and work to coordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, The netherlands, New zealand
, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United kingdom and the United states. The Commission of the European communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation's statistics gathering
. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-general of the OECD The opinions expressed
An additional expert meeting was organised by the BIAC at OECD Headquarters in 2007 under the OECD Labour Management Programme.
Bill Pattinson (Australia) assisted the Secretariat as an outside expert consultant on background work for the chapter on monitoring
Decision support tools, such as flow sheets, were developed to guide daily work, and substantial efforts were made to foster self management.
ICTS can reduce some of the work involved in collecting patient information and getting it to where it is needed.
since labour typically represents the lion's share of dispensing costs in community pharmacies. This could improve customer satisfaction,
Claims that cost USD 5. 00 to submit in labour costs per CHAPTER 1. GENERATING VALUE FROM HEALTH ICTS 41 IMPROVING HEALTH SECTOR EFFICIENCY:
However, across most OECD countries, measuring the quality of the health care is a labour-intensive
or diverted from other work. Even with such an investment, differences in the underlying architecture of EHR systems,
OECD (2007), Improved Health System Performance through Better Care Coordination, OECD Health Working papers No. 30, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social affairs, OECD Publishing, www
Beaulieu, N d. and D. R. Horrigan (2005), Putting Smart money to Work for Quality Improvement, Health Services Research, Vol. 40, pp. 1318-1334.
The Health IT Policy Committee in the United states (Certification and Adoption Work Group meeting of 14 july 2009) 5 recently noted the issues listed below pertaining to certification of EHRS that are equally reflective of commonly-held certification concerns in other countries:
billing, scheduling, EMR, workflow, ergonomics, and clinical decision support. In Alberta, the products that were tested
Intention to adopt addresses the propensity of users to adopt these applications in their clinical work,
Indicators for International Comparisons of Health ICT Adoption and Use, Document DELSA/HEA (2008) 15/REV1, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social affairs, OECD Publishing, Paris
engaging physicians in the work of jointly pursuing primary care renewal and better care for patients in the North.
developing, and operating the underlying infrastructure that has enabled the programme to work. Central to the programme, Ib-Salut's Hospital Son Dureta in Palma, ANNEX A. COUNTRY CASE STUDIES 143 IMPROVING HEALTH SECTOR EFFICIENCY:
The work of locum GPS is demanding because of patients with a wide range of problems and needs and of the urgency of many problems.
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES OECD 2010 Annex B. Project background and methodology This report builds on activities carried out under two distinct but overlapping work streams.
Activity on work stream 1 has focused on collecting information on how OECD countries are monitoring health ICTS,
On work stream 2, the project has proceeded in several phases. First, a scoping paper was commissioned to review the strength of the available evidence on the impacts of ICTS on productivity and efficiency in the health sector.
and consider how the work could best be carried out. Given the dearth of data, the workshop concluded that implementation of case studies would be the most promising approach.
A group of OECD experts in health information technology was established to help guide the work, the development of a framework for the selection and analysis of case studies and interpretation of results.
Thirdly, the framework has been guidance to the different work packages and structuring the relation between the work packages.
The IPF has been organised in six work packages, each headed by one of the consortium members.
VINNOVA has managed coordinated and the project. Five of these work packages have focused on identifying and developing better practices to support SMES (the WP2,
WP3 and WP5), or to identify and develop better practices that will improve the effectiveness of designing,
methods and common tasks where the main results have been the common framework, the segmentation method, the meeting formats and synthesis of work package results.
and to provide recommendations for future work. It presents: -IPF as a learning platform that facilitates collaboration and learning among organisations providing innovation support services to SMES.
presenting the background, purpose, the common framework of the project and the organisation of the work.
In the appendices (only available in the web version please look at www. vinnova. se) there is a presentation of the methodological approach that has governed the work processes.
There are also more in depth presentations of the outcomes of the different work packages, with a description of experiences from the processes and recommendations, both with regard to the tools in themselves and with regard to
Thirdly, the framework has served as guidance to the different work packages, structuring the relation between them.
Finally, the common framework has been a way to structure the relation between the work packages of the IPF and the organisation of the work.
5 WP 6 Work packages Identification and analysis of good practises of policy initiatives Service Delivery System Design Scheme Transferability study Design evaluation
The IPF has been organised in six work packages, each headed by one of the consortium members.
The work has been conducted with an approach to facilitate and maximise networking and exchange of experiences,
and contribute to the work and to incorporate positive group dynamics in to the processes. All groups have worked with the challenges listed in section 3. 2 and addressed these in different ways
as illustrated in Figure 1. Five of these work packages have focused on the identification and development of better practices to support SMES (the WP2, WP3 and WP5),
methods and common tasks where the main results have been the common framework, the segmentation method, the meeting formats and the synthesis of the results of the work package.
The common framework and the segmentation method are presented in the Appendices (chapters 5. 1 and 5. 7). The results of each of the other work packages with regards to the tool
and their findings about good practices are presented in the chapters 5. 2-5. 6. 1. Work package 1 has allocated responsibilities with regard to the management of the INNO Partnering Forum Council
and included the synthesis of the project results. 2. Work package 2 included peer reviews of European agencies
and to analyse good practises of measures with the purpose to support innovation in SMES. 3. Work package 3 included twinning,
4. Work package 4 included evaluating, testing and elaborating new quality management systems that have the purpose to improve efficiency
and effectiveness of innovation agencies and programmes. 5. Work package 5 included peer reviews of good practices at innovation agencies outside of Europe. 6. Work package 6 included improving
working actively in different work packages and also used IT-tools such as Linkedin (www. linkedin. com)
or work processes that guides users on how the language should be applied when analysing and transferring good practices between different policy contexts.
The work processes have also been positive in generating new networks and broadened the existing ones between the leading agencies, both formally and informally.
This has mainly been used in Work package 2 focused on reviewing policy instruments, but also in Work package 5 and 6. A twinning method used to redesign good practices from one policy context to another policy context.
This tool has mainly been used in Work package 3, focused on transfer of good practices between policy contexts.
EFQM has been adopted to identify and assess good operational practices at innovation agencies, mainly used in Work package 4 on efficiency and effectiveness in agency operations.
Guidelines for design of service delivery systems mainly done in Work package 6 on service delivery systems.
The Conceptual Framework and the Segmentation method developed in Work package 1 can also be regarded as part of the IPFTOOL set.
With regards to the tools, the general experience is that all of them are appropriate and useful for agencies (for more extensive descriptions of the tools can be found in the Appendices (in the electronic verison) of this report) for learning
where the best results have been obtained in the work with identification and analysis of good practises.
and template driven process that works well. The questionnaires, templates and other documents that supports the peer review have been very useful,
The work package has established a model for the conduct of peer reviews. However, there are areas for improvement,
The work package has developed tools and guidelines so that other agencies can start implementing the EFQM model by themselves.
At the same time the experience of the work package is that it is beneficial to work with other agencies in the process
This requires a solid capital foundation to work from and such funds must be able to commit themselves to companies with a high growth potential.
There is a need for SMES to work with innovation management and not only in R&d and product development.
which work packages to be involved in. In this approach external experts can be included when needed. However, the ones that apply for participating in projects need to be committed to these processes.
Work with capacity building in less developed countries and regions. The remaining issues should be discussed
entrepreneurship, investment and hard work is important to foster innovation in Australia. Likewise, much will be required of our workforce,
It is also why we are instituting a number of longer-term processes looking in detail at taxation, the Federation, the financial system, competition policy, workplace relations, energy, agriculture and the development of northern Australia, among other issues,
returning our workplace relations system to the sensible centre; and helping parents stay in the workforce. 2 Labour force 3 infrastructure To meet our country's economic infrastructure needs for the 21st century,
improving incentives to work, including through the interaction of the tax and transfer systems; and improving incentives to save.
returning our workplace relations system to the sensible centre; and helping parents stay in the workforce.
Returning the workplace relations system to the sensible centre The workplace relations system has an important role in ensuring workers'rights,
The Government is committed to returning our workplace relations system to the sensible centre. Actions already taken:
Introduced the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Amendment Bill 2014 to establish a Registered Organisations Commission to better align the responsibilities of,
Introduced the Fair Work Amendment Bill 2014 to: apply good faith bargaining rules to negotiations for,
and implement a number of recommendations from the 2012 Fair Work Review. Actions to come:
The Government will further amend the Fair Work laws to ensure protected industrial action cannot be taken
The Government will task the Productivity Commission to review Australia's workplace relations framework, including the Fair Work laws.
Any recommendations accepted by the Government will be taken to the next election. TPO00007 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Industry Competitiveness xvi Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Boosting parents'participation in the workforce The Government aims to ease the labour cost pressures for employers
and the financial pressure for families when a woman takes time off work to have a child,
and to ensure that child care arrangements are affordable and appropriate. Actions already taken: Tasked the Productivity Commission to examine Childcare and Early childhood Learning.
The Government will expand the Paid Parental Leave scheme to provide eligible parents with 26 weeks of replacement wages (up to a maximum of $50, 000), plus superannuation,
to enable them to take time off work to care for their new child. TPO00007 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Industry Competitiveness Executive Summary xvii Ambition 3:
and improve market access for goods and labour. This includes: $5 billion over five years toward the Asset Recycling Initiative,
Barriers to foreign investment and skilled labour have also been reduced, allowing these to move to where the commercial returns
participate in global value chains and access imported business inputs, skilled labour and investor capital.
This means Australia will need to compete hard for sales of goods and services exports, for skilled labour, for investor capital and for a place in the world's global value chains.
and labour, including from offshore, into the resources sector. Economic reforms of the past allowed the economy to smoothly absorb the resources boom.
control, operate and monitor complex and hazardous working environments. The company specialises in simulation and visualisation technology,
which allows miners to gain valuable insight and experience in the mines they work in.
as well as for skilled labour, for investor capital and for a place in the world's supply chains.
The most recent WEF competitiveness study (2014b) pointed to restrictive labour regulations, inefficient government bureaucracy, tax rates and regulations,
To improve our workplace relations system the Government is amending the Fair Work Act 2009
and will reestablish the Australian Building and Construction Commission. To improve infrastructure, the Government is delivering an $11. 6 billion Infrastructure Growth Package,
or work practices before they spread more broadly through the economy. The competition that this elicits challenges incumbent firms to do better.
Less government activity will reduce The Reform Agenda TPO00007 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Industry Competitiveness 23 competition with private businesses for labour, land and capital.
develop and embrace new technologies or work practices, and respond profitably to economic changes. Indeed, small businesses are ideal test beds for driving innovative ideas and processes,
different work health and safety laws also add to the complexity of operating a multi-jurisdiction business.
The Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Amendment Bill 2014 was introduced into Parliament in March 2014 to broaden the types of organisations that can opt-in to the Comcare workers'compensation and work health and safety regime.
For large companies, the reduction will offset the cost of the Government's Paid Parental Leave levy.
improving incentives to work, including through the interaction of the tax and transfer systems; and improving incentives to save.
and work with the States as necessary to reduce the cost of, and improve access to,
returning our workplace relations system to the sensible centre; and boosting the workforce participation of parents.
While education is about more than just readying people for work, relevant skills acquisition must be a focus at all levels of the education and training system.
This is why the Government is committed to work with State and Territory governments and the sector to improve the whole education system from primary education to higher education
fewer than one in three Australian researchers work in industry, which is half the OECD average and less than in the United states;
The Government has established a taskforce to work with key stakeholders, including State governments, registered training organisations, industry groups and employers,
innovative work practices, new and emerging opportunities, opening export markets and emerging economies. Larger companies may apply to access the Fund,
Trialling a new, innovative pathway from education to work To help develop the next generation of Australian innovators and job-ready graduates,
-year associate degree to help young people successfully transition from education to work with the knowledge and capabilities
Workplace learning subjects including workplace visits, project-based learning and internships will be embedded in the curriculum and school timetabling.
TPO00007 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Industry Competitiveness 54 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Ongoing work programme The Government is working to address additional issues in the VET sector
We will continue to work with industry to ensure that the process of recruiting overseas workers is less cumbersome and expensive.
Returning the workplace relations system to the sensible centre Workplace relations regulation has become too rigid
The workplace relations system has an important role in ensuring workers'rights, pay and conditions are fair and appropriate.
and our workplace relations system must do the same, otherwise our businesses and workers will be left behind.
The Government is committed to returning the workplace relations system to the sensible centre. The Fair Work Act 2009 provides the legislative framework underpinning the national workplace relations system,
which covers the majority of Australian workplaces. The Government is committed to keeping the Fair Work framework,
but we want to ensure it helps build a more stable, fair and prosperous future for Australia's workforce, businesses and the economy.
To this end the Government has promised that the Productivity Commission will be asked to undertake a comprehensive review of the workplace relations framework,
including the Fair Work laws. This will include an assessment of the impact of the framework on productivity,
how it could be improved to promote more jobs, better wages and living standards, make workplaces operate better
and reduce red tape. The Commission's recommendations will inform any workplace relations policy the Government takes to the next election.
In the meantime, consistent with our pre-election commitments, we have a significant agenda we are advancing in this term of government.
yet the previous Government replaced the ABCC with Fair Work Building and Construction (FWBC), which has fewer powers and a 30 per cent smaller budget.
The new ABCC and higher penalties for unlawful conduct will again ensure work is carried out fairly, efficiently and productively.
Third, several problems are being addressed through our Fair Work Amendment Bill 2014, which aims to restore balance to the workplace relations system by:
Removing the capacity of unions to frustrate greenfields agreements bargaining through unsustainable claims and delays Negotiations for greenfields agreements (for new projects) have been exempted from the good faith bargaining rules that apply to existing workplaces.
Submissions to the 2012 Fair Work Act Review showed some unions have exploited this exemption for greenfield agreements to pursue excessive wage claims
and delay the commencement of projects, creating doubt over whether a project will proceed (Mccallum, Moore, & Edwards, 2012).
subject to appropriate safeguards, be able to have the Fair Work Commission approve the agreement. Restoring union workplace access rules
and reducing excessive right-of-entry visits by union officials The current right of entry provisions are broader than under previous workplace relations legislation.
Under the Fair Work Act, union officials with an entry permit have TPO00007 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Industry Competitiveness The Reform Agenda:
Ambition 2 59 a right to access workplaces including those that do not have any members.
The 2012 Fair Work Act Review found this has led to frequent use of entry rights by some unions.
The Review notes that during the construction phase of BHP Billiton's Worsley Alumina plant,
The Bill provides that a union is entitled to enter a workplace for discussion purposes only if it is covered by an enterprise agreement,
Further, the Bill ensures the Fair Work Commission can properly deal with excessive right of entry visits for example,
Improving workplace flexibility by enhancing the scope for employees to make individual flexibility arrangements that meet their genuine needs Under the Fair Work Act employees
and employers should be able to achieve flexibility in the workplace through individual flexibility arrangements (IFAS).
However, the Fair Work Act currently allows enterprise agreements to restrict the use of IFAS.
This means that employees covered by an enterprise agreement may be denied the opportunity for more suitable workplace arrangements
talk later'loophole in the good faith bargaining rules The Fair Work laws enable industrial action in support of claims for a new enterprise agreement before bargaining has commenced.
The Government will further amend the Fair Work legislation to ensure that protected industrial action can only happen after there have been genuine and meaningful talks between workers
and would not have a manifestly adverse impact on workplace productivity. We will also require employees
and this will be supported by the proposed Paid Parental Leave (PPL) scheme and informed by the Productivity Commission review of Childcare and Early childhood education.
The availability of paid parental leave and affordable childcare are supported strongly by international organisations to assist women's workforce participation (OECD et al, 2014;
It connects business with skilled labour, facilitates information and technology transfer, and allows greater specialisation by businesses and workers.
and job search costs, allowing workers to access more distant workplaces. These benefits are particularly important for Australia due to its geographical size
and allocated $300 million for pre-construction works in the 2014-15 Budget. The Budget also provided:
The outcomes of this work may be considered in the Developing Northern Australia and Agricultural Competitiveness White papers.
Ambition 3 65 Alongside this work, the Government has commissioned Infrastructure Australia to audit critical water, energy, communication and transport infrastructure in northern Australia and separately across the nation.
These independent audits will help to inform the approaches and work programme on water supply and use over the coming years.
The private sector delivered more than half of the engineering construction work done for the public sector in recent years,
But success ultimately required hard work, networking and knowing the market. Founder and Director, Penny Street, says‘being the first audio tour company in India didn't mean we enjoyed instant success'.The company researched the country's most visited sites
innovative work practices, new and emerging opportunities, opening export markets and emerging economies. Larger companies may apply to access the Fund,
and ensuring research training prepares researchers to work with industry and bring their ideas to market.
This is usually provided either by way of shares in the company a person works for (that is,
develop and embrace new technologies or work practices, and respond profitably to economic changes. Indeed, small businesses are ideal test beds for driving innovative ideas and processes
On the big issues for competition policy, workplace relations and taxation, the Government has committed to major reviews.
To this end, the Productivity Commission will be asked to undertake a comprehensive review of the operation and impact of Australia's workplace relations framework.
and improving incentives to work and save. Implementing the Competitiveness Agenda The Competitiveness Agenda focuses on
and best way to expand access to the Comcare workers'compensation and work health safety and laws to eligible private employers as premium payers.
Export Finance and Insurance Corporation ESS Employee Share Schemes FWBC Fair Work Building and Construction GDP Gross domestic product IFA Individual Flexibility Arrangements IIASA
and Development PIV Premium Investor visa PPL Paid Parental Leave P-TECH Pathways in Technology Early College High school Pwc Pricewaterhousecoopers QS Quacquarelli
Women, Work and the Economy: Macroeconomic Gains from Gender Equity. International monetary fund. Elms, D. K, . & Low, P. 2013).
) Conclusions on skills for improved productivity, employment growth and development, International Labour Conference. Geneva: International Labour Office.
International labour organization. 2011). ) A Skilled Workforce for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth: a G20 Training Strategy, 2011.
Towards more productive and equitable workplaces: An evaluation of the Fair Work legislation, 2012. Canberra:
Commonwealth of australia. Mckinsey Australia. 2014). ) Compete to Prosper: Improving Australia's global competitiveness. Mckinsey. Minerals Council of Australia.
distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided that you attribute the work. A summary of the licence terms is available from http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/3. 0/au/deed. en.
equitable distribution and job satisfaction provide the best starting point for increased innovative ability. Human beings constitute the most important resource in our effort to achieve an innovative and sustainable Norway.
young people and elderly people to have opportunities to contribute to innovation at their workplaces
and to organise work in a smarter way. This applies not least to the healthcare sector.
and develop it further through work experience, learning and knowledge sharing. The demand for competent personnel provides challenges for the education system.
Both work tasks and production processes are becoming increasingly complex, and therefore the need for continuous competence development and on the job training is increasing.
social responsibility and the environment to play a role throughout the work of the administrative apparatus. The Government will:
and to support the learning of the processes in the workplace. First, the material informs you of what a certain technique
After reading the content you will be in a better position to make a sound decision on the usefulness of a certain innovation tool for your purposes and your working environment.
and academics or researchers that work together on commercially and strategically important development projects that are vital to a company's future
Innovations in the working place page 7 of 271 Vision & Strategy Leadership Processes Culture Physical Work Environment The recent report for the European commission Innovation Management and the Knowledge
A study of the problems and benefits of product Innovation, The Design Counsil, 1985 Gross, Clifford M.,The right fit The power of ergonomics as a competitive strategy, Productivity Press, Portland Oregon
The staff lack of motivation The building was really small The facility was old There was a lot of paper work and bureaucracy"Innosupport:
Staff lack of motivation Building was really small Paper work and bureaucracy Cultural differences with users Opportunities:
If the product works correctly for any one test case in the range 1 to 16,383, then it will probably work for any other test case in the range.
an eye-opener in innovation work http://www. hi. is/joner/eaps/y3 16047. htm"Innosupport: Supporting Innovation in SMES"-3. 2. System and Process Analysis page 28 of 271 3. 2. System and Process Analysis Introduction As mentioned in 3. 1 system
This diagram helps to identify interrelationships of major tasks, work phases, and opportunities for improvements through the use of feedback loops at the organisation and the customer levels. 3. 2. 2. Where
this is not in our plan"it doesn't work";"2. We cannot do this without taking into account the regulations;
I'm sure it will not work; it is absolutely absurd; 4. We will not be taken seriously;
and repeating old inefficient work habits; this behavior limits individuasl, groups, and organisational performance having an impact on the company's business.
Suitable analogies can be found in different fields of work or disciplines which seem to be distant from each other.
Therefore, for the composition of a work group, experts from different fields are useful (technicians, doctors, biologists etc.
In looking for analogies from distant fields of work, solution concepts can be developed that are completely different from the original context of our problem.
Clear definition of the problem Available knowledge in different levels/expertise of different fields of knowledge (natural science, technical expertise, medicine) group work with experts from distant fields can be very useful
not all will work but some of them will lead to completely new products, services and structures. 4. 5. 2. How to proceed?
built after many years of work, it is mainly personal knowledge and difficult to be expressed with text, formulas and handbooks.
Implement a culture change policy In today's very competitive work environment many employees don't feel safe in their work position and usually‘'hide''knowledge,
pressure is intense and much of the work is routine and repetitive. In this environment, best practice working procedures are business-critical-information.
The 2 consulting companies then developed a comprehensive set of Work Instructions to communicate this information to groups of warehousemen, drivers and office staff.
The drivers'work instructions, for example, covered starting a run, delivery to the store, collecting goods from warehouses, changing trailers and ending a run.
work instructions were accompanied by Training Modules and Assessments, used by the trainers to train staff
The experience of working with the groups of trainers in Golden West demonstrates how relatively easy it is for organisations to improve their effectiveness by harnessing the knowledge held by a workforce that is often doing very routine work. 4. 6. 6. Obstacles to develop Knowledge management (The cultural challenge
publications, teaming, job rotation Lack of time and meeting places, narrow idea of productive work Establish times and places fro knowledge transfers:
talk rooms, conference reports Status and rewards go to knowledge owners Evaluate performance and provide incentives based on sharing Lack of absorptive capacity in recipients Educate employees for flexibility,
Supporting Innovation in SMES"-4. 6. Knowledge management page 76 of 271 Individual work bias Promote
and reward work in teams and communities, and show how this gives better results No time to share Capturing
Maybe that under the pressure of the daily work and stress, some firms will neglect this aspect.
awareness of the innovation importance for the company's performance, excellent work relations Proper capitalization of innovative potential of employees, adequate reward for each important innovative proposal,
and belongings at the work place Openness to learn from others Ask more questions about other people's experiences,
A quality circle is a group of persons that work in the same workshop or office,
the procedures they use, the environment they work in. Basically, the success of the quality circles is based on the feeling the employees get
Innovation is hard work. Most managers make the mistake of assuming it will just happen.
Appointment to fellow does not change an employee's work function or business unit. But, in exchange for the honour, fellows assume an ambassadorial role in the company.
of Work http://www. accenture. com Innovation and SME Programme http://www. cordis. lu/innovation-smes/home. html Case studies http://www. nap
which can then be compared easily by just looking at the points the different elements scored. 5. 2. 1. How the rating system works...
Supporting Innovation in SMES"-5. 2. Point Rating system page 96 of 271 5. 2. 1. How the rating system works The rating system works by setting a scale
At the beginning of a project, the outcome and the work that will have to be undertaken are often uncertain.
But it also works the opposite way and catalyser manufacturers often buy our components and then sell the complete unit as their own product.
whether overtime or extra shifts are necessary, and what the sequence of production will be. They monitor the production run to make sure that it stays on schedule
Because the work of many departments is related production managers work closely with heads of other departments such as sales, procurement,
For example, the production manager works with the procurement department to ensure that plant inventories are maintained at their optimal level.
and we need to be prepared to patiently work to establish the necessity of change and the magnitude of the benefits."
continuous deliveries Finished goods None Varies High Very High quality control responsibility Direct Labour Varies QC specialists Process control Production information requirements High Varies Moderate
frequent changes Frequent expending Process design around schedule Inflexible sequence dictated by technology Operations challenges Increasing labour and machine utilisation, fast response, breaking bottlenecks Balancing stages,
Little Intermediate Little High Capital versus labour/material intensive Labour Labour & material Material & labour Capital 6. 3. 3. How decisions in a production context
and long-range choices concerning raw materials, energy and labour skills. Tactical planning Tactical (medium-range) plans, with a planning horizon from six months to two years into the future, take the basic physical production capacity constraints and projected demand
the size of the work force, the amount of overtime worked, the number of shifts worked, the rate of production, the amount of inventory,
labour skills needed, nature of production planning and inventory management decision systems Operation hours pf plants, work force sizes, inventory levels, subcontracting levels, output rates,
and plan work. The engineering quality group is using information collected by the system to optimise
Labour cost (€/hour) Dependent on level of skills required and location. Equipment investment cost (€) Influenced by need for special (expensive) equipment.
COPYRIGHT Copyright is concerned with new (original) literary musical or artistic works. The creators of such works automatically acquire rights,
which mean that they can control their further use. Copyright has become particularly important because of the wide range of works that are seen now to be covered by it.
These include computer software; any drawing, map, chart or plan; photographs and films; architectural works;
sculptures; sound recordings; tv and radio broadcasts etc. Rights are related not just to the originators of the works themselves
but apply also to people performing the works. DESIGNS Designs are concerned with the appearance of a product features of e g. shape, configuration,
texture or materials not dictated by functional considerations. A design means the appearance of the whole or part of a product.
Under this system of rights, creators are assured that their works can be disseminated without fear of unauthorized copying or piracy.
Copyright notice should be placed on all published works for the following reasons: It informs the public that the work is protected by copyright
(and thereby helps to scare aware potential infringers); It prevents a party from claiming the status of"innocent infringer,
and the year of first publication (so that third parties will know who to contact to request a license to the work).
or exploit the works or creations of others with the authorisation of the author or right holder on fair and reasonable terms;
b. Protect your own works or creations and make sure you make best use of your right
Novelty implies that the details of how the invention works are secret. If such details have been disseminated publicly
or the invention used in public where people could see how it works or if an identical product or process has already been invented then the application will fail.
Copyright legislation deals with the rights of creators of original works to control their subsequent versions.
and artistic works include any drawing, map, chart or plan. The only absolute requirement is that the work is new,
i e. not copied from somewhere else and has required original intellectual effort by the author. How does one acquire copyright?
Basically the act of creating the work also creates the copyright, which then subsists in the physical expression of the work.
There is no formal registration process in most countries. However if one goes to court to sue an alleged infringer one must be able to prove ownership.
Works can therefore be dated, signed, witnessed and marked with the internationally recognised copyright symbol. Ownership normally rests with the creator
and both can hold copyright in their respective works. Obtaining Protection Copyright protection is automatic
Once a work is created copyright subsists in it. It is important however that the originator be able to show subsequently
when the work and the consequential copyright were created. One way of doing this is deposit a copy of the work with a bank or"Innosupport:
Supporting Innovation in SMES"-7. 1. Intellectual Property Protection tools page 154 of 271 solicitor in such a way as the date and time of the deposit are recorded.
Alternatively one may send a copy of the work to oneself by registered post (which gives a clear date stamp on the envelope),
thus establishing that the work existed at this Claiming Protection It is essential that it is clear that copyright is claimed in a work.
One should mark the work clearly to show who the copyright owner is and the date from which the copyright is claimed.
First or subsequent copyright owners can choose to license others to use their works whilst retaining ownership themselves.
Using Material already covered by Copyright Your work may be a development of the works of others.
A performing rights society is a collective that deals with musical works collecting royalties on behalf of composers, lyricists, songwriters and music publishers for the public performance or broadcasting of their music.
Almost any form of unauthorised copying of a work will constitute infringement. The law does
Only the owner of copyright is allowed automatically to reproduce the work in question or to permit anyone else to do so.
These related rights grew up around copyrighted works. They provide similar, although often more limited rights and of shorter duration.
research and hard work of Mrs. Anna Grindi, founder of the company. In 1997, using only raw natural materials,
through an international treaty mechanism such as the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.
if you are a national or resident of a country party to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works or member of the World trade organization (WTO) bound by the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement,
or if you have published your work for the first time or at least simultaneously in one of the above countries,
and to make provisions for when the employee leaves your business. They can be used to:
Academic and research institutions are known also for filing patent applications to achieve recognition of their research work.
or. kr/webeng/work/ksem/st/wr ksem st mn df. jsp-This site provides an overview of the Stock market 8. 1. 6. Business Angels Business Angels are wealthy private individuals
and atmospherics (creating the right impression through the working environment). Public relations is included within Promotion by many marketing people
Enhancing the learning environment within the workplace is a key element in the facilitation and management of innovation. 9. 2. 1
and working environment creative thinking may emerge. 9. 2. 3. Why Media Based Training? Each approach to learning has advantages and disadvantages.
Way too much white space leaves the eye nothing to go by. Hicks and Company (www. hicks. co. uk) A one-page encyclopaedia of what not to do:
Very clean site with clearly arranged information, leaves you with a feeling of trust. Needs to bring more information forward to home page
Introduction page 210 of 271 A training needs assessment (analysing the current work situation) usually is the starting point of any demand-oriented training management.
problems and requirements of the work situation are collected, making goal-oriented training measures possible. On the basis of needs assessment, training objectives are to be defined (preferably together.
as well as the use of new learning technologies A central position within the training process holds the transfer and the implementation of the acquired knowledge into the work situation,
the applicability of training results to the work place represents a main factor of successful training.
and their solutions that crop up during the work are entered by the employees. If there is a problem during their daily work they then can access the Market place of experience
Furthermore, labour conditions have to be organised in such a way that the employees become motivated. http://www. hrtoday. ch/Artikel detail de. cfm?
& Work that specifically addressed the issue of analysing training needs in business. The starting point being a review of how your business functions as an organisation
It must always be supported by the analysis of work processes and be oriented to the implementation of your company's business strategy.
& Work is a Leonardo project that specifically addressed the issue of analysing training needs in business. www. citeforma. pt/html/pub/lw/lw. htm Rockwell Automation PLC provides a case study of an TNA
and Local authorities, where the departments work as SMES. The site also provides some case studies: http://www. cicsc. org. uk/tvcbec. htm training reference. co. uk provides an overview of some of training providers that offer a TNA services relevant to business:
This includes a work environment striving to meet the needs of all employees. Why and where creating a company culture for continuous innovation is applied?
If someone has trouble understanding how individual innovators can work together to make a company itself work consider the elegant analogy below.
and participate fully are motivated both by job satisfaction and by financial reward have shared a vision that facilitates decision
Innovation networks page 234 of 271 The implementation of the following points is a basic requirement for successful work in innovation networks.
Strategy implementation Innovative yields of the joint work of the innovation teams, such as pilot plants or innovative approaches to market positioning are tested in pilot phases as to their marketing capability.
Learning in the workplace and in-house is very useful. In practice though, if a course is organised in the company,
or leave during the course due to work commitments (Mrs Y, there is a phone call for you).
learning in the work place has increasingly to take into account the cultural diversity of its workforce,
then it is important that you know to what extend this will influence the way that they work,
cheapest still works but more and more customers are asking how products are produced, if production exploits resources and people in a not acceptable way.
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