall Germany (Prognos 2006;
Individually, knowledge might be attracted to a region 64 by policies aimed at attracting highly skilled labour.
International Institute for Labour Studies, Geneva, pp. 37-51. Becattini, G. 1991: The industrial district as a creative milieu.
International Institute for Labour Studies, Geneva, pp. 10-19. Cainelli, G. and R. Zoboli (eds.:
Qualified Labour Migration and Regional Knowledge Economies. In: R. Hayter and R. Leheron (eds.:Knowledge, Territory and Industrial Space.
which leaves a gap of 6%compared to only 3%in the EU. Nevertheless, fast broadband technologies are already widespread,
The adoption of digital technologies is an important driver of labour productivity growth and needs to be strengthened.
Sebw continues the successful work of the E-business W@tch which, since January 2002, has analysed e-business developments and impacts in manufacturing, construction, financial and service sectors.
Employees with internet access at their workplace...86 3. 9 Summary and conclusions of ICT and e-business deployment...
98 4. 1. 3 ICT impact on labour productivity growth...99 4. 1. 4 Summary:
and to support the reorganisation of work processes. It appears that the availability of qualified personnel with specialised skills is limited quite in the transport and logistics sector.
Chapter 4 assesses the impact of the developments described in Chapter 3 on work processes and employment, innovation and productivity,
as part of the general standardisation activities of the Commission. 8 In parallel to the work of the Sebw,
including a briefing on current trends. 8 The 2006 ICT Standardisation Work Programme complements the Commission's"Action Plan for European Standardisation"of 2005 by dealing more in detail with ICT matters 9 see overview
Therefore, definitions have been developed by standards communities to underpin their practical work. Examples include: Business:""a series of processes, each having a clearly understood purpose,
but also from a variety of national sources, in cases where no international database or statistics from the NSIS were available (e g. for hours worked by labour type).
or variables (like the percentage of employees with internet access at their workplace) and analyse their main characteristics in terms of e-business adoption and results.
high-skilled labour is more important than either medium-or low-skilled labour for productivity increases (see Section 4. 1). To a large extent the demand comes from SMES,
which often face substantial difficulties in attracting qualified ICT and e-business professionals in competition with larger players
ICT users apply systems as tools in support of their own work, which is, in most cases, not ICT.
E-business in the transport & logistics industry 47 The delivery of e-skills training can benefit from the development of work-based training concepts
These new forms of partnerships and flexible approaches need to be much more actively promoted. 67 In a knowledge economy driven by rapid technical change, investments in high-skilled labour
it has to be pointed out that ICT investments does not lead to productivity growth at firm-level by itself (it depends on how the technology is used actually in business processes to innovate work processes and business routines with support of ICT).
This allows for the use of existing network structures and inexpensive personal computers with almost any operating system as workplace computer.
work still need to be done to achieve this end-goal. Results from the present Sebw survey show a very limited use of RFID technologies yet.
Employees with internet access at their workplace In this section we perform an advanced cluster analysis on the survey results using the percentage of employees that have internet access at their workplace as the main clustering analysis. With this type of analysis we use the clustering data analysis technique
and logistics sector companies in order to have three different clusters of similar companies based on the percentage of employees that have internet access at their workplace.
Then we try to assess statistical relationships between the different internet access and usage by employees at the work place clusters and different variables.
In the following table we have the clustering algorithm results for the variable Percentage of employees that have internet access at their workplace.
and number of cases for the percentage of employees that have internet access at their workplace Clusters Number of firms in each cluster Percentage of employees that have internet access at their workplace Percentage of firms having a LAN Percentage of firms having a WLAN
of employees that have internet access at their workplace, in the low cluster the mean of percentage of employees that have internet access at their workplace is 9,
%the medium cluster has a mean of 44%of employees that have internet access at their workplace
and the high cluster 98%of employees that have internet access at their workplace. Exhibit 3. 8-2 shows a clear correlation between the percentage of employees that have internet access at their workplace clusters
and the means of variables like percentage of firms having a LAN, A w-LAN and their on website.
Showing that the level of internet access among the employees (and the implied computer usage) is related to the LAN, WLAN and own company website adoption.
Clusters of percentage of employees that have internet access at their workplace vs. LAN and W-LAN and company website usage variables (means of percentages of firms) 9 44 98 52 48 54 71 59 19 29
with internet access at their workplace%of firms with a LAN%of firms with A w-LAN%of firms with their own website Exhibit 3. 8-3:
Clusters of percentage of employees that have internet access at their workplace vs. company size groups (percentage of companies) 32 53 54 44 35 25 20 17 20 24 43
Clusters of percentage of employees that have internet access at their workplace vs. Transport and Logistics sectors (percentage of companies) 42 26 18 25 24 22 33 50 61 0 10 20 30 40 50
Also the medium cluster registers the smaller relative percentage of firms with market share loss in the past 12 months (2%).So we can conclude that being in the medium cluster in terms of percentage of employees that have internet access at their workplace is positive
Exhibit 3. 8-6 shows that being in the medium cluster of percentage of employees that have internet access at their workplace also yields more relative probabilities of increasing the turnover (in the last financial year.
Clusters of percentage of employees that have internet access at their workplace vs. Increase or decrease in market share of companies in the last 12 months (percentage of companies) 36 60 3441 56 38 5953 8 2 76 0 10 20 30
Clusters of percentage of employees that have internet access at their workplace vs. Increase or decrease in turnover of companies in the last 12 months (percentage of companies) 42 51 42 44 53 41 5049 6 887 0 10 20 30 40
and the composition of the demand for labour. For this study, an extended Structure Conduct Performance (SCP) paradigm was used as a conceptual framework for the analysis of ICT impacts. 110 Developed by Mason (1939) and Bain (1951),
and finally the workforce composition and the demand for labour, most importantly with regard to knowledge and skills.
consequently, may influence the demand for labour and its composition. It may also further shape the relationships with suppliers and customers, for example with regard to collaboration intensity.
In particular, ICT was found to have positive effects on labour productivity and total factor productivity (Pilat, 2005.
i e. on a company's ability to innovate its work processes and business routines with support of ICT.
which are incorporated imperfectly in the traditional other factors included in productivity measurement and growth accounting, such as labour and intermediate inputs.
reducing demand for unskilled labour and increasing wage 111 TFP is a measure for disembodied technical change in a production process.
thus, the application of ICT may increase the demand and wages for skilled labour and decrease the same for unskilled labour(‘digital divide').
ICT and high-and medium-skilled labour have a positive impact on TFP growth in the transport and logistics sector.
working hours and labour quality by means of growth accounting. 2. Section 4. 1. 3 looks at the overall development of labour productivity growth in the transport and logistics
sector (from 1985-2004) and analyses the impact of ICTCAPITAL investment on labour productivity growth (in terms of gross production value per total hours worked), based on an econometrically estimated stochastic production
Spainfinlandfrancegermany Italy Netherlands United kingdom Hours Worked Labour composition ICT Capital Non ICT Capital Total factor productivity Source:
own calculations 4. 1. 3 ICT impact on labour productivity growth Labour productivity growth in the transport and logistics sector The EU KLEMS data contains consistent
Data on labour input are available in terms of labour productivity, employment, average hours worked per employee and total working hours.
Exhibit 4. 1-3 shows that pattern of labour productivity growth varies a lot across the EU member countries.
Labour productivity growth in the transport and storage sector in the EU-15,1980-2004 (annual average growth rates in%,various sub-periods) 4. 3 3. 6 2
own calculations Expectedly and in line with other research (e g. van Ark et al. 2003), we cannot detect an acceleration in labour productivity growth similar to that reported for the U s. Gordon, 2004;
) High average growth in labour productivity can virtually only be detected for Greece (with remarkably high average labour productivity growth rates between 4. 9 and 10.3),
Overall, at least up to 2004 there seems to be little convergence among the EU-15 member states regarding common labour productivity growth patterns in the transport and storage sector.
own calculations E-business in the transport & logistics industry 102 The impact of ICT on labour productivity growth Based on the secondary intermediate inputs and the two primary input factors
and labour input measured in working hours, broken down into three different types of skills),
E-business in the transport & logistics industry 103 With respect to the significance of the estimated parameter values we observe that except of the ICT capital stock and medium-skilled labour intensity,
all other parameter values in Exhibit 4. 1-6 are significantly different from zero at the 5%significance level. 116 Low-skilled labour
As Exhibit 4. 1-6 shows, based on the model coefficient values, the intermediate inputs intensity (0. 22) and the high-skilled labour intensity (0. 21) are found to be a key
components of labour productivity growth. With respect to skill levels high-skilled labour has a positive impact on productivity increases in the EU transportation sector while both,
medium-skilled and low-skilled labour does not have a significant impact. 117 Compared to the results of analogous modelling exercises that we performed for other sectors,
we found that labour skills play a more important role in influencing productivity in the transportation sector than in the steel industry,
but a less important role than in the financial intermediation sector (essentially banking and insurance industry).
In contrast, physical ICT-capital investment does not have a significant impact on labour productivity.
2000) who found a high impact of ICT capital on U s. labour productivity growth. 118 Finally,
"which cannot be measured by means of the data on ICT-investment available in the database. 116 t-values above 2 assure by a rule of thumb this 5%-signficance threshold of the test. 117 For medium-skilled labour the estimated
E-business in the transport & logistics industry 104 High-skilled labour intensity and intermediate inputs intensity are found to be key drivers for labour productivity growth (measured as gross production
SPF analysis points at intermediate inputs as key drivers of labour productivity growth. à ICT by itself is not the key driver of growth in this sector no P. 2 TFP growth
and high-and medium-skilled labour have a positive impact on TFP growth. Only high-skilled labour had a positive growth impact àindicates a skill-biased technological change with ICT-capital as its complementary factor driving growth of the transport sector.
yes) With regard to Hypothesis P. 1, there is mixed evidence On the one hand, growth accounting confirms that, on the whole, ICT-capital has played a positive role in this industry in all countries.
due to greater detailed structure on the labour inputs decomposed on skill-classes and the inclusion of intermediate inputs,
the direct positive link between ICT-capital investments and labour productivity growth is probably much weaker.
Rather, the share of high-skilled labour and the intermediate inputs intensity appear to be of higher importance.
On the other hand, tools, such as email, knowledge management systems, wikis or instant messaging, considerably improve the process of innovation in knowledgeintensive and service-oriented sectors with informal, unstructured and spontaneous type of work, such as
and includes the share of employees with an internet access at their workplace, internet connection capacity and the use of LAN, Intranet and Extranet.
Little evidence for a significant role of (and neither for significant correlation between) ICT capital in terms of boosting labour productivity growth;
Little evidence for convergence of the EU Member Countries in terms of common patterns regarding GVA and labour productivity growth.
which enabled both the decomposition of the labour input by skill class and the inclusion of intermediate inputs, revealed that the direct linkage between ICT investment
and labour productivity may actually be much weaker than the evidence from more aggregate studies suggests.
The main changes concern tasks and responsibilities of the personnel, internal work processes, and some personnel changes.
Due to these improvements in work flows and information management and the resulting improvements in cost efficiency, the system contributes to the competitiveness of AISA and leads to better customer satisfaction.
The elimination of manual processes and duplications of work has improved greatly company operations, planning and decision making.
and also it gives real-time information to the drivers, coordinating the work with the traffic chiefs.
This reflects that the way these complex systems are used actually in the daily work is more important than the mere adoption of the technology itself to achieve positive impacts.
ALSA managed to increase the labour productivity through the use of these ICT systems. The resource planning system in particular has led to a big resource optimisation and spectacular productivity increases,
in specific work areas of 200%(i e. one employee can now accomplish the work which required three employees before the system was introduced).
but one of the most important challenges has been the high resistance to changes in the organisation of work by some employees (80%of the employees don't have high school studies).
it improved their working conditions and significantly reduced manual work. For example, all selling points have been equipped with new furniture and air condition.
Before the solution deployment the sales people had to work overtime at the end of the day to count the tickets sold,
Another benefit is the reduction of manual work and the optimisation of working process which leads to a more efficient production mode of the ticket selling.
The resulting increase in process efficiency has translated into sizable labour efficiencies. ICT has contributed in increasing the competitiveness of logistics companies in significantly reducing operational costs
A confirmation message is sent each time a train arrives or leaves a terminal. A punctuality message is sent
Nevertheless, even if the technical solution works well, it is important to outline that this solution is dependent on the availability of the GPS and network.
which disables users from carrying out work for customers who have a bad credit record. 5. 9. 3 Impact The implementation of the‘Truck Business'solution required a significant change in working culture at N c. Cammack
This creates a lot of additional work. One employee is assigned to manage the supplier relationships on a full-time basis. The quality of data received from the suppliers is an important issue for Saima Avandero..
Since Saima Avandero works with a multitude of small suppliers (sometimes up to five suppliers for one single transport) it is very difficult to get them engaged to provide the requested data (either through the common system or in any other way.
Another important issue is the additional work generated by the solution. The manual work generated by the data collection from suppliers
and entry into the system is costly and time consuming. In conclusion, the impact of the solution implementation is expected not as well as
The best would probably be to deploy a solution that works independently on the different suppliers,
Thanks to the good knowledge of all their partners by Trafikanten and their habit to work with them, the project went very smoothly.
but works with different transport operators that own the vehicles. The operators are contracted by the regional PTA.
and medium-skilled labour has a positive impact on TFP growth. ICT usage and high levels of employee's skills complement each other,
Oxford Handbook of Work and Organisation, ed. Ball, R.,Tolbert, P. and Ackroyd, S.,Oxford university Press, Oxford.
and frontier The stochastic production possibility approach is not a method for directly estimating impact factors on labour productivity.
a constellation can be created that allows to draw conclusions about the contribution of single variables on labour productivity.
Gross Value Added, Labour Input and Labour Productivity in the transport and logistics sector (1980-1995,1995-2000 and 2000-2004) Gross Value Added (GVA)( 1
and work semiautonomously, will reduce the physical commitment needed from human carers. At the same time, it will prolong the independent living for the assisted people.
2008-2010 CONFIDENCE The system developed works indoors, with small and low cost changes needed in the user's environment.
and for citizens to study, work, reside and retire anywhere in the EU. Key to this strategy is the development of large 24 scale pilot projects (LSP).
services and works by the EU public sector is estimated to be almost 20%of EU GDP (2010 figures).
give advice and work bi-directionally), near-zero energy buildings and more energy-efficient transport systems.
Hospilot works in two main areas: lighting and HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning), which account for nearly 80%of all energy use in hospitals.
The project builds on existing industry standards from the ICT and the energy sectors and communication and computing capabilities which are widespread in normal houses and working environments.
and works with existing logistics. It has been designed to work for any data centre, Computing style, Monitoring and Automation frameworks
and work with the resulting rate of accidents per million miles traveled or some similar measure.
or at a teleworking center that is nearer the worker's residence than his/her usual work place.
May cause secondary impacts that counteract first impacts (substitution of work travel by not-for-work travel,
and moving further to work). E-office (internet, e-mail, portable computers, tele-servicing) Possibly reduces travel during work.
May cause increase of long distance travel because of more on the move-move working options. E-meeting (tele-and videoconferencing) Reduces travel needs to a limited extent,
The focus would be on 1) short-term effects, like travel for non-work purposes by teleworkers,
The lateral control task works by infrared sensors that measure variation in reflection of the standard markers on the road surface.
Anecdotal and real data demonstrate excessive costs for overtime, medical card payments and drugs compared with European averages.
if the IT systems better supported that work. The lack of standardised systems restricts our ability to deliver information where it's needed
and a more satisfying work environment for the staff. Such a system should ICT's Role in Healthcare Transformation Report of the Health ICT Industry Group Page 10 fully exploit the benefits of information
Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper providing directions for future work. 2 ICT innovation in Healthcare The advance of ICT technologies is leading to the design of novel electronic healthcare services that improve people's health
A comprehensive list of existing methods is presented in 7. An example of indirect method is proposed in 8. This work aims to identify hypertensive patients who do not adhere to prescribed medication using an ontology based approach.
For instance, a patient might set strict access rules regarding his health condition and his disease and leave unrestricted access to some information
This work has been done in the context of the THECS project which is supported by the Dutch national program COMMIT. 6 References 1. Guarda, P.,
and started work in Helsinki, Finland in 1985. The Institute undertakes applied research and policy analysis on structural changes affecting the developing and transitional economies,
Work is carried out by staff researchers and visiting scholars in Helsinki and through networks of collaborating scholars and institutions around the world. www. wider. unu. edu publications@wider. unu. edu UNU World Institute for Development Economics
Internal factors could be self-motivation, technical education background, work experience, and innovative ideas of entrepreneurs.
By and large, it is clear that both internal factors such as self-motivation, technical education background, work experience,
and labour would depend more on how far they have been able to satisfy their customers'needs and requirements rather than on the nature of innovations in terms of new products/processes or improved products/processes.
along with rate of growth of capital as well as that of labour, has a significant influence on the rate of growth of sales turnover of innovative SMES.
Similarly, Kg and Lg are CARG of capital and labour, respectively, during 2001/2 2005/6 and ISP is average percentage of innovated products in total sales of individual SMES during 2001/2 to 2005/6.
Since we did not find any statistically significant interaction effects of industries/sectors with the explanatory variables of labour and capital,
equally important is the increase in capital as well as labour. Thus if an innovative SME could expand the scale of production in terms of capital
and labour and achieve an increase in innovation sales, it will be able to experience a significant improvement in the growth of GVA.
Innovation and growth of SMES Internal Factor (Firm Level competence)- Self-motivation-Technical education & entrepreneurship-Work experience-Innovative ideas External Factors (Market Pressure
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