This strategy also has a number of specific objectives such as connecting public institutions (public demand aggregation),
future technologies, according to market demand for such services. Reducing the negative effects of conversion from analog to digital, having regard to the need for public service television
and increased flexibility of demand e--mobility managing a new kind of high-power mobile demand and storage Making grids smarter therefore needs to be considered as a key element of any transition strategy towards renewable electricity.
growing energy demand, globalisation, increasing fossil fuel costs and a new awareness for the risks of nuclear power, the use of renewable energies has been supported by a growing range of stakeholders
As in other industries before, the demand for more complex coor--dination and flexibility can be achieved most economically through an extensive use of information and communication technologies.
investments into smart grids whatever might specifically be meant by this are far below expectations, investments into appropriate capacities for balancing fluctuating renewable generation (demand response, storage,
as well as the real-time management of demand response and storage are becoming important in this context. So-called microgrids can temporarily operate independently from the main grid
and they are capable of managing complex demand systems. Since electricity generation by the consumers themselves is emerging,
This will increase the flexibility of the demand side and will require flexible ad--aptation of public grid tariffs (with the help of smart grid technologies)
contains two key provisions for demand response: member states have to ensure that (1) demand response be allowed to participate alongside supply in electricity markets
and that (2) grid operators treat demand response providers in a non--discriminatory manner when providing balancing and reserve services.
since a series of hurdles have prevented demand response measures from competing with the electricity generation. 32 Research activities Another important forum of discussion between a wide range of stakeholders is the Smart Grids
--directive--a--positive--step--for--demand--response/33 http://www. smartgrids. eu The EU Smart Grids Debate 17 strong role of storage (European Technology
SEDC, Smart energy demand coalition, represents a wide variety of industries dedicated to promoting the requirements of demand side programs in the European electricity markets. 46 It is an active organisations specifically addressing SG issues.
is an active participant in discussions (http://www. ceced. eu). Implementing demand response would require new equipment functionalities and open new prospects for the sector.
e g. controlling demand response at the 58 See also http://www. europeanenergyreview. eu/site/pagina. php?
since many years distribution system automation, peak shaving with demand side management, rapid detection and isolation of grid failures,
while supply is already grappling to meet demand, also due to coal shortages. The dimension is huge;
allow for more demand response reliability and shorter reaction times. The two alternatives might converge in a compromise offering consumers attractive automation options while preserving the freedom of choice however,
Management and operation of the distribution network in presence of Active Demand. Presentation at the SECD DR Seminar Amsterdam, October 3rd 2011.
The Demand Response Snap Shot--The Reality For Demand Response Providers Working in Europe Today. Smart Energy Demand Coalition, Brussels. Sioshansi, F. P. Ed.),2012.
Smart Grid, Integrating Renewable, Distributed & Efficient Energy. Academic Press, Waltham. Stouge, A.,2012. Towards a fully integrated smart Grid:
and exploit active demand, in: CIRED (Ed.),21st International Conference on Electricity Distribution. CIRED, Frankfurt. http://www. addressfp7. org/config/files/CIRED2011 1171. pdf The EU Smart Grids Debate 37 Woods, E.,Gohn, B.,2011.
SEDC Smart Energy Demand Coalition, Secretary general Togeby, Michael; Ea Energy Analyses A s, Partner Turmes, Claude;
Prioritizing the demands of the businesses facilitates the alignment of the regional capabilities with the market opportunities.
and demand is complicated. Intermediary infrastructure must play a proactive role, although the reality does not always allows it.
Companies Increase in consumer demand for new digital contents. ICT use makes globalization of companies easier.
and open innovation. 4. 2 Greater multidisciplinary collaboration between research groups and creation of research platforms that have critical mass. 4. 3 Identify current industry-wide technological demand
Open Data, demand for contents, more usable technologies closer to citizens, etc. Growing possibilities for use of ICT in the public sector (energy saving, education, health, social care.
demand-side measures, e g.,, through public procurement)( CEC, 2013a. It is in the context that our research asks what social innovation concepts
Firstly, the grassroots social innovations that respond to pressing social demands not addressed by the market and directed towards vulnerable groups in society.
which creates the conditions for the third an innovation that addresses a social demand (e g. care of the elderly) contributes to addressing a societal challenge (ageing society) and,
increasing demand from society to get'value for public money'in terms of societal benefits; the threatened competitive position of Europe on the global stage which is forcing policy makers at the highest political level to reflect on new modes of stimulating sustainable growth;
19.11.13) and there will be a burgeoning demand for new, cheaper and more effective cures. There are a number of variables
and it will make exacting demands on the policy-making process at all levels of the EU's multilevel polity, especially at the level of the regional state (Morgan, 2013).
FOREWORD SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 5 Foreword The combined forces of globalisation, technological progress and growing market demand have created a new type of innovation:
Increasing incomes, more niched market demand and changing technologies have reduced the structural disadvantages of small firm size stemming from their more limited economies of scale.
exploiting high price elasticities of demand (Schumpeter, 1942). Innovation from the 1940s to the 1970s fits this model:
the creation of jobs in SMES in response to an aggregate demand stimulus or targeted employment
20 30 40 50%Lack of access to additional funds Lack of skilled persons within business or labour market Lack of access to knowledge or technology Uncertain demand for new
commercial labs. or private institutes Lack of qualified personnel Difficulty in finding co-operation partners for innovation Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Uncertain demand
In response to this unmet demand, as part of Canada's Economic Action Plan 2009, NRC-IRAP received an additional investment of CAN 200 million over two years to stimulate innovation in Canadian SMES.
enterprise Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services Denmark 2. FINLAND SMES, E 60 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Finland In Finland,
outside enterprise Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services Difficulty in finding co-operation partners for innovation 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Greece EU19 OECD 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60%No need to innovate because no demand for innovations Lack
of qualified personnel Lack of information on technology Lack of information on markets Markets dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services 2. HUNGARY SMES
and to stimulate demand for innovation facilitating services. The grant scheme was announced in mid-2008 by the National Office for Research
or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services 2. ICELAND SMES,
of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services 2. IRELAND
dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services 2. ITALY SMES, E 74 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Italy Promoting the design of large innovative industrial projects is one of the most important recent changes in Italian industrial and innovation policies.
25%Lack of qualified personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand
2008 Luxembourg EU19 OECD 0 5 10 15 20 25%Lack of qualified personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Uncertain demand
Firms apply for support on an on-demand basis and funding is provided typically on a matched basis,
In the case of industrial R&d contracts, the programme stimulates co-operation between a demand client firm and one or more supplier firms.
personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services Markets dominated by established enterprises
provides a network of regional platforms that brings together the demand and supply of venture capital, seeks to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship,
The demand side includes universities, incubators, development agencies and other regional partners, while the supply side comprises venture capital companies.
group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services 2. SWEDEN SMES,
%Lack of qualified personnel Difficulty in finding co-operation partners for innovation Markets dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services Firms with new
Even though it is a pioneering programme in the South african context, one that addresses an essential demand in industry,
etc. 3. Articulation of demand-driven quality requirements. 4. Creation and change of organisations needed for the development of new fields of innovation, including support to create new firms
Now, however, it is a rapidly evolving field with emerging new approaches that meet increased demand from students and the need for tailored teaching.
Since 2002 the demand for apprenticeship positions has exceeded constantly their supply, both in eastern and western Germany (Zwick, 2007.
Effective entrepreneurship skill formation policy also demands an appreciation of workforce development as an alternative to traditional approaches centred on the provision of training in discrete competencies.
How Does Successful Innovation Impact on the Demand for Skills and How Do Skills Drive Innovation?,
There must be acknowledgment of a need or demand within society, and then the effective supply,
and foster the emergence of intermediaries who can connect social demand with the supply of social innovations Incubators play a critical role in spreading social innovations,
and demands of society's most vulnerable groups (including the unemployed, the elderly, women, non-educated persons and young people;
Ultimately closing the skills gap will create multiplier effects in terms of increased consumer demand, purchasing power, reduced welfare spending and better health and social outcomes.
In other words, the demand and supply model of the traditional (credit) market fails to underpin social innovation investment.
, supply factor, demand factor, industrial support activities, business strategies and structures) and consequently enhances the innovation process.
demand factors, industrial support activities, and business strategies and structures (Reagans & Mcevily, 2003). The supply factors include human resources, knowledge and information, and funding.
The demand factors include existing and potential demands/needs, and local and international markets. Production, products, employment strategies and flexibility are part of the industrial support activities.
and demand forecasting especially in a supply-chain environment. Prashanth Kannan conducted research in the area of Social networking/Digital Cities and business innovations and received his MS degree in Computer sciences from University of missouri at Rolla.
& Sullivan 9 www. frost. com Gas has become a game changer for the world's energy demands
and manage demand more effectively, which results in cleaner, reliable and smarter energy. With these possibilities in mind, the European union (EU) is currently considering a 40%energy efficiency target for Europe by 2030.
and demand response to tackle our need to use energy more efficiently. Put simply, the Social Innovators will be those that can directly address the challenges posed by these mega trends
The aim of Coca-cola's distribution structure is to help create the same demand and value that consumers wanted from Coca-Cola.
During the 1970's it was recognized that the microprocessor provided a general solution to the problem of the electronic system designer confronted by an ever-growing array of application demands.
and which left them unable to meet the rapidly rising demands for new, specialized applications software.
because the widespread adoption of the new technology raised the demand for compatible printers, the dedicated word processors found themselves unprotected by any persisting special advantages in printing technology. 28similar decisions were made by all of the U s. computer manufacturers.
and new demands for"user support"to make the general purpose technology deliver its potential.
and Lorin Hitt, Information technology and Recent Changes in Work Organization Increase the Demand for Skilled labor, in M. Blair and T. Kochan, eds.,
and Lorin Hitt, Information technology, Workplace Organization and the Demand for Skilled labor: Firm-level Evidence, National Bureau of Economic Research:
We also developed an ecosystem model for thinking about the support that social innovations need to spread, focusing on both demand and supply side factors.
To look at the demand side of social innovation procurement and commissioning as well as how to encourage
and stimulate private demand, we need to further explore the nature of social innovation in terms of its outcomes and impacts as common goods,
as this profoundly influences how demand is perceived and satisfied. Exec utive summary 7 The role of the public sector in promoting social innovation.
Migration and highly diverse communities have put pressure on community cohesion and, in some cases, placed additional demands on already pressed local services;
a rapidly ageing population has increased dramatically demands on health and care services as well as public and personal budgets;
new needs and demands might arise, leading to fresh calls for social innovation. Unintended consequences Despite good intentions, social innovations might prove to:
although the public sector needs to innovate to meet the increasing demand of citizens, innovation in the public sector is more difficult to define
focusing on both demand and supply side factors (see Figure 2). We hope that this will provide a helpful structure which will help individuals assess the sources of support which are available in a given context,
From our research into the individual‘building blocks'identified in this diagram we believe that more work still needs to be done to foster demand for social innovation through initiatives like socially responsible procurement or the personalization of public services.
ENHANCING DEMAND Transferring knowledge about social innovation P r e-comm e r cial proc urement Public procurement and commissioning of innovative goods and services Supp
o r ti n g pri vate demand throug h tax incentives/subsidies/personalised bu dgets (measuring impact and outcomes) Strengthening
we have learned that existing instruments can satisfy innovators'capital demands. Instead of new instruments we need more effective use of the instruments available (e g.,
Another potential area for future research is to look at the demand side-procurement and commissioning as well as how to encourage
and stimulate private demand through, for example, personalised budgets, tax incentives etc. In this respect again, it is worth further exploring the nature of social innovationand its outcomes and impacts as common goods,
as this profoundly influences how demand is perceived and satisfied. The role of the public sector in promoting social innovation The large number of social innovation cases studied over the course of TEPSIE seems to suggest that the public sector plays an important role in promoting
new demands for change may occur and possibly call for further social innovations. 87 Satisfaction of social needs Link to social innovation life-cycle Social acceptance Anne x:
The demand for new medicines is growing due to rising and ageing populations and the increasing wealth of emerging nations.
The increasing demand for healthcare due to ageing populations and the growing wealth of developing countries.
Increased regulation and demands for proof of increased efficacy for new drugs have occurred as a response to safety concerns and rising costs.
While global pharmaceutical companies have benefited from the increasing demand for new and better drugs, they have faced also a series of challenges over the last decade including increased regulation and CEA.
innovation demand via product market regulation or public procurement were not so relevant for R&d attractiveness.
innovation demand (via product market regulation (Finland, UK and Italy), public procurement (Belgium and Poland), market size (Austria and Denmark), market growth (France),
& guarantees Knowle dgesharing opport unities R&d personnel Proximity Innovation demand IPR to Public R&d support country attractiveness very high very low 22 The 2013
& public organisations quantity of R&d personnel innovation demand via product market regulation Germany (46) 3, 29 quality of R&d personnel knowledge-sharing opportunities
22 public R&d support via fiscal incentives quality of R&d personnel quantity of R&d personnel innovation demand via market growth United kingdom (13) 3, 15
knowledge-sharing opportunities with universities & public organisations quality of R&d personnel proximity to other company sites innovation demand via product market regulation Sweden (12
Austria (6) 3, 14 knowledge-sharing opportunities with universities & public organisations quality of R&d personnel proximity to technology poles & incubators innovation demand via market
(8) 3, 09 quality of R&d personnel proximity to technology poles & incubators knowledge-sharing opportunities with universities & public organisations innovation demand via market size
Belgium (7) 3, 06 quality of R&d personnel IPR enforcement conditions knowledge-sharing opportunities with universities & public organisations innovation demand via public procurement
79 labour costs of R&d personnel quality of R&d personnel quantity of R&d personnel innovation demand via public procurement 23 23 2323 The 2013 EU
R&d personnel Proximity to IPR Public R&d support Innovation demand attractiveness rating Finland (8 statements) Germany (46) France (25) United kingdom (13
& guarantees Proximity to Knowledg e-sharing opportuni Public R&d support Innovation demand IPR R&d personnel ties country attractiveness EU US very high
IPR Innovation demand ities country attractivenesseu China and India very high very low 27 27 2727 The 2013 EU SURVEY on R&d Investment Business Trends Attractiveness
However, the picture changes when it comes to innovation demand. The market with the second highest volume of R&d activities (country B) is more attractive with respect to market growth
and guarantees fiscal incentives grants and direct funding with other firms with universities & public research organisations Innovation demand via IPR Proximity to R&d personal Public R&d support
5 (a) Demand for innovative goods & services:(a1) market size (a2) market growth (a3) through public procurement (a4) via product market regulation, norms & standards (b) Human resources:(
Inparticular, weconsider demand forfirm'sproducts, financingissues, statesupport, businessenvironment, organizationalissues, andavailabil-ity ofinformationaboutmarketsandtechnology. Weask firms (1) iftheyencounteredobstaclesintheirinnovation activities, andthen (2) weaskthemtorateeachobstacle.
Volume and nature of data the sheer volume of Internet traffic and the change from simple text characters to audio and video and also the demand for very immediate responses.
and the main paradigms behind the different flat networking approaches trying to cope with the continuously growing traffic demands.
All these applications create new demands and requirements, which to a certain extent can be addressed by means of over-dimensioning combined with the enhancement of certain Internet capabilities over time.
The safe and controlled deployment of new code enables new services to be activated on-demand.
and allows a significant number of new services to be offered on demand; It offers new,
These services can be enabled again on-demand, in case they are needed; It eases the deployment of network-wide protocol stacks and management services;
Software Architecture Definition for On-demand Cloud Provisioning. ACM HPDC, 21-25, Chicago hpdc2010. eecs. northwestern. edu (June 2010) 6. Rochwerger, B.,et al.:
and the main paradigms behind the different flat networking approaches trying to cope with the continuously growing traffic demands.
In order to accommodate the future Internet to the anticipated traffic demands, technologies applied in the radio access
and the development of new and innovative IP-based applications require network architectures able to deliver all kind of traffic demands seamlessly assuring high end-to-end quality of service.
or by the collaboration of 3gpp) prevents cost effective system scaling for the novel traffic demands.
but also demand certain, distinctive mobility management schemes sufficiently adapted to the distributed architecture. In fact the distributed mobility management mechanisms and the relating decision methods, information,
and increase systems flexibility to react to user demands, by replacing a plethora of proprietary hardware and software platforms with generic solutions supporting standardised development and deployment stacks.
Challenges in the future communications systems mainly demand, in terms of end user requirements, personalized provisioning, service-oriented performance, and service-awareness networking.
Additionally to those technology requirements, necessities to support information interoperability as result of more service-oriented demands exist.
Demands on data models integration are requirements to be considered during the design and implementation phases of any ICT system.
composition and decomposition on demand of control and network domains; interrelation and unification of the communication, storage, content and computation substrata.
These cross-domain interactions demand certain level of abstraction to deal with mapping requirements from different information and data domains.
and the diversity on service demand and network operating conditions, it is very difficult avoid conflicts 14 20 28 between different monitoring
and particularly on federated systems and federated management applications. 6. 1 Federation of Wireless Networks Scenario generates more demand on management systems to be implemented satisfying diversity, capacity and service demand.
apartment buildings, offices) generates more demand in deploying wireless 802.11-based mesh networks this expansion will be a patchwork of mesh networks;
and Outlook In the future Internet new designs ideas of Federated Management in Future Internet Architectures must consider high demands of information interoperability to satisfy service composition requirements being controlled by diverse,
Entity, Future Internet, Ontology, Title Model Introduction The Internet of today has difficulties to support the increasing demand for resources
Souza Pereira et al. 1 Future Internet Works A Future Internet full of services requirements demands networks where the necessary resources to service delivery are orchestrated
For example, one user, that demands resources, is one communication entity in the Title Model. Also, applications that do not offer resources,
since detailed and specific security demands, electronic identities, or Quality-of-Experience (Qoe) will outline societal requirements to be met by technological support means,
namely a swarm with higher capacity demand. Performance is improved always since no policy is employed; in each case, higher improvement is observed for the peers of the swarm that the Iop joins.
The effectiveness of this module depends on the number of local leechers and their bandwidth demand,
or even days and was evaluated in a peer-assisted video-on-demand scenario as described in 12.
and the demands of government bodies to be able to monitor the networks for illegal or unwanted activities.
The Internet of Services allows the forming of value networks through on-demand service coalitions built upon service offerings of different provenance and ownership.
The need for assurance in the future Internet demands a set of novel engineering methodologies to guarantee secure system behavior and provide credible evidence that the identified security requirements have been met from the point of view of all stakeholders.
The next section clarifies these issues. 5 Embedding Security Assurance and Risk management during SDLC Engineering secure Future Internet services demands for at least two traversal issues,
There is an increasing demand of models and techniques to allow the formal analysis of secure services.
Service-oriented architectures demand for assurance indicators that can explicitly indicate the quality of protection of a service,
and aggregated and consumed at run-time in a demand-driven, flexible way. In the Ios, services are business functionalities that are designed
Today, demand for cloud security has increased but the offered security is limited still. We expect this to change
and stop the work load generators on demand. 3 Technical Environment, Testbed Implementation and Deployment From the requirements of the use case,
We expect to make more resources available as demand increases. Acknowledgments. The work presented in this paper has been performed during PII a Seventh Framework Program (FP7) project funded by EU. Open Access.
a) multiple authorities and b) applications with very diverse demands, are likely to stay or even increase in the Internet of the future.
We also assume that the growing demands will push towards a much better measurement instrumentation of the future Internet.
Facilities for the addition of new functionality, including the capability for activating a new service on-demand, network functionality
Demands become more and more sporadic and variable making dynamic provisioning highly needed. As a huge energy consumer, the Internet also needs to have energy-saving functions.
addressing, reachability, new demands on quality of service (Qos), service/application provisioning, etc..The next generation network architecture will be flexible enough to support a range of application visions in a dynamic way,
Operators may use these tools to guarantee Qos service in a period of exploding demand and rising network congestion at peak times.
Demands become more and more sporadic and variable making dynamic provisioning highly needed. As a huge energy consumer, the Internet also needs to be energyconscious.
The new Internet's architecture should propose solutions for Qos provisioning, management and control, enabling a highly flexible usage of the Internet resources to meet bursty demands.
seasonal or unpredictable demands. 4. Make the network energy-aware: It is reported in the literature 10,
The Virtual Infrastructure concept and its operational model as a fundamental approach to enable the on-demand infrastructure services provisioning with guaranteed performance
the emerging flexible technology supported by the required control mechanisms enable a more efficient utilization of the optical spectrum and on-demand flexible bandwidth allocation,
capable of provisioning on-demand network services bundled with IT resources to meet challenge#2. New business relationships can be developed between Virtual IT Infrastructure Operators (VIO-IT) and Virtual Network Infrastructure Operators (VIO-N),
infrastructure providers, infrastructure operators and application providers cooperate in a business model where on-demand services are offered efficiently through the seamless provisioning of network and IT virtual resources.
The enhanced Network Control Plane (NCP+)proposed in our architecture (Fig. 1) offers integrated mechanisms for Network+IT Provisioning Services (NIPS) through the on-demand and seamless provisioning of optical and IT resources.
each source site has certain processing demands which need to be satisfied by suitable IT resources (in a data center).
in an initial sample case study on an European network where we have run the calculations for 10 random demand vectors for each demand size going from 5-up to 100 connections Bringing Optical Networks to the Cloud
but cloud computing is acknowledged generally to be the provision of IT capabilities, such as computation, data storage and software on-demand, from a shared pool, with minimal interaction or knowledge by users.
Managing on-demand business applications with hierarchical service level agreements. In: Berre, A j.,Gómez-Pérez, A.,Tutschku, K. eds.
and RDF information could be obtained on demand. In this way data from legacy systems, state of the art Web 2. 0 sites,
Multimedia content over internet are becoming a well-liked application due to users'growing demand of multimedia content and extraordinary growth of network technologies.
In such urban environments, people, companies and public authorities experience specific needs and demands regarding domains such as healthcare, media, energy and the environment, safety, and public services.
effective, open and participative innovation processes to jointly create the innovative applications that meet the demands of their citizens.
when it comes to shaping the demand for advanced Internet-based services. The living labs approach which comprises open
the overall energy consumption will eventually increase due to the growing demand from new services and users, resulting in an increase in GHG emissions.
Research projects following this direction have focused on microprocessor design, computer design, power-on-demand architectures and virtual machine consolidation techniques.
through participatory government 2. This holistic definition nicely balances different economic and social demands as well as the needs implied in urban development,
telepresence Demand for e-services in the domains outlined in Fig. 1 is increasing, but not at a disruptive pace.
such as specific testing facilities, tools, data and user groups, can be made accessible and adaptable to specific demands of any research and innovation projects.
1) physical and immaterial infrastructure, 2) networks and collaboration, 3) entrepreneurial climate and business networks, 4) demand for services and availability of advanced end-users (see Fig. 3). Additionally,
One of the most urgent demands for sustainable urban ICT developments is to solve the inefficient use (i e. duplications) of existing or new communication infrastructures.
This increasing demand to move from network experimentation towards service provisioning requirements does not just apply to the Smart Cities field,
and combine information (energy, traffic, weather, events, activities, needs and opinions) continuously as well as"on-demand".
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