This pressure to go for global innovation is enhanced by given socio-demographic factors, e g. shortage of skilled labour, in many industrialized countries.
and Labour Affairs in Hamburg and co-financed by the European union (EU). The findings of this survey are matched here against perceived opportunities
16 3. 3. 1 Shortage of Skilled Labour...16 3. 3. 2 Financial Problems and State Support...
19 4. 1. 1 Quantitative Availability of Skilled Labour...19 4. 1. 2 Reducing Bottlenecks in Product Pipeline...
20 4. 2. 1 Cheaper Costs for (Skilled) Labour...21 4. 2. 2 State-induced Incentives...
This pressure to go for global innovation is enhanced by given sociodemographic factors, e g. shortage of skilled labour, in many industrialized countries.
and Labour Affairs in Hamburg and co-financed by the European union (EU The findings of this survey are matched here against perceived opportunities
This paper unless specified otherwise works with the EC definition primarily since this definition has been adopted by most of the member countries of the EU including Germany thereby building the basis for most public policies
In Germany as well as in many other EU member countries SMES usually operate under high overhead costs, such as labour costs,
and Eastern europe. 1 Ifm Bonn works with a definition of SMES that differs from the official definition. 2 Definition criteria such as annual turn over
) According to the specifications of the State Ministry of Economic and Labour Affairs (Behörde für Wirtschaft und Arbeit) in Hamburg,
Abandonment of Innovation Projects owing to Financial Constraints 3. 2. 1. 2 Availability of Skilled Labour Another major hurdle faced by the survey respondents related to the difficulty in finding suitable
However, experienced skilled labour was generally difficult to find. 71%71%21%36%14%7%29%14%0%20%40%60%80%Diploma-holders Engineers
Managers Others With work experience Freshers n=33 Figure 6: Lack of Qualified Human resources as Barrier to Innovation BARRIERS TO INNOVATION IN SMES:
since both Germany and its Hamburg region endure substantial unemployment with an unemployment rate of nearly 9%.At the same time the industry is unable to fill vacant positions with skilled labour.
the desire to reduce costs by getting access to cheaper labour. Supposedly unfavourable regulatory conditions at home also did not play any worthwhile role in the decision to go international. 3. 2. 3. 2 Challenges of International Innovation The desire to engage in international innovation activities
In the following we describe the two most important aspects of this new research. 3. 3. 1 Shortage of Skilled Labour Firms not only in Germany
but in many other Western countries are faced with scarcity of skilled labour owing primarily to two reasons:
2004) b) Lack of student interest in engineering and natural sciences (see IWD (2007)) In Germany alone firms are facing a severe crunch of skilled labour,
According to some preliminary calculations the shortage of skilled (technical) labour, primarily of engineers and scientists, is leading to a loss of over 20 billion euros a year in the form of unrealized business opportunities.
recruiting skilled technical labour is increasingly becoming a grave problem (DIHK, 2007). Firms are reporting vacancy periods of 3 to 6 months to fill an engineer vacancy;
while the official labour mediation agency Bundesagentur für Arbeit confirms this trend (Dunkel & Kühnlenz, 2007;
SMES are more prone to suffer from the shortage of skilled labour than large firms,
fast-growing markets such as China and India, may offer tremendous opportunities, e g. in the form of vast pools of qualified human resources in science and technology, cheaper labour costs and access to new, fast
2006), suggest that seeking access to know-how (e g. in the form of skilled labour) is one of the most important drivers of global innovation.
4. 1. 1 Quantitative Availability of Skilled Labour The demographically disadvantageous factor of an aging population in many Western countries, including Germany,
With 14 million young university graduates (with seven years or less of work experience) India's talent pool is estimated to be the largest worldwide, overlapping Chinese talent pool by 50%and that of the USA by 100
Google Inc. cited troubles in obtaining work visas for its prospective employees as a reason to set up its first engineering research and development centre outside the US in Bangalore in India (The Hindu,
2003). 4. 1. 2 Reducing Bottlenecks in Product Pipeline Global innovation activities may ensure that work can be carried out simultaneously from multiple locations and on multiple projects, if needed.
in addition to access to skilled labour, may also contribute to reducing costs of innovation. 4. 2. 1 Cheaper Costs for (Skilled) Labour Global activities,
The labour costs are however going up, see section 5. 2. 4. 2. 2 State-induced Incentives There may be induced lucrative state incentives to indulge in R&d activities abroad if the host country offers significant financial support, e g. in the form of tax
Even China and India are reportedly experiencing shortage of skilled labour with international knowledge standards;
wages of highly skilled labour in India reportedly grow by 10 to 15%and above per annum on average;
) Wage costs for semiskilled or unskilled labour, however, remain significantly lower than in Western, industrialized nations. 5. 3 Protection of Intellectual Property rights (IPRS) The protection of IPRS remains a concern,
For instance, Hirschfeld (2005) reports several incidences of intercultural nuisances in Indo-German software development work.
Fabian and Schmidli (2005) report similar problems in Sino-Swiss projects. 5. 7 Acceptance Issues The parent unit (headquarters) tend to interfere in the innovation work being carried out at the foreign location,
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Management of Globally Distributed work, Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, pp. 451-465.
do supported government national, regional and local technology diffusion programmes work? To what extent are adapted such programmes to the specific needs and characteristics of SMES?
and interaction of the organizational members while they carry out their work and goals. Innovation is considered as every day issue for members of organizations in defining their problems,
Wierdsma,(2004) and Yuan and Woodman (2010) state that innovation is seen as rising trend in day to day work of organizational members
Docherty, P.,Kira, M. ans Shani (Rami) A b s. Creating sustainable work systems. Developing social sustainability.
Innovative behavior in the workplace: The role of performance and image outcome expectations. Academy ofmanagement Journal.
with the aim of strengthening integration and synchronization of national research programmes contributing to the achievement of a European Research Area 6. Work Programme 7 Links:
EN HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014 2015 7. Innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises Revised This Work Programme was adopted on 10 december 2013.
European commission Decision C (2015) 2453 of 17 april 2015) HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 2 of 37
35 HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 3 of 37 11.
35 HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 4 of 37 Introduction Exiting the economic crisis
While certain Work Programme parts and areas have been identified explicitly as participating in the Pilot on Open Research Data
and areas can choose to participate in the Pilot on a voluntary basis. The use of a Data Management 1 http://ec. europa. eu/regional policy/indexes/in your country en. cfm HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME
Mainstreaming SME support especially through a dedicated instrument SME participation is encouraged throughout this work programme and in particular in the priorities Industrial Leadership and Societal Challenges.
The specific challenges of the topics which make use of the dedicated SME instrument are described in the respective parts of the work programme.
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 6 of 37 SME-SPACE-1-2014/2015 SME instrument 8 50
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 7 of 37 Scope:
and services as well as access to the financial facilities supported under Access to Risk Finance of this work programme. 5 For topic PHC-12-2014/2015,
demographic change and wellbeing work programme part. 6 The commercialisation plan must demonstrate a credible path to the market also demonstrating the capacities to go from development to the production phase.
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 8 of 37 Successful beneficiaries will be offered coaching
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 9 of 37 CONDITIONS FOR THIS COMMON CALL Opening dates7:
The conditions are described in parts B and C of the General Annexes to the work programme, with the following exceptions:
and threshold are described in part H of the General Annexes to the work programme, with the following exceptions:
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 10 of 37 Evaluation procedure:
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 11 of 37 Call-Enhancing SME innovation capacity by providing better innovation
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 12 of 37 Scope:
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 13 of 37 Stimulate the creation of new globally competitive industrial value chains across the EU
http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/industrial-competitiveness/industrial-policy/intellectual-property-rights/index en. htm HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015
2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 15 of 37 Type of action:
http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/industrial-competitiveness/industrial-policy/intellectual-property-rights/index en. htm HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015
and SMES and have proven to be a successful instrument to support the spin-in of technology and HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 17 of 37 knowledge
Coordination and support action 14 See for example http://www. innovation. lv/ino2/publications/Riga declaration. pdf HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES
WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 19 of 37 A broad range of new topics
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 20 of 37 develop
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 21 of 37 resource optimisation or networking (Vanhaverbeke et al.
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 22 of 37 Open innovation will allow SMES to sidestep the commoditisation pressure
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 23 of 37-Organisation of coaching meetings to share best practice examples among coaches,
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 24 of 37 CONDITIONS FOR THIS CALL Opening dates18:
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 25 of 37 Eligibility and admissibility conditions:
The conditions are described in parts B and C of the General Annexes to the work programme, with the following exceptions:
and threshold are described in part H of the General Annexes to the work programme, with the following exceptions:
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 26 of 37-ambition of acceptance of the private foreign service providers.
Professionalisation of open innovation management in SMES HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 27 of 37 Other actions
suitable coaches and support their work that would address the recognised barriers to growth on the basis of a jointly agreed‘coaching plan'.
In each consortium, Network partners willing to HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 28 of 37 participate in this action have to demonstrate that relevant
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 29 of 37 Type of action:
First, by providing a capacity building environment for the innovation advisors (staff of Enterprise Europe Network) that work in regions with a weakly developed consulting base and no own assessment and consulting tools;
'HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 30 of 37 To cover specific costs of operation,
win everywhere, Harvard Business Review Press HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 31 of 37 innovation.
Development of support material for the intermediary organisations, including business associations, for their work with the SMES as well as training material for SMES.
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 32 of 37 Type of action:
ii) for the work with SME and (iii) during the design of new SME innovation support actions.
EUR 2. 20 million from the 2015 budget HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 33 of 37 6
EUR 0. 35 million from the 2014 budget 7-Support to Advisory Group Innovation in SMES 22 This action will support the work of the Advisory Group Innovation in SMES.
The Group has been set up to provide stakeholder input on the overall Horizon 2020 scientific and technological strategy, with respect to maximising the SME relevance and impact of the various work programmes and activities.
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 34 of 37 Indicative budget:
The work of the expert group will be essential to get a better overview of the investment-readiness landscape in Europe,
This action is linked to an investment readiness measure (Call H2020-BIR-2014 in the Access to Risk Finance Work Programme
I. HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 35 of 37 10-Eureka Annual Membership Fee This action will support coordination
Euratom) No 966/2012 of the European parliament and of the Council of 25 october 2012 HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 36 of 37
budgets of the common call of the SME instrument is provided in the introduction of this work programme part
and in the budget tables of the individual work programme parts. 27 The budget figures given in this table are rounded to two decimal places. 28 The budget figures given in this table are rounded to two decimal places.
HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 37 of 37 Estimated total budget 36
17 40.03 Contribution to Horizontal activities (08.020500) 2014 Budget EUR million29 2015budget EUR million Dissemination activities (see Part 17 of the work programme) 0
. 06 of which half from 02.040203 and half from 08.020203 0. 06 of which 0. 03 from 02.040203 and 0. 03 from 08.020203 Corporate communication (see Part 17 of the work programme) 0. 03
The Commission of the European communities takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the OECD Convention.
Promouvoir l'entreprenariat et les PME innovantes dans une économie mondialisée OECD 2004 Permission to reproduce a portion of this work for noncommercial purposes
and sets out some policy messages and recommendations that have emerged from preparatory work in the OECD Working Party for SMES and Entrepreneurship.
and ways to encourage 1. This work is an important part of the follow-up to the OECD Growth Project (The New Economy:
The main messages emerging from the preparatory work for the conference incorporated in a series of background reports,
to permit policy-relevant empirical analytical work to be carried out. The issues that are involved are considered further below.
Family-friendly policies, notably as regards child care, parental leave arrangements and other child-related financial support
and SMES looking for risk Key policy recommendations Increase the ability of women to participate in the labour force by ensuring the availability of affordable child care and equal treatment in the workplace.
and sufficiently healthy and flexibly skilled labour. SME development strategy must be integrated into the broader national PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY OECD 2004 33 development and poverty reduction strategy of transition and developing countries.
A recurrent theme in the work summarised here is need the for systematic assessment and review of SME policies and programmes.
of Culture, Media and Sport and agencies 332 Department of education and Skills and agencies 138 Regional Development Agencies 274 Department of Work and Pensions 71 Local authorities 300 Tax
A second recurrent theme in the preparatory work for the Istanbul Conference has been the poor empirical basis for informed policy making in the area of SMES and entrepreneurship.
Nonmember economies should be involved in this work where possible. Develop an integrated business statistical register. This requires that countries introduce a single identification number for enterprises,
at least in certain industries (see the series of works by Acs and Audretsch, 1988,1990. But at the same time, innovation in small and medium enterprises exhibits some peculiar features that most traditional indicators of innovation activity would not capture,
they were very similar in the sections used in this work. All firms with more than 500 employees were included,
however, in that firms that work closely with only a few customers begin to depend mainly on their own internal 11 resources for ideas rather than seek new information from the outside.
In addition, by taking over the front-end skilled design work, GF's customers have need no to retain these expensive skills in-house for occasional use
Figure 3. 3 shows the focus of academic work in the field of innovation models over the last thirteen years.
much of the work is so sector specific, the value is limited. Indeed, apart from some relevant research in Finland and Holland (de Jong et al.
and New Service Development An extensive and well understood corpus of work exists on product innovation.
The most recognized work is associated with Robert Cooper and co-workers, and is known generally as the stage-gate process (Cooper, 1994).
It is not clear whether it works well for service innovation, which, as we shall see,
I trust the people I work with; I find it easy to be open and honest with people from other departments Risk The degree to which the organization,
In addition, the firm should also look for new hires that have diverse work experiences, education, demographics, knowledge,
As a result, national customers usually have to work with many centers and fail to get the desired quality
, how the work was recorded, rather than specifically as an aid to subsequent remote, future projects.
Highlights For SMES in the OECD, economic globalisation has created new competitors, especially in low labour cost countries,
One of the most important implications of globalisation is that the comparative advantage of OECD nations is shifting away from traditional factors of production, such as land, labour and capital, towards knowledge-based economic activities.
and other production costs sufficiently to compete with the low-cost foreign producers,(3) substitute equipment and technology for labour to increase productivity,
Substituting capital and technology for labour, along with shifting production to lower-cost locations has resulted in waves of corporate downsizing throughout Europe and North america.
rarely work with other companies; have no development activities; and rarely bring new products on the market.
But knowledge as an input is inherently different than the more traditional inputs of labour,
WK1 12 expected value of that knowledge, he has no reason to leave. On the other hand, if he places a greater value on his ideas than does his original firm,
which leaves it vulnerable to competition from more technologically advanced companies. Customers eventually reward technological leaders that can provide them with unanticipated product innovations and improvements.
It is not simply the concentration of skilled labour, suppliers and information that distinguish the region.
But doing so requires skilled labour, and high investments in human capital. -Continual innovation. Both the nature of the products,
In these specialised industrial districts an agglomeration of producers within an industry work in close physical proximity.
The narrow division of labour common to large enterprises has been replaced by an organisational structure in which employees perform a wide variety of different tasks. 15 Porter (1990) provides examples of Italian ceramics and gold jewelry as industries in
These firms generally favoured decentralised manufacturing locations in close proximity to other firms within the network in an effort to preserve small effective work groups. 55.
Globalisation has shifted clearly the comparative advantage of OECD countries away from traditional inputs of production land, labour, capital and toward knowledge.
These firms perform some development and design work, often have an absorptive capacity that recognises
The work adds to the theory of the firm, as it presents a new way of evaluating firm performance.
which I am sure will be helpful in my future research work. Thomas Hedner, my dear friend and colleague at Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, has been very instrumental in both introducing
and enlightening me as the work progressed. His input into the thesis and our general discussions during the journeys between Gothenburg and Linköping have added a lot to my understanding of research conduct and best practices of scientific inquiry.
I sincerely wish to thank, also, Joakim Wincent from Luleå University of Technology, for his deep insight into and criticism of my work,
I present this work in her memory. Adli Abouzeedan Gothenburg June 15, 2011 11 Table of contents 1. Introduction 13 Why study small firms?
however, it is used also in this work in order to align the research text with existing practices. Furthermore, the models do not present performance in a dynamic way,
The quantitative parameters of interest to this work are: sales, turn over, intake, and absorption of new technologies indicated by investments in these technologies and total costs of production.
17 The focus of this work is to discuss SME performance evaluation while accounting for the impact of innovation on firm efficiency in relation to both the firm's internal and external environments.
This work attempts to alert scholars working with firm performance research that a better approach is needed.
An objective of the work is to correlate organization theory (Scott 2003) to the theory of the firm by considering the impact of networking on SME performance
and growth of small firms. 18 It is important to emphasize that this work aims to communicate its message to two types of individuals.
I feel that it is essential to explain how this work has developed, because the journey was far from conventional.
Based on that work, the university awarded me, in accordance with its standards, a Phd degree.
Researchers have done a lot of work in relation to performance within the finance discipline but their work is related not directly to the way
I tried to build the SIV model. Modern finance theory assumes a perfect market (Simkowitz 1972.
SMES often work as suppliers to larger corporations, and as thus transaction costs are highly relevant to their situation.
That necessitated a discussion of the axiological and epistemological aspects of the research performed in this thesis. The initial work to build the desired model (Abouzeedan 2001) applied a textual/statistical analysis method to existing basic information from a Swedish database (Affärsdata
Developing this work made it clear to me that there is already a lot of gained experience in the area of building performance models of SMES,
Combining a firm-perspective with a societal perspective This discussion should also clarify why the reader will see works in this thesis that are focused more on the firm-perspective (paper 1, 2,
I also reflect on some possible future research extensions to this work. 28 As a closing note to this introductory chapter,
. Although such a task was pursued not in this work, it is believed that the foundation for it is laid already.
In that work, Klofsten (1992b) described a couple of models that he thought would give the widest possible understanding of the firm performance concept.
Besides the four major challenges, there are other challenges of less significance to my work. The issue of innovation must be considered
Klofsten's (1992b) work focuses on the earlier stages of firm life. He distinguished between two groups of firm models:
Allee (1999, p. 126) defined structural capital as, Systems and work process that leverage competitiveness.
The bureaucratic theory is limited actually a contribution to a much more encompassing work of analysis of the German writer to Western civilization as a whole.
who based his works on analyzed data collected by Roethlisberger and Dickson (1939). Social psychologists such as Likert (1961) and Katz et al.
Marxists argue that organizational structures are not rational systems for performing work in the most efficient manner;
The combination of rationality and openness in organizational systems is made clear in James D. Thompson's (1967) work.
Earlier works on the competitive advantage of organization emphasized tangible resources, such financial capital and location (Scott 2003.
This school of thinking is based to a great extent on the work of scholars at the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, in England.
Early work in this field recognized the extent to which organizations were shaped by political and legal frameworks, the rules governing market behavior,
One new work in this area is the Actor-Networks Theory (ANT. The theory advises us to look at events, actions,
Some small firm failure prediction researchers recommend that future work should broaden the scope of small firm performance predictors to include additional nonfinancial variables (Peel and Peel 1987.
Table 5-1). The first three quantitative parameters of interest to this work are the turnover (or sales), production costs, and profit margins.
It leaves the statistical refining work to be performed when analyzing variations of the model in specific contexts of sector and locality.
(which requires further verification in more empirical work). If one considers a 45 degree slope to be the lower limit for an SPI indicator pointing to higher growth rates
and a lot of empirical work is required to determine a more accurate location for these borders. Furthermore, the borders of the transitional area depend on the nature of the sector in
the most relevant difference between the two companies is that one of them works in a classical economic activity (fishery),
while the other works in healthcare technology. It is possible to generalize these two case studies to assess the ability of the SIV model to address the stated challenges that face SME performance models.
The existing work handled the issue from various other aspects, such as business strategy and management practices.
The paper originated as a single-authored work, wherein I tried to establish a strategic approach for the usage of SME performance models.
The diagram guides the researchers into possible future performance models development work. The ASPEM diagram is flexible and practical.
The first is a short work published in 2001, in which we presented the concept of the SIV model (Abouzeedan 2001).
This paper presents the first published empirical work, excepting the working paper of 2001 (Abouzeedan 2001), in
Summary of paper 3 The original work upon which paper 3 was based proposed a new parameter of the SIV model (Abouzeedan 2001, Abouzeedan and Busler 2002) the Survival Index (SI.
That is why it is important to run a prediction power test before performing the analysis. The case study presented in this work indicated the analytical power of the new model,
That led me to write the first version of this work. The first draft of this effort started as working paper,
Summary of paper 4 This work introduced a new type of capital innovation capital. In the paper, we argued that innovation capital can be used as an indicator for the degree of richness of the entrepreneurial environment in a region,
The paper is a good example of a policy-oriented work, and was published in a special volume entitled Science, Technology and Sustainability in the middle East and North africa.
The volume included works from various scholars who are interested in issues of economic development in that region.
The firm works to adapt personal cars for the usage of handicapped people both as drivers and as passengers.
The policy discussion in paper 6 provided a good of example of how policy profiling profits from empirical work.
The policy discussion in paper 6 gave a good example of how policy profiling profits from empirical work.
The work achieved in this thesis contributes to firm theory (Cyert and Hedrick 1972, Moss 1984, Amess 2002, Jacobides and Winter 2007, Ricketts 2003),
Also, the work contributes to the literature's correlation of organization theory (Scott 2003) to the theory of the firm by emphasizing the impact of networking on SME performance.
The published works tend to avoid such discussion by focusing on alternative topics, such as business strategy models (Rasheed 2009, Cheng 2009, Steffens et al. 2009, Butler et al. 2001, Sonfield
Open capital should be integrated as a fourth component of innovation capital in any future work using the IBAM tool.
Policy-makers and governmental agencies that promote SMES can use the tools of analysis developed in this work,
A framework for empirical work. The Review of Economic Studies 62 (1), 53 82. Ettlie, J. E.,Bridges, W. and O'Keefe, R. D. 1984.
How open source software works: Free user-touser assistance. Research Policy 32 (6), 923 943. Laven, F. 2008.
An empirical taxonomy of structures of work organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly 14 (1), 115 126.
An examination of the psychological situation and defenses of a work group in relation to the social structure and technological context of the work system.
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