She is a member of the Committee on Sociology of Work of the International Sociological Association, the Executive council of the Society for the Advancement of Socioeconomics,
as well as co-chair of the"social times and working times"committee of the Association internationale des sociologues de langue française.
Also Co-chair of the Bell canada Research Chair on Technology and work organization professeur associé with Ecole nationale d'administration publique and UQAM, she has published many articles and books on employment and types of employment, job training, innovation in the workplace and work organization,
as well as the articulation between work and family life. See websites for details: www. teluq. uquebec. ca/chaireecosavoir www. teluq. uquebec. ca/chairebell www. teluq. uquebec. ca/interventionseconomiques www. teluq. uquebec. ca/chaireecosavoir
/cvdgt/e-mail: dgtrembl@teluq. uquebec. ca Note: This article has been adapted from a chapter of the book entitled Innovation socioterritoriale et reconversion économique:
founding analyses It must first be specified that the works by classical analysts of society and its evolution did not focus much on the notion of innovation.
Although Schumpeter's works have made it possible to isolate the role of the entrepreneur as a key agent of change in economic organizations,
the link must be made between Schumpeter and Veblen's works. Veblen and the role of technology Veblen makes an important contribution to the economic analysis of innovation,
Schumpeter and Veblen's works constitute important background for the development of an analysis which embeds innovation in society.
However, it was the evolutionary economists who completed their work by proposing a global vision of innovation.
Vernon's works show that there are five phases to a product initiated through innovation: novelty, growth, maturity, standardization and decline.
and authors who have drawn on their work. Thus, writings by Chambon, David and Deverey (1982) on social innovation, by Flichy (1995) on technical innovation or those by Alter (2000) on regular innovation reflect the emergence of a new approach to innovation.
The renewal of the concept of innovation is also related to the rediscovery of the works by Polanyi (1944
Construction of social innovation networks In the tradition of Mead's interactionalist perspective of sociology (1934), the works by Lazarsfeld et al.
Socially innovative action pertains to the field of strategy since it works on the action system of an organization or a community.
http://www. inno-group. com/)The contents of this work reflect the views of the author (s)
and to report back on‘what works'.'This report, which focuses on Innovation capacity of SMES,
is the fruit of their work. It showcases a selection of tried-and-tested policies and practices in innovation capacity of SMES that have been shared through the INTERREG IVC programme,
or a new organisational method in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations. Innovation, thus defined, is clearly a much broader notion than R&d
inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. IP is divided into two categories:
which includes literary and artistic works and is not relevant for the present report. 1 Ministerial report on the OECD Innovation Strategy, May 2010 2 EU recommendation 2003/361 3 DOD Financial Management
and public loans ERIK ACTION30 27 INNOSUP-4-2014 within the‘Innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises'Work Programme 28 GP described in the MINI-EUROPE Good
and the invoice is sent directly to NORT with a short report on the work done.
maintain and sustain members'relationships in distributed work environments). The VE/VO was tested particularly in the field of technological innovation and technology transfer,
o Grant for the labour costs of the innovation assistant; o Mandatory training of the innovation assistant by a specially designed postgraduate training programme established at the Donau University Krems;
and/or methods in their work. o Development of the above-mentioned pilot projects in the selected SMES. o Development of a mechanism to monitor the action,
The Urban Development Network Programme aims to improve the effectiveness of urban development policies. 57 H2020 call in the Innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises work programme:
INNOSUP-5-2014 58 H2020 call in the Innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises work programme:
INTERREG IVC project partners could include these data when defining their work programme, identifying GPS and analysing their conditions of transferability.
so much so that there is a call for‘a European label for innovation voucher programmes to support spin-in of technology'in the Horizon 2020 work programme‘Innovation in SMES'.
share information and knowledge and work together securely. This trend towards‘virtual'support through web-based platforms seems promising for support programmes,
maintain and sustain member relationships in distributed work environments). The VE/VO was experimented particularly in the field of technological innovation
Call in the Innovation in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises work programme. 2014. Link. INNOSUP-5 2014:
Call in the Innovation in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises work programme. 2014. Link Innovation and business strategy:
and work to coordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg
, Mexico, The netherlands, New zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United kingdom and the United states. The European union takes part in the work of the OECD. This work is published on the responsibility
The report draws on the analytical work carried out by ECOOM (Koenraad Debackere, Petra Andries), the Joanneum Research Graz (Christian Hartmann),
Another important concern is the prescription for a policy-induced division of labour between leading and lagging regions due to assumptions about the role of technology in traditional or leading edge sectors.
The genesis of the concept can be traced back to the work of Dominique Foray and Bart van Ark and other members of the Knowledge for Growth,
and are grounded in the classical economic theories of economic growth (e g. the theory of the division of labour by Adam smith) and notably trade specialisation.
In most OECD countries, the response to the crisis and to the slowdown in productivity growth has focused on a combination of structural reform policies-labour reform, competition policy, tax policy,
It is a fact that this has led to a shift away from low-skilled employment in OECD countries to high skill labour
The quality of institutions such as government institutions (e g. rule of law, competition, security), social institutions (labour-employer relations) also affect factor endowments.
Broad policies such as investment in education and infrastructure, social policies and regulations in labour and product markets can play a role in shaping specialisation patterns by affecting comparative advantages,
The study represents pioneering work in the area of impact analysis in Finland. VTT updates the survey every other year by identifying innovations in economic and technical publications.
The GRDC works closely with its two key stakeholders Australian grain growers and the Australian Government.
and Flandersbio a cluster organisation for the life sciences and biotech) have agreed to take up the work set out by imec further
the competence pole FISCH, Flanders also has a number of research institutes and universities that work in this field.
the members identify promising routes for their work that are most relevant to their future.
Cross-border collaboration can also offer solutions to one of the major challenges in scaling up, talent and skilled labour.
But it may also pay off for the ELAT region as a whole to pool available labour resources
i) presence of scientific and technological infrastructure to work with and to assist the automotive industry;
and work with industry and academia to build on the R&d activities of the automotive industry to make the United kingdom a leading place in the world to develop,
The NAIGT initiated three phases of work to achieve this. Phase 1-the NAIGT developed a mutually agreed Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) Product Roadmap aimed at the reduction of passenger car CO2 emissions in line with government targets
Its work was delivered through an industry led steering group of senior industrialists, academics and financial analysts experienced in the sector.
To help take forward the Council's work, two subgroups were created. The Supply Chain Group aims to build consensus on the challenges in the UK supply chain,
SEMIP works in consultation with industry and the organisation is chaired currently by an industry representative.
live, invest and work. INNOVATION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN REGIONS: THE ROLE OF SMART SPECIALISATION 98 OECD 2013 Stakeholder dialogue is the primary tool used by SEMIP to build specialisation in the region.
and creating an environment that allows workplace mobility, and hence the possibility of open innovation and idea cross fertilisation.
to avoid duplicate work within the companies of the Upper Austrian Innovation Holding and to identify
The study at hand represents pioneering work in the area of impact analysis in Finland. It is even internationally unique
Each cluster has to define indicators that will allow evaluating its work and progress. The interconnection between the different clusters will be evaluated through the implementation of common pilot projects as well as through the consideration of crosscutting themes.
benefit from an improved division of labour or supply situation within a cluster, and are hence able to focus on their respective core competences.
Especially in the field of media and creative industries this strategy seems to work. Regional instruments for early stage funding for the commercialisation of research results are also necessary
The process of updating the regional development strategy took over 2 years of thorough cooperative works involving many actors,
investment projects in the form of tangible assets provided for the purpose of conducting R&d works in enterprises;
Labour unions are the least important actors in the Smart Specialisation process both at regional and national levels.
How favourable are working conditions for researchers in your region? How much mobility between the public science and the private sector does exist in your region
Ettlie and Rubenstein (1987) in support stated that for radical innovations they required additional funds for technical work, capital investment for plant and equipment, marketing and promotions.
works in one organisation does not necessarily apply to another and managerial practices vary from one socioeconomic culture to another.
At individual level, the capacity included employee empowerment and engagement, trust, training, job rotation, and the extent and range of individual networks.
At individual level, the capacity included employee empowerment and engagement, trust, training, job rotation, and the extent and range of individual networks.
Challenges in urban mobility 1 i n t r o d u c t i o n Currently, some 74%of Europe's population lives and works in cities and towns,
In common with the development of economic and social systems, the development of science and technology is the work of man,
and technology is the work of man, and that we ourselves determine to a large extent how it is given shape
That past also makes it clear that‘to make science and technology work''to innovate, is not easy.
societal innovations and innovations involving the organisation of work were the driving force behind new, extremely successful production systems 10.
Questions and challenges Innovation studies have to play an important role in making‘Mode 2 work'by developing insights that contribute towards a knowledge infrastructure that will maintain a healthy balance between creative science and problem orientation.
Innovation is the work of man, but making science and technology work is by no means easy.
Internal technological capabilities 1. Introduction Stereotypes usually associate innovation with the work of‘a scientist of genius who can propose new combining,
materials or labour, is owned independently and operated, and is dominant in its field on a national basis. The business may be a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation or any other legal form.
International Differences in Work Related Values. Beverly hills, CA: Sage. 8 Lumpkin, G. T, . & Dess, G g. 1996).
Sustainable Development and the Innovation Process Paris April Working group Meeting Stockholm This report represents a continuation of work by the WBCSD in the areas of sustainability, innovation,
and for the evolution of biotechnologies were important starting points for our work. Appendices 31 IPR stakeholder dialogue UNDERLYING QUESTIONS What are the proper rules of access to genetic resources
which more nearly mimic the way nature works. 4, chemin de Conches Tel:(41 22) 839 31 00 Email:
Current trends in the international division of labour towards task specialization within clusters make local innovation systemsless likely to be effective as procurement
Firm level attributes include firm size and organizational structures and routines, such as participation in decision making, job rotation and interdepartmental communication and cooperation (Justin et al 2005, Reece 2007, Piralis and Reece
exporters work with trusted subcontractors and retain complex sampling, assembling and finishing activities in-house.
but I cannot leave. There would be no character in the design and business. A silver smith that worked for
But it did not work, and he lost this job as well.''Firms are aware of their small base to manage innovation and production networks.
For some buyers, such as IKEA and the Body shop, limited control of labor and environmental standards within the value chain provide reasons to adapt their value chain management or even leave Yogyakarta.
and regularly invites foreign designers to work with subcontractors. Their subcontractors, however, notice no difference in innovation between APIKRI and commercial exporters.
is to give advice on the work programme, standardisation mandates and on the adoption of possible guidelines or non-binding recommendations.
The action plan was adopted after much preparatory work and a long consultation with stakeholders. Its main focus is to ensure the compatibility and interoperability of systems,
Building notably on the work conducted by several research projects (such as Rosatte http://www. ertico. com/about-rosatte) and taking into account the Inspire directive (http://inspire. jrc. ec. europa. eu)
A study was launched to support the European commission's work towards a European multimodal journey planner
and freight in transport corridors and in urban/interurban regions this work should include benchmarking and standardisation on door-todoor information flows, interfaces between the transport modes, traffic management and travel planning, and,
Based on the outcome of this work, and if appropriate or required, specifications may be elaborated under the ITS Directive.
Building on this work, specifications related to intelligent truck parking should also be elaborated, under the ITS Directive. this is a current deficit of 14 p>>‘On German highways alone,
and international cooperation on research aspects will all be among the activities taking work forward on cooperative systems.>>
>support and monitor the work of ETSI (the European Telecommunications Standards Institute http://www. etsi. org) and CEN (the European Committee for Standardisation http://www. cen. eu) for, respectively, cooperative systems
DATEX II was tuned fine under the Easyway project (http://www. easyway-its. eu) before being transmitted to CEN for standardisation work.
In line with the priorities of the 2009 and 2010 ICT standardisation work programmes, CEN (the European Committee for Standardisation http://www. cen. eu) and ETSI (the European Telecommunications Standards
Institute http://www. etsi. org) continued their work notably on ecall (see page 18) and on electronic tolling systems (see page 16).
the European parliament and the Council have focused the activity by specifying the six priority actions on which the Commission will start its work:
‘Our work led directly to the night vision systems introduced in Europe around one year later.
‘Work in INTRO and related FP6 projects has contributed to a better understanding of the ways in
increasing resources such as capital and labour; and using resources in more efficient ways, for example through technological development.
and those enterprises and workplaces are diminished or even cease to exist. Policy-makers often forget about this duality when developing innovation strategies,
and economic experts who also contributed their recommendations and comments to the work. Budapest, September 2013prof.
First-class work culture by several large companies, appearance of R&d and knowledge centres, concentrated R&d.
The problems require a clear division of labour in the RDI strategy: the knowledge bases (all the knowledge bases of the universities and the Academy, the private sector and the nonprofit and community sectors) form the basis of the national innovation system, social and economic actors in the knowledge economy,
-3%.Doubling of the R&d expenditure can increase the demand for labour of a given company by 15-20%in sectors with high R&d intensity;
while the number of workplaces with higher intellectual added value increases20. The expansion of the‘green'economy plays an essential role regarding environmental sustainability longside economic growth.
and work skills of the population) are aimed at achieving the goals in the public sector. 18 This justifies detailed measurements and evaluations.
1) The strengthening of the higher education required for enhancing the number of research and development workplaces. 2) The development of the vocational training for creative, innovative professionals. 3) The strengthening the interdisciplinary approach in higher education. 4) The generalization and strengthening
increase the added value of the economy more intensively than the average, resulting in an increasing number of well-paid workplaces.
This public investment also means that workplaces generating a higher income can appear in greater number after a few years
Large-company workplaces of high content of knowledge with intensive local knowledge connections C7. Increasingly innovative and diversifying SMES The professional content of instruments enhancing the national value creation in the sector of large enterprises Table 7 Large-company workplaces with intensive local knowledge connections Innovative
diversifying supplier SMES 1) Instruments recognizing development activity (e g. support for research and development workplaces. 2) Support for integrator programmes, cluster activities. 1) The multinational companies cannot be kept in Hungary for a long time only by using tax incentives, offering cheap labour and elements of the infrastructure.
The stable position in the international competition is guaranteed by the high quality of human resources. 2) This requires such a high-quality training
which is aligned with the future needs of these companies. The high-quality training together with research and development serving business needs provide a chance for the companies to establish their R&d activities in Hungary
thus creating ten thousands of qualified workplaces and ensuring the long-term operation of said companies in Hungary,
there is a need for approximately 56,000 research and development workplaces by 2020 in order to achieve the GERD/GDP objective.
and maintaining high added value and well-paid workplaces. The innovative supplier businesses with a good chance of becoming independent in the future are a target for support
thus improving its work skills and promoting the higher-quality and more cost-efficient operation of the social security system.
distortion of tax benefits in the less-favoured areas Innovative supplier SMES Support for developing workplaces ERDF, KTIA--Contribution relief in case of employment of researchers;
The report of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences for the Hungarian Parliament on the work of the HAS
The students have an opportunity to develop their theoretical knowledge to practical knowledge during their stay by a company where they can have access to a much more complex knowledge (understanding of technology, creativity, responsibility, team work etc.
improving the quality of work and productivity, advancing social inclusion and reducing national, regional and local inequalities in the employment.
The employees employed at research and development workplaces carry out research and development activities and participate in their promotion in one part of
or during their whole-according to their working schedule-compulsory working time. The research and development statistics indicates the personal capacity by a headcount converted to full-time-equivalents.
In this case, the actual number of employees employed at the research and development organisation is indicated in the ratio of the time spent on research and development to the whole working time.
or her working time on R&d and the remaining part on other activities then a value of 0. 3 FTE shall be calculated.
R&d is a regular creative work, the purpose of which is to enhance knowledge and the knowledge base.
Research and development means such a creative work which aims at enhancing the already available knowledge or developing new applications.
experimental or theoretical work carried out primarily for acquiring new knowledge on the background of phenomena
and services mobility research results joint R&d works mobility Regional level Intwernational level The dynamic establishment (based on flows) of the stocktaking of the National Innovation System Figure
o Strengthening creativity, problem solving and innovative thinking in the whole formal and non-formal, informal education sector, o Strengthening the view and instruments of creative team work (workshops, competitions etc.
The number of workplaces engaged in research and development Macroeconomic indicator based on international statistical standards The actual number of researchers
or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge, without any particular application or use in view) 2. Applied research (original investigation undertaken
primarily directed towards a specific practicakl aim or objective) 3. Experimental development (systematic work, drawing on existing knowledge gained from research
Using hours of work or the amount of workers as the denominator yields labor productivity (the measure used in this report unless otherwise specified),
or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization, or external relations. 28 The distinction between product and process innovation is important
because high levels of labour and product market regulation are associated with a lower productivity impact of ICT. 104 Overall,
and further work is necessary to determine whether ICT capital depreciation rates have a significant effect on investment.
Previous work by Bloom and Van Reenen also found that American management quality was better overall than European management across a range of management quality indicators. 143 These indicators of management quality
Productivity, Workplace Performance and ICT: Industry and Firm-Level Evidence for Europe and the US, Scottish Journal of Political economy 52, no. 3 (2005): 359 86;
Simona Iammarino and Cecilia Jona-Lasinio, ICT Production and Labour Productivity in the Italian regions (European Urban and Regional Studies, February 7, 2013), doi:
Growth of labour productivity, in per cent, Business Services Sector; accessed February 24), http://stats. oecd. org/Index. aspx?
The Role of Information technology and Regulatory Practices, Labour Economics 11, no. 1 february 2004): 33 58, doi:
This shows e g. that there are no clear shortages in the supply of highly skilled labour across the Member States.
New methods of organising work responsibilities and decision making (i e. first use of a new system of employee responsibilities, team work, decentralisation, integration or de-integration of departments, education/training systems,
The existence of entrenched, non-standardised work practices tailored to specific patient populations or organisational systems or cultures means that ICT can fail to meet health professionals'specific needs,
When technology does not integrate into everyday work practices, things can go wrong. 4, 5 An Australian survey of 10 000 nurses in 20076 revealed that only 40%felt ICT was making their working lives easier.
the installation of a new electronic reporting system at her workplace did not replace the four paper-based systems already in use;
I now spend more time filling out paper work and far less time face to face with patients.
the potential streamlining of work processes is hard to realise, and staff put great effort into maintaining multiple systems.
with a focus on training and on integrating systems into the realities of the complexity of clinical work.
ICT has the capacity to transform work practices and processes by creating opportunities for health professionals to take on new roles
To date, the focus has been on automating clinical work practices such as ordering tests and prescriptions, which significantly improves efficiency and safety.
and the results less favourable than anticipated for various reasons, including poor integration of systems into complex clinical work processes, limited training,
The focus must shift from automation of clinical work to innovation; from evolutionary application of ICT to revolutionary uses.
New technologies do not automatically lead to improvements in accompanying work practices organisational structures and models of care.
Most efforts to reform clinical work practices as part of health ICT implementation projects have adopted traditional business process re-engineering22 methods,
top-down and linear. 23 But this is the wrong fit for the complex, collaborative nature of medical work and for the unique organisational and workforce characteristics of the health sector,
or failing to deliver the much-touted benefits. 25-27 We need fresh approaches that look at how work is conducted in realworld clinical settings not as specified in linear policy
application and adaptation of their practices and behaviours to make things work in new ways.
RAND Corporation, 2005.22 Hammer M. Reengineering work: don't automate, obliterate. Harv Bus Rev 1990; 68: 104-112.23 Zuboff S. The emperor's new information economy.
Information technology and changes in organizational work proceedings of the IFIP WG82 working conference on information technology and changes in organizational work.
Does the Patent Cooperation Treaty work? A Global Analysis of Patent applications by Nonresidents. G. De Prato and D. Nepelski, JRC-IPTS Working Paper,(2013.
Examples of such externalities may include increased competition for skilled labour or R&d spillovers available to other companies.
In this context, our work delivers a valuable contribution by extending the analysis of knowledge networks by using a different type of information
We tackled these questions by building on previous work, in particular, through reference to selected ICT sub-sectoral studies for IPTS covered in the COMPLETE project. 2 The three sub-sectors were chosen because of the potentially disruptive nature of the technologies involved
Moreover, the literature shows that stricter regulation of labour is correlated with lower labour force participation and higher unemployment, especially of the young (Botero et al, 2004.
However it also shows how a determined niche strategy can work. So if there is to be government support for new ventures in the web services sub-sector (with support for clusters, tax-breaks,
or expand its global position of supplying some 40%of all robots worldwide by using a‘triple helix'that works between academia, private sector companies and public sector supported institutions.
http://www. thecityuk. com/research/our-work/reports-list/sovereign-wealth-funds-2012/37 Sovereign funds can spur entrepreneurial activity owing to their abundant capital resources and long-term outlook
and further work in jeopardy of being found in infringement of a patent, however remotely related.
it is likely that fear and uncertainty‘in the shadow of litigation'leads to inefficiencies in how well the market for ideas and the market for entrepreneurs work.
1999). 23 Recent work shows how"econometric estimates indicate that entrepreneurial ventures collaborating with the OSS community exhibit superior innovation performance compared with their non-collaborating peer"(Piva, Rentocchini and Rossi-Lamastra, 2012),
Today this is no longer the case as it is increasingly recognized that software is at the heart of the modern economy based on high technology and knowledge work.
But there has to be a critical mass of human capital for this process of interchange of people between companies to work.
This multiplies the supply of human capital as confidence is gained in this system for work and new funding
A culture of flexibility and constant change in working conditions is imbued. The case studies of Google Apple, E Ink, irobot and Amazon emphasize that moving on to a new company is normal,
a location in a centre of brains is more important than a location near markets, raw materials, transportation or factory labour.
But there has to be a critical mass of human capital for this process of interchange of people between companies to work.
and Shleifer, A. 2004), The regulation of labour, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol 119, No 4, http://www. doingbusiness. org//media/FPDKM/Doing%20business/Documents/Methodology/Supporting
they were expected to present their work and so a paper was prepared eventually and delivered in January 1998.44 Location:
The company founders, Niklas Zennström and Janus Friis, bid adieu to salaried work and dove headlong into enterprise.
and not do needed the work to develop it,'comments Friend. The university lacked the resources and skills to licence
avoiding the need for them to do independent development work. It would also give licensees immediate access to all materials required for display manufacture The growth in CDT's patent portfolio is a measure of the company's R&d achievements,
The overall mission of these Fraunhofer institutes is to help drive technological innovation by performing contract research and development work in support of industry and government agencies.
and The Droid Works. The latter has received also SBIR support, while Jeff Bezos'investment company (Bezos Expeditions) has invested $7 million in the former.
The same software works on many different robots, so a single software engineer can quickly and easily program many robots without having to learn specialized languages for each one.
and the commercialization of the resulting work. irobot views collaboration with external developers as an essential way to provide a broad range of new capabilities to its products. irobot is happy, for instance,
ergonomics research, and repetitive handling of fragile objects, such as fruits or eggs. Shadow received its first order for the Dextrous Hand in 2004, curiously from the University of Bielefeld in Germany.
Carnegie mellon University also bought one in 2005 for their research work, 94 but the main customer was again NASA who placed an order in 2005 in connection with their Robonaut project.
The work of the Realsim project was funded in part by the EC DG INFSO's IST Programme.
RUR works with leading universities and other technology providers to gather the latest and most relevant technology for each application it sees its advantage as being able to deploy the very latest in robotics technology.
but has currently 16 subcontractors and a rapidly mounting volume of project work. Growth has been slow
and 25%allowance for R&d for work delivered to external customers. Each year it is necessary to negotiate again with the tax authorities to receive this
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