6 Competition...6 Intellectual property...7 INTRODUCTION...8 I. BENEFITS AND USE BY SMALL BUSINESSES...
enhance competition), and target programmes to overcome market failures to the extent that they are needed in particular areas (e g. skill formation, specialised information).
promote effective competition and continued to stress liberalisation in infrastructure, network services and applications across different technological platforms;
or inhibit competition. 1 1. OECD (2004), Recommendation of the Council on Broadband Development; OECD (2003) Statement by the OECD Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy, Broadband driving growth:
and promote broadband competition and liberalisation in network services and applications. Where the needs exist,
and without preempting private initiative or inhibiting competition, complement private investment with public financial assistance to expand coverage for under-served groups and remote areas.
Competition Governments and competition authorities need to be aware of the impacts of e-business networks on small firms.
which blend broad policies for the business environment with polices for particular areas such as IPRS and competition.
Strong links with customers and suppliers along the value chain as well as the lack of competition in the related market may also discourage businesses from introducing new business models
Increased competition in the telecommunications industry has been driving down access costs. For example, prices of leased lines,
The overall policy framework is no different for SMES than for larger firms except for some areas such as competition where there are differences in impacts between small and large firms.
The price and availability of broadband access depends to a large extent on competition in the infrastructure market
Policies to open up incumbent local access networks to competition (e g. unbundling local loops and line sharing) create incentives for new investment in broadband access and drive faster deployment of broadband services (OECD, 2001c).
including delivery of recommended guidelines for on-line consumer protection. 38 Competition issues Ensuring competition and entry opportunities for other market players,
Competition authorities need to monitor possible anti-competitive behaviour as the electronic marketplace evolves. Technological factors also come into play.
Most competition authorities in OECD countries, independently or in co-operation with others in different jurisdictions, have examined how on-line markets
which blend broad policies for the business environment with polices for particular areas such as IPRS and competition.
75 4. 3. 8 Competition...76 4. 3. 8. 1 General...76 4. 3. 8. 2 Vertical distribution agreements...
promotional competitions or games) meet certain transparency requirements. Both the commercial communication and the natural or legal person responsible for it must be clearly identifiable,
The next frontier for innovation, competition and productivity, May 2011; available at: http://www. mckinsey. com/mgi/publications/big data/index. asp. 151 Behavioural targeting
promote and protect fair competition in the area of commercial practices. Based on full harmonisation, it has four key elements:
or distort competition. In the first half of 2012 the Commission will publish evidence from investigations by the Body of European Regulators for Electronic communications (BEREC.
more stringent measures to ensure competition and access to certain online services are excluded not. 192 See:
On that basis, the Commission will assess the need for more stringent measures to achieve competition
whereas counterfeiting distorts the Single Market because of the unfair competition between businesses. One of the crucial means of combating piracy is the development of legal offers by providers.
and a broadcaster constitute a restriction on competition prohibited by Article 101 TFEU where they oblige the broadcaster not to supply decoding devices enabling access to that rightholder's protected subject-matter with a view to their use outside the territory covered by that licence agreement (See:
and the revised Commission's decision on the reuse of information. 208 4. 3. 8 Competition 4. 3. 8. 1 General Competition is of key importance in ensuring a well-functioning digital Single
It is fostered by the application of general EU competition rules 209 as well as by interoperability and efficient standards.
and internet sectors to ensure that market players comply with EU competition law. For instance, in spring 2010 the Commission launched two investigations into business practices by Apple involving the iphone.
in which case the application platform would receive 30%of the transaction value. 4. 3. 8. 2 Vertical distribution agreements Competition rules on vertical restraints have been crucial in removing the unjustified restrictions on e-commerce contained in distribution agreements
reference=IP/11/1509 213 See announcement of this decision on DG Competition's web-page:
http://ec. europa. eu/competition/elojade/isef/case details. cfm? proc code=2 m 5529 214 European commission, Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ C11, 14.1.11, available at:
http://europa. eu/legislation summaries/competition/firms/l26062 en. htm 215 For instance, the Commission has on several occasions (Yves saint laurent, 2001;
which may restrict competition and create barriers to the Internal Market to the detriment of consumers.
which would constitute compliance with competition rules. The Commission services will closely monitor the e-commerce
and other digital sectors to ensure that market players comply with EU competition law 4. 4 Contracting 4. 4. 1 Contract law The E-commerce Directive contains basic provisions
in order to avoid competition from pure e-commerce players. As mentioned in the Single Market Act, the Commission will adopt (in 2012) a Communication on unfair B2b practices in the (retail) supply chain with the particular aim of pinpointing where there are problems.
More competition More choice and transparency for consumers More innovation More payment security and customer trust Each of these objectives would benefit from a more integrated European market for card,
05.12.2007.88 As regards the level of competition in the payments market, the Paper examines factors
including surcharges, the lack of competition, standardization, and micropayments. On 11 january 2012, the Commission has adopted a Green Paper on card payments,
which have traditionally been open to competition. 248 The European parcel and express market is today a highly consolidated market, after a decade of mergers and acquisitions.
and raises questions about (i) the level of competition in the sector (particularly regarding the delivery of goods) and (ii) the status of the transposition and correct implementation of the postal acquis.
http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/post/doc/legislation/2008-06 en. pdf 92 Although parcel and express delivery services have been open to competition for some decades257,
For electronic services, there is currently a problem of distortion of competition within the EU . When these services are provided by an EU supplier to final consumers in the EU,
any potential distortions of competition will disappear. The supplier himself will be responsible for collecting the VAT paid in the Member State of the customer.
The drastic shortening of product life cycles, the globalization of competition with the accompanying growth in the number of possible innovators, the interacting influence of products
Using crowdsourcing for concepting can be organised for example as engineering competitions or be a continuation of engaging the crowd
or a competition that the customer (i e. the new organisation) has defined. There is no employment relationship between the crowdworker and the crowdworking service or between the crowdworker and the one posing the challenge.
The issue of the grace period should also be looked at both from the perspectives of international competition of patenting systems
Research approach The overall matchmaking strategy for this event was based on the competition between two elements, namely:
the beneficiary learns through competition in labs and benefits from the investor's programmes, networks, distribution channels and markets.
either through collaboration or by competition. Start-ups additionally receive consultancy from Found Fair Venture's mentors.
Innovation Competition The Turkish Export Assembly (TIM) is organising an‘Innovation Week'every year at the beginning of December in Istanbul.
Basaksehir Living Lab has organised an‘Innovation Competition'among primary and secondary schools as well as university students with TIM and IOSB (Ikitelli Organised Industrial District) for the Innovation Week. 200 innovative projects were submitted
As a result, cities are the uprising competitive units, leading to intensified competition at this particular level.
and competition for the ultimate goal of attracting talent, knowledge, capital for wealth creation and quality of life.
Host international competitions for relevant companies in Greater Lyon to reach their full potential in terms of innovation.
The competition is limited therefore. Uber understands marketing much better, but is not radically different or technologically more advanced.
Competitions have been proven to be successful mobilising very large communities to solve the problems published.
and services where the competition relies on the combination of creating new knowledge while shortening the time-to-market.
since there is always competition and somebody may pick up an idea before it is protected formally. The KICS have individual policies for structuring open innovation partnerships and intellectual property management.
which is competition and collaboration, creative ways of finding synergies, to accelerate the flow of people, knowledge,
The winners of the 2012 and 2013 competitions were Christopher Williams (Naked Energy) and Dominik Peus (Antaco) from Climate-KIC;
Culture and Competition in Silicon valley and Route 128, Boston Cambridge London: Harvard Business school Press. 14) EIT's Strategic Innovation Agenda (SIA.
and the programme was aimed at elevating the competitiveness of the European ICT industry in global competition.
In these contexts, value is created co by the ecosystem members, through processes of both collaboration and competition,
The resistance often stems from the participating organisations'own strategic priorities and objectives for the participation, competition, conflicting cultures and norms,
In an era of knowledge economy with keen global competition the growing importance of intangible assets is recognised a trend.
strong competition and a rapidly changing environment requires a new approach that ensures our youth competitiveness.
The next frontier for innovation, competition, and productivity. Mckinsey Global Institute; 2011. Available from: http://www. mckinsey. com/insights/business technology/big data the next frontier for innovation (11) PALANTE:
and of competition being emergent and value expanding, rather than being determined by industry structures and mere appropriation of value.
In both case, we are probably a good example of the kind of technology that Europe should support regarding international competition in these sectors and the potential of the markets in question.
as the competition takes all the time big leaps in the development. From legal perspective, this case (of which I am not at liberty to speak more openly),
and cutting-edge experimentation will become a key driver of competition underpinning new waves of productivity growth and data-driven innovation.
As a consequence of this intense competition, research on innovation management has proposed and described a shift from the traditional closed innovation model toward an open innovation paradigm (Chesbrough, 2003).
which fear direct competition. In my opinion, they have to overcome their worry and they have to think in a global way.
or at your event, take part in the De Bedenkers (The Inventors) classroom competition and an online game to discover how you score as an innovative manager.
Third, when new technological developments drive competition, small firms can prosper only when they collaborate with a range of knowledge partners:
o New substitutes and new players in the market sharp increase in competition o Public policies changing the market conditions forcing SMES to overhaul their strategy. o Slow, steady changes in demand:
In the case of Curana, the company gained control points to differentiate itself from the competition.
and in this way stayed ahead of the competition. In this way, Jaga got in touch with promising technologies to develop low CO2 emission radiators, Jaga's so-called Energy Savers.
increasing international competition, and growing technological complexity. More and more large companies rely on both internal and external knowledge sources to create new business37.
In this way, the business unit can balance the risk of increased competition in the market with the royalty income it receives from licensing the technology.
Competition among companies producing biotechnological F&f was limited. At that time, Isobionics had two main competitors, but with 3, 000 flavors it was easy to avoid competition.
Still entry barriers are given considerable the proprietary technology and the years required developing the technology.
In the long run, companies that face stiff competition have to reinvent their businesses, looking for new ways to reposition their products and services.
which made their competition irrelevant (at least for several years). They started with a strong vision
and make te competition irrelevant, Harvard Business Review Press, Harvard: MA. 13 Johnson. M. W. 2011), Seizing the white space:
H200708 10-9-2007 Social security arrangements and early-stage entrepreneurial activity H200707 11-5-2007 Competition and innovative intentions:
or at your event, take part in the De Bedenkers (The Inventors) classroom competition and an online game to discover how you score as an innovative manager.
Third, when new technological developments drive competition, small firms can prosper only when they collaborate with a range of knowledge partners:
o New substitutes and new players in the market sharp increase in competition o Public policies changing the market conditions forcing SMES to overhaul their strategy. o Slow, steady changes in demand:
In the case of Curana, the company gained control points to differentiate itself from the competition.
and in this way stayed ahead of the competition. In this way, Jaga got in touch with promising technologies to develop low CO2 emission radiators, Jaga's so-called Energy Savers.
increasing international competition, and growing technological complexity. More and more large companies rely on both internal and external knowledge sources to create new business37.
In this way, the business unit can balance the risk of increased competition in the market with the royalty income it receives from licensing the technology.
Competition among companies producing biotechnological F&f was limited. At that time, Isobionics had two main competitors, but with 3, 000 flavors it was easy to avoid competition.
Still entry barriers are given considerable the proprietary technology and the years required developing the technology.
In the long run, companies that face stiff competition have to reinvent their businesses, looking for new ways to reposition their products and services.
which made their competition irrelevant (at least for several years). They started with a strong vision
and make te competition irrelevant, Harvard Business Review Press, Harvard: MA. 13 Johnson. M. W. 2011), Seizing the white space:
insofar as it insulated IT business units from harsh competition in global markets (Becchetti, 2001). Vertical conglomerates in countries with rigid labour markets tend to keep obsolete technologies alive for longer periods.
whereby, at any point in time, there have been several diverse research trajectories, sometimes also in competition, rather than convergence on a few research programmes (Bonaccorsi and Vargas, 2010).
This gives an extremely accurate view of the type of tough competition in this community: it is almost impossible to rank high in the computer science field without a Phd from either the USA or Europe,
The European tradition of Phd education is one of subordination to established disciplinary boundaries, rather than of open competition on the basis of research proposals.
and there is competition to attract them. Competition for scarce academic staff of top quality may be considered a layered game:
only highly ranked institutions can compete for very top people, and very top people carefully select their appointments
Competition, however, is multidimensional. Among people of the same stratum of quality, secondary factors in selecting an affiliation
The dynamics we observe are the result of intense competition among universities to attract the best young researchers, then the best young professors.
Without strong competition among universities, Table 7 Ranking of top 15 affiliations (only academic positions) in total number of positions over career Institution Number MIT 174 Stanford university
competition based on peer review, a competitive Phd education system, cross-disciplinary mobility and industry academia mobility (Bonaccorsi, 2011).
Computer science has been based on a fierce competition for students and researchers worldwide. Knowing how severe these demands are,
The entrepreneurial process started much later in Europe, partly because of the lack of competition, partly because of the poor ecology of ideas.
The most important reasons for non-growth stated by non-high-growth enterprises were an unfavourable development of the business cycle and strong competition.
removing barriers to competition etc but what is not so clear is what combination of conditions works best and, indeed,
externalities, imperfect competition and imperfect information. 26 An externality is an impact on a party that is not directly involved in a transaction.
Imperfect competition means that one or a few agents in the market are able to shape the equilibrium allocation by their own investment, pricing or quantity decisions.
Imperfect competition may be due to entry barriers e g. in the form of high sunk costs or increasing returns to scale which may lead to monopolies.
if any, examples of perfect competition, so that there are many arguments in favour of state regulation
National regulations may distort competition in favour of domestic firms. Thus one may favour to allocate decision rights 27 See also the critical statements at the workshop related to this Policy Brief in INNO-Grips (2011.
Second, as competition can be interpreted as a discovery process, the relationship between nations can be interpreted as a beneficial competition to search for most effective policy solutions.
These may then be implemented in other nations too. As regards asymmetric information, state failure in international relationships may also be due to institutional separation between decision makers enacting policies
The target group also includes SMES seeking to strengthen their domestic market position against international competition.
000 employees, responding to global competition and developing initiatives to foster hidden global champions. The introduction of policy schemes for supporting this group of enterprises will probably impact the Korean economy dramatically in the coming years.
Another important reason was apparently that competition was too strong; 21%of the companies said that this applied fully, 45%partly.
Unfavourable development of the business cycle Our company supplies to a shrinking market Themanagement did not target growth of the company Bad external consulting Difficult access to finance Competition was too strong The company was not innovative enough The company's innovations
for others it was strong competition, for a few it was difficult access to finance, a shrinking market,
The variety of answers to the open-ended question about reasons for non-growth was even larger than for growth, many of them specifying unfavourable development of the business cycle and strong competition.
and additional regulation (six times), competition from low wage firms or low wage countries (mentioned five times),
subsidiarity and international competition. 178 The subsidiarity principle stipulates that central authorities should have a subsidiary function,
International competition: In general, competition can be interpreted as a discovery process, meaning that competing companies search for solutions to best please the needs of consumers
which leads to solutions which were unknown at the outset and which could thus not be implemented at the outset by a central agency.
Similarly, the relationship between nations can be interpreted as a beneficial competition to search for most effective policy solutions.
a) unfavourable development of the business cycle (b) our company supplies to a shrinking market (c) the company's management did not seek growth (d) the company was consulted badly (e) difficult access to finance (f) competition was too strong
The target group also includes SMES seeking to strengthen their domestic market position against international competition.
The most important reasons for non-growth stated by non-high-growth enterprises were an unfavourable development of the business cycle and strong competition.
removing barriers to competition etc but what is not so clear is what combination of conditions works best and, indeed,
externalities, imperfect competition and imperfect information. 26 An externality is an impact on a party that is not directly involved in a transaction.
Imperfect competition means that one or a few agents in the market are able to shape the equilibrium allocation by their own investment, pricing or quantity decisions.
Imperfect competition may be due to entry barriers e g. in the form of high sunk costs or increasing returns to scale which may lead to monopolies.
if any, examples of perfect competition, so that there are many arguments in favour of state regulation
National regulations may distort competition in favour of domestic firms. Thus one may favour to allocate decision rights 27 See also the critical statements at the workshop related to this Policy Brief in INNO-Grips (2011.
Second, as competition can be interpreted as a discovery process, the relationship between nations can be interpreted as a beneficial competition to search for most effective policy solutions.
These may then be implemented in other nations too. As regards asymmetric information, state failure in international relationships may also be due to institutional separation between decision makers enacting policies
The target group also includes SMES seeking to strengthen their domestic market position against international competition.
000 employees, responding to global competition and developing initiatives to foster hidden global champions. The introduction of policy schemes for supporting this group of enterprises will probably impact the Korean economy dramatically in the coming years.
Another important reason was apparently that competition was too strong; 21%of the companies said that this applied fully, 45%partly.
Unfavourable development of the business cycle Our company supplies to a shrinking market Themanagement did not target growth of the company Bad external consulting Difficult access to finance Competition was too strong The company was not innovative enough The company's innovations
for others it was strong competition, for a few it was difficult access to finance, a shrinking market,
The variety of answers to the open-ended question about reasons for non-growth was even larger than for growth, many of them specifying unfavourable development of the business cycle and strong competition.
and additional regulation (six times), competition from low wage firms or low wage countries (mentioned five times),
subsidiarity and international competition. 178 The subsidiarity principle stipulates that central authorities should have a subsidiary function,
International competition: In general, competition can be interpreted as a discovery process, meaning that competing companies search for solutions to best please the needs of consumers
which leads to solutions which were unknown at the outset and which could thus not be implemented at the outset by a central agency.
Similarly, the relationship between nations can be interpreted as a beneficial competition to search for most effective policy solutions.
a) unfavourable development of the business cycle (b) our company supplies to a shrinking market (c) the company's management did not seek growth (d) the company was consulted badly (e) difficult access to finance (f) competition was too strong
The target group also includes SMES seeking to strengthen their domestic market position against international competition.
competition.!!Last! organizations'that'are'very'autonomous'in'managing'public'procurement'are'more'capable'of'upscaling'eqprocurement.'
data'on'the'level'of'takequp'of'eqprocurement'on'total'regional'procurement'for'promoting'healthy'competition.'
Agreements should be fully compliant with EU competition rules. 3) Transparency of the process Agreements for the digitisation of collections held by cultural institutions should be awarded after an open competition between potential private partners. 4) Transparency of agreements
and facilitating new indigenous start-ups in advanced sectors in competition with locations nationally and internationally.
Innovation is global, with increasing competition for best ideas and applications, and Europe must stand out.
Innovation is driven by creative collaboration as much as by competition, it is something you do with people rather than to them.
due to increased global competition and the pressing need to address climate change, ageing and the other societal challenges.
but no clear policy roadmap to implement smart grids and on key areas such as demand response, cross-border retail competition
REINVENT EUROPE THROUGH INNOVATION FROM A KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY TO AN INNOVATION SOCIETY Innovation is driven by creative collaboration as much as by competition,
whilst the mid-and long-term challenges include increasing global competition, population ageing, climate change and pressure on resources, particularly the gradual depletion and rising prices of fossil fuels.
The nature of industry is changing as a consequence of competition from the emerging nations, rising transport costs, increasing energy and raw material prices, technological advances, shorter production cycles,
whilst the mid-and long-term challenges include increasing global competition, population ageing, climate change and pressure on resources, particularly the gradual depletion and rising prices of fossil fuels.
The nature of industry is changing as a consequence of competition from the emerging nations, rising transport costs, increasing energy and raw material prices, technological advances, shorter production cycles,
and enables the accession to major European competitions (EU7, EU8) due to special national population materials (e g.
and free to every researcher of the world through competitions and jury assessment based on the quality criteria.
Access to the observatories of ESO can be gained electronically through competitions decided by the assessment of a jury.
the short-period access of relatively small groups will be provided on the basis of competition decided by the assessment of a jury.
further developing Ireland's proposition for FDI in the face of intensified global competition and facilitating collaborative interactions by firms across the supply chain and throughout the country.
They play a key role in stimulating competition leading to increased innovation, enhanced management capabilities and technology adoption;
further developing Ireland's proposition for FDI in the face of intensified global competition and facilitating collaborative interactions by firms across the supply chain and throughout the country.
They play a key role in stimulating competition leading to increased innovation, enhanced management capabilities and technology adoption;
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