and continued by promising faster release of new content to respond to the demand decline. 3 The second stream of research includes quantitative methods that explore the relation between consumer consumption, past individual decisions,
We demonstrate its application with the study of consumer demand in the online computer gaming industry. 3. 1 An Online Game We use data from the online game World of Warcraft developed by Blizzard Entertainment, a division
where term Cj is the number of tasks included in choice set j. 16we note that more challenging content that demands cooperation of multiple players can still be performed by individuals who are not part of a game community.
and computational demands. Therefore, with two levels of observed innate ability and two unobserved consumer segments, we have four segments in total.
Second, it is possible that there are demand changes that occur over time and lead to either different participation rates or different consumer segments enjoying the product.
A Dynamic Structural Analysis of Demand in a Reward Program, Quantitative Marketing and Economics, 2008, Vol. 6, Issue 2, pp. 109-137.14.
Ishihara, M. and A. Ching (2012), Dynamic Demand for New and Used Durable goods without Physical Depreciation:
and Veblen Effects in the Theory of Consumers'Demand, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 64 (May),
Pollak, R. A. 1970), Habit formation and Dynamic Demand Functions, The Journal of Political economy, 78, No. 4, pp. 745-763.34.
Highly specialized, on-demand professional services LEAN manufacturing consultancy:''Rent a manager'or‘rent specialist'.(
therefore is to marry the curiosity-driven research interests of universities with the demand-driven R&i interests of regional authorities.
rationalisation of the course portfolio and research capabilities of universities to match with industry demands and regional priorities;
an ageing population has increased dramatically demands on health and care services and; in some cases migration and hyper-diverse communities have put a strain on community cohesion.
'Equally, challenges facing the public sector increasing demands from citizens for higher quality and more personalized public services,
‘Pull'in the form of effective demand, which comes from the acknowledgement of a need within society,
budgetary demands and public opinion. l Diagram 5. Effective supply/effective demand 32 Many routes to growth There are also many routes to growth from organisational growth,
but through emulation. li Growing an innovation depends on effective supply and effective demand: effective demand refers to the growth of evidence to show that the innovation really works.
Effective demand refers to willingness to pay. Both are needed but sometimes the first priority is to prove effectiveness
while in other cases the priority is to create demand, both by persuading people that there is a need to be met,
and then persuading people or organisations with the ability to pay that they should do so.
thus stimulating demand for social applications of digital technology and connecting it to supply. In addition, the entire process is designed to create a‘safe space'for experimentation, creative thinking and risk taking.
and the demand for them, does not link up automatically. In science, technology and business a vast array of institutions exist to better connect them.
A study for the 95 European commission on innovation and public procurementcxxvii highlights a very significant increase in political support for the use of public demand to stimulate the creation of new markets, spread and mainstream emerging innovations,
public procurement can create sufficient demand to establish entirely new markets for innovation, and intervention can be particularly crucial in overcoming various market failures in this phase of the innovation lifecycle.
'In order to connect them, that is the demand for social innovation, coming from the acknowledgment of a need within society,
There is significant absence of intermediaries able to connect the demand and the supply side and to find the right organisational forms to put the innovation into practice cxlv.
what is valued on the‘demand'side of the equation. The great majority of measurement tools presume that there is an objective measure of value.
and for scaling social innovations, specifically to connect the existing demand (societal needs) and supply (innovative ideas which will become concrete projects) sides of social innovation.
This enables the creation of a demanding demand which catalyses the entry into an early phase
how market demand, or demand from commissioners and policymakers is mobilised to spread a successful new model.
This process is referred often to as‘scaling, 'and in some cases the word is appropriate,
Triggers and inspirations Here we describe some of the triggers and inspirations that prompt innovation, that demand action on an issue,
The combination of social learning and technological advancement that open testing demonstrates has many applications in encouraging sustainable and systemic innovation that is both supply and demand driven.
public procurement can create sufficient demand to establish entirely new markets for innovation. One example is the Internet,
Effective supply and effective demand need to be brought together. Effective supply means that whatever is being provided has been shown to work
Effective demand refers to the willingness of someone to pay for what's on offer, which may be a public agency or the public themselves. 105) Innovative business models.
The demands of a‘Just in time'system of production, for example, provide the structure and discipline to front line staff formerly supplied by hierarchical managers.
There is commonly a tension between the demands of continuing operations and the venture's ability to maintain innovation.
The financial and managerial demands of innovation may put pressure on existing business. There are different management styles that may be appropriate for innovation and operations.
but once established they need to be maintained with as much care as Japanese assemblers give to their different levels of supply. 132) Socially-oriented demand chains.
For some ventures providing intermediate goods or services the challenge is how to develop a demand chain that processes
or developed multiple grades of compost to meet different types of demand. Sometimes the chain may be linked closely.
But as with supply chains, the goal is to have the demand chain reflecting the social mission of the venture. 4 SUSTAINING 71 133) Shared backroom economies.
They place their operational focus more on supply than demand. But 4 SUSTAINING 75 to ensure that the venture remains generative rather than static,
and effective demand (mobilising sources of finance to pay for the idea or service). 152) Business cases within the public sector. In some parts of the public sector the language of the‘business case'has been adopted.
The supply of ideas and demand for them tend to co-evolve: there are relatively few fields where there are straightforward solutions,
the successful diffusion of an innovation depends on effective supply and effective demand: effective supply refers to the growth of evidence to show that the innovation really works.
Effective demand refers to the willingness to pay. Both are needed but sometimes the priority is to prove effectiveness
To grow effective demand, there may then be need a for diffusion through advocacy, raising awareness, championing a cause,
Advocacy is the key to creating demand for services, particularly from public authorities for example, making the case for public funding for drugs treatment or sex education.
Diffusing demand The promotion of social innovation has tended to focus on the supply side and how innovations can be diffused among service providers through experts,
We also argue that a distinction should be made between services where demand can be expressed in the market (for fair trade or green goods, for example),
those where demand is expressed through the state (lobbying for disability provisions or swimming pools, for example), and those involving intermediate demand (public commissioning on behalf of citizens).
158) Information for consumers. Providing free or cheap information can also be a means of affecting consumer behaviour and demand.
This is the case with smoking for example, or food labelling, or cheap energy auditing. 159) User groups and their campaigns.
User groups create a demand for services, particularly from public authorities by spreading information and lobbying,.
and promote a different kind of demand or activity. They encourage innovation in how to meet the target.
GSM 5 88 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION and catalytic converters. 166) Creating intermediate demand via the professions for innovative goods and services.
Securing a better balance between the supply capacity of fair trade producers with demand has been one of the current issues being tackled by the Fairtrade Labelling Organisation (FLO.
/Scorecards Girls Count Task force Reports Partners & research initiatives measure girls more broadly Demand Driven System Change,
and lead to new demands on systems of provision, that often lead to service and process innovation. 259) New responsibilities such as responsibilities to care for children,
and demand for them, do not automatically link up. In the technology sector a great variety of institutions exist to connect them better.
which will reduce demand for services. Public mediums of exchange and means of payment Most public finance is undertaken in national currencies.
De Bono, Edward 32 Demand 13; 70; 83; 85-87; 88 Deming, Edward W 18;
UK-http://esee2015. org/Summary The relentless pace of digital innovation is driven by large by economic models of growth and their demand for novelty, generalizability and scalability.
in order to increase flexibility and responsiveness to changing market demands. Also, institutional boundaries are more permeable (Etzkowitz, 2012) as the single institutional spheres of University,
Student demand. There is evidence that student demand and enrolment in study programmes rises after positive statements in national, student-oriented rankings.
Both in the US and Europe rankings are used not equally by all types of students (Hazelkorn, 2011:
Despite this clear need for cross-national/European/global data there will be a continued demand for information about national/regional higher education systems, in particular with regard to undergraduate higher education.
and its further development would be driven by market demands. Potential organizations could be founded newly, but existing institutions could also take on the role,
Only services with sufficient demand are offered (market dependence), multidimensional approach and inclusiveness endangered. Independence from direct political influence.
Fixed and variable cost factors STEP FIXED COST FACTOR VARIABLE COST FACTOR Methodological developments and updates Staff demand Cycle of revision/update of concepts
Intensity of stakeholder involvement Communication activities Staff demand Number of countries and institutions covered Intensiveness of communication (written only, electronic, workshops etc) Implementation of (technical) infrastructure Basic
leading to an advanced information demand analysis and improved information supply 7. Table 1. 1 Big data perspectives
but differs in the sense it aims to provide on demand access to a specific service
10.1007/978-3-319-04307-4 2, Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 23 1. On demand self-service.
and enables the cloud computing structure to comply with the user's demands. 6. Measured and controlled service.
which would have a better response time for the future emerging demands. 4. Professional and geographically dispersed service,
For example, 5 argued that these new issues are emerging from the industry as a result for the new demands for new applications and new requirements,
and releasing the resources on-demand and as needed. This feature enables the service provider to allocate
and the low level resources requirements such as CPU and memory in order to fulfill all demands. The automated service provisioning has been researched in the past
and one of the solutions for this problem is to periodically predicting the demand and to automatically allocate the resources that meet the requirements. 2. Virtual machine migration.
and personnel were not able to deal with the increased customer demands, which created a bottleneck that caused many sales orders to be lost or never received.
Third, it provides an environment that can respond to user requests promptly via an automatic provisioning process based on on-demand operation.
Indeed, they are basically an on-demand service distribution, which kept applications on corporate servers with only core parts or a subset of an application's code installed on the device, making the other packages available in streaming on the user's mobile device,
the increasing importance and demand for technology support services combined with the decreasing budgets and staff resources create several challenges for information technology (IT) departments.
Nevertheless, because of shrinking resources and increasing demand for services, the IT specialists who support that kind of technology experience constant pressure to do more activities
The previously high demands for specialists have been cut greatly by utilizing systems that can be supported by its regular users.
IT governance is proposed still the way to meet the previous demands. It is an important element in any organization
to a demand-driven logic, where the commercial relationship is increasingly based on collaboration and interactivity criteria and the new competition dynamics are based on the ability to build
while, as already discussed, the digital economy is driven fundamentally by customer demand. In the digital economy, the essential input of the value creation process is information itself, for example,
and the digital economy Industrial economy Digital economy Business process orientation Guided by offer Guided by demand Economic focus Cost minimizing Value maximizing Product policy Offer standardization Offer personalization
On the demand side, that is, from the point of view of consumers, it is possible to identify four key features of digitalized products 43:
or stimulate future demand, even at the cost of decreasing actual revenues, is the offer of free copies or of promotional prices.
of the market (both demand and offer side) and of the complementary infrastructure. In particular: the year of foundation and number of products are presented as a proxy of the stability of the company.
The dimension of the market and the presence of competitors indicate a state of readiness of the demand,
In Table 10.3 the representation of the drivers of competitiveness on a time-tomarket basis shows, in synthesis, an advanced development both of the technology behind Macrosense and of the demand and offer side of the market
and on the market company facing a somewhat small demand yet to develop. The company is growing
and the demand is potentially very large. 10.9.2 Applications With a growing number of senior citizens and an increasing impact of different kinds of fraud,
and the demand is very large. 10.10.2 Applications Managing timely payments is a big issue for many industries,
the presence of a strong demand, the development stage of the competitors and of the target.
and drawbacks of Cloud computing, considered an innovative IT model for providing on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable resources such as networks, servers, and software applications.
Conversely, Service industries have lower demands on R&d infrastructure and a less risky early stage but might be more vulnerable to competition later due to lower entry barriers.
and scale to meet customer demand and new opportunities (Figure 2. 4). It is a good illustration that
Increased demand for collateral after the economic crisis restricts access to bank loans for entrepreneurs The European Small Business Finance Outlook 2013
In particular, greater demand for collateral by banks has made it more difficult to access credit. 43 In some countries
This section therefore presents two forward-looking pieces by leading academics to highlight how the public and private sectors might change their organizational forms as well as relationships to new ideas to fulfil the demand for continued growth and productivity
The final sprint the two weeks before our deadline placed particular demands on his time. My thanks also go to Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz for her excellent work as World Economic Forum coordinator of our Council.
Global demand for energy could increase by up to 50%by 2030. According to the International Energy Agency, energy demand is projected to double in developing Asia by that time,
fuelled by industrial revolutions in China and other parts of the developing world. Despite efforts to develop renewable energy,
At the same time, growing demand for food collides with the lack of new land for agriculture. And, energy and food production are water-intensive,
as the steel industry on which it depended was devastated The Competitiveness of Cities 15 in the late 20th century by slowing demand, higher costs and intense competition.
and sometimes chafe at the constant pressure to adapt to the demands of a global city.
New demands, new needs, new agents and new aims will come. And, ad hoc evolved strategies must be implemented at any time.
because the logic of a sophisticated global city demands more independent institutions with checks and balances, transparency and accountability.
This demands a decisive shift to the market, to use the language of the Chinese Communist party's third plenum in November 2013 privatizing stateowned enterprises
while still needing to translate Abenomics into stronger private demand, seems to be waking up after two decades of stagnation.
while some others continue to suffer from weak growth driven by protracted internal demand, high unemployment,
and services given their particular supply-and-demand conditions, as well as to ensure that these goods can be traded most effectively in the economy.
Market efficiency also depends on demand conditions such as customer orientation and buyer sophistication. For cultural or historical reasons, customers may be more demanding in some countries than in others.
especially for countries with small domestic markets. 16 Thus exports can be thought of as a substitute for domestic demand in determining the size of the market for the firms of a country. 17 By including both domestic and foreign markets in our measure of market size,
on FDI 6. 13 Burden of customs procedures 6. 14 Imports as a percentage of GDP*j B. Quality of demand conditions...
and mineral resources, for which demand continues to climb. These developments signal that despite growing awareness about the risks related to unsustainable resource and environmental management the world is not moving toward a more sustainable path
and difficulties they confront in continuing to expand their capacity are beginning to reduce their footprint by adopting greener data centers that significantly reduce energy demand.
In the context of rising energy demand, improving energy efficiency through management changes, investing in technology improvement,
because the elasticity of energy demand (fuel and electricity) is relatively rigid in the short run.
which models the relation between water supply availability and demand in each country; Wastewater treatment, which gauges what percentage of (mainly urban) wastewater is treated before it is released into the ecosystem;
with Lawrence Summers envisaging that even before the financial crisis a trend of low aggregate demand had begun in the United states. 7 For examples,
Personal income Inequality and Aggregate Demand. Discussion paper, mimeo. Available at http://www. boeckler. de/pdf/v 2013 10 24 carvalho rezai. pdf. CBO (Congressional Budget Office, Congress of the United states.
This pillar also measures the presence of conditions that allow innovation to flourish by including variables on the overall availability of technology, the demand conditions for innovative products (as proxied by the development of government procurement of advanced technology products), the availability
while the country's infrastructure (104th) demands sustained investments to support the ICT sector adequately.
and IP networks have evolved to be able to handle industrial demands and the data flows that come with them.
borehole activity, environmental readings, weather, production utilization, storage capacity, spot pricing (trading), transportation, inventory levels, demand and forecasts,
Current grids monitor data to control electricity flows (both to and from the grid) based on real-time demand,
Such concerns about privacy will strengthen demands for tighter regulatory control, potentially limiting companies'ability to exploit big data opportunities or exposing them to threats of legal and regulatory intervention.
and education programs to prepare for large-scale demand from organizations intent on using big data. In more developed countries,
whether the public demands such measures or not. European governments provide an example with the right to be forgotten for minors across the European union.
prices tend to settle at the point where supply equals demand. Research sponsored by Microsoft
The demand for engineers who specialize in technologies such as machine learning and natural language processing will also increase,
and a gap between the supply and demand for these types of skills may hinder data-driven innovation's full potential.
The United states itself will need up to 190,000 more workers with deep analytical expertise by 2018.38 This clear demand for skilled workers is further evidence of data-driven innovation's potential benefits for economies.
achieving the full potential of data-driven innovation demands challenging the outdated paradigms established in a significantly less data-intensive world.
His research covers the expansion of fixed and wireless broadband, national broadband agendas, municipal strategies for ICT use, Internet protocol network traffic demand,
& Company, based in New york. He leads the Demand Analytics group, the firm's expert capability in consumer insight and marketing analytics.
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