2014 GLOBAL R&d FUNDING FORECAST U s. R&d investment up one percent to $465 billion Historic U s. commitment to research intensity expected to remain firm Economic growth continues to propel Asian R&d spending
where increasing research intensity amplifies the investment momentum that strong economic growth provides. In a world where scientific discovery and technology commercialization are truly global,
There is an important relationship between economic growth and research and development, between industry creation and political stability, and between the nurturing of research
Emphasis by Southeast Asian countries on economic growth through increased R&d investments is likely to continue through the end of the decade.
-scale economic growth. The research standouts in the Rest of the World: The Rest of the World countries are expected to undergo moderate growth in R&d investment in 2014, with leadership from countries like South korea, Russia and Taiwan.
China continues its unmatched economic growth and double-digit R&d increases. R&d rankings have not changed significantly in the past five years,
At current rates of R&d investment and economic growth, China could surpass the U s. in total R&d spending by about 2022.
Differences among regions in R&d economics as well as major science and technology priorities, are narrowing. Noteworthy exceptions include China and India,
Long-term economic growth is linked to research intensity The most important example of long-term R&d impact is U s. economic growth in the second half of the 20th century.
All countries seek economic growth often amplified by the need for job creation to match rising populations:
China's middle class will expand from 35%to 75%over the next 10 years a demographic statistic that reflects economic growth and, to some extent,
But efficient manufacturing alone is not adequate to maintain economic growth. Recognizing this, China intends to evolve from a manufacturing-centric model in 2013 to an innovation-based economy by 2020.
China's continued strong economic growth more than three times that of the U s. provides the resources to support its strong R&d investments
and expansion of basic infrastructure as well The ambitious program and globally enabled economic growth means that China has become an exporter of jobs into Asia to meet its own needs.
In addition to recognizing the strong linkage between R&d and economic growth, it is likely that the professional perspectives of China's leadership are influential in science and innovation policy:
Most European countries are forecast to experience economic growth of about 1%through 2014, although Eastern European countries could see GDP (and related R&d) growth rates in the 1%to 2%range.
Most Asian countries are projected to experience significant economic growth in 2014. When GDP momentum is paired with national commitments to increase research intensity,
India's projected rate of R&d funding growth in 2014 is only one-fifth that of its anticipated economic growth.
as global economic growth slows in the future (as it is projected to do), the supply of capital will fall short of demand by 2030.
Thomson Reuters 20 R&dmagazine December 2013 www. rdmag. com 2014 GLOBAL R&d FUNDING FORECAST Maximizing the Economic value of R&d:
while capacity, economics and efficiency are drivers for civil aviation requirements. Recent declines in U s. R&d have been the result of reductions in defense R&d
and hence viable economics. Solar is another area where ongoing materials developments for photovoltaic applications (e g.,
see Sources of U s. Economic growth in a World of Ideas (Jones 2002). ITIF and AAAS have done also important work on this topic.
pricing issues (of the use of the new 24 There is a huge academic literature about the economics of incomplete contracts that leave contracting parties rights
Although the region was among the first ones where bottom-up clustering tendencies were identified by regional economics researchers,
International Journal of Management and Economics, forthcoming 24. Szalavetz, A. 2012) Regional Innovation Report: Central Hungary.
And we are setting a goal to bring employment to 2. 1 million by 2018 2 years earlier than our original target effectively restoring all jobs lost during the economic crisis.
Beyond this, we need to set an even more challenging goal for the country we want to replace all of the jobs lost during the economic crisis
A strategy for financing enhanced economic growth, and for ensuring that credit demand from growing businesses can be supplied;
The aim of the Action Plan for Jobs is to create the conditions to support private sector-led, export-oriented economic growth and job creation.
Net exports have continued to contribute to overall economic growth. A number of structural weaknesses remain that we will continue to address as part of the Action Plan process including diversifying our export base and destination markets and sources of inward investment,
Direct engagement with industry and entrepreneurial stakeholders has highlighted the key issue of broadband provision for economic growth, innovation and entrepreneurship in regional locations.
This innovative approach to funding SMES will enhance the long-term potential of the sector to drive economic growth and job creation in Ireland.
and where manufacturing accounts for a significant share of economic activity. The characteristics associated with our ambition for manufacturing include Ireland being:
The overall vision of the Seed & Venture capital Scheme (2013-2018) is to increase the availability of risk capital for SMES to support economic growth through the continued development of the Seed
In part this will involve exploring how best to leverage the research capabilities within the public system through closer collaboration on specific projects with the Strategic Policy Division (DJEI) and the Economics and Tax Divisions in the Department of Finance,
The economic crisis has presented significant challenges across enterprise in Ireland, but for SMES in particular the issue of late payments is of critical concern.
In previous recoveries economic growth was described as jobless, not because employment did not grow but because it took a long time for this growth in employment to translate into a commensurate reduction in the numbers of people on the Live Register.
which continued economic growth and sustainable employment creation across the country will be built. Enterprise Ireland supported companies created more than 19
The strategy will outline the key actions required to ensure that the agri-food sector maximises its contribution to economic growth and exports in an environmentally sustainable manner over the coming decade,
investment in infrastructure to underpin economic growth, enhancing firm level productivity, decreasing the costs of doing business,
Government undertook to focus on competitiveness in all areas of economic activity. This is aimed at enhancing Ireland's competitiveness, particularly in the area of costs,
tackling barriers to investment in high growth sectors is vital to support real and sustainable productivity growth leading to increased employment. 102 The ramping up of world trade as we emerge from the global economic crisis presents the potential for Ireland
and international economic downturns rather than being driven across the broad economy. The Council has stated that The irish economy has reached a turning point in terms of cost competitiveness.
The Energy efficiency Fund was established in early 2014 with the primary objective to address one of the predominant barriers to economic activity in the sector the availability of credit that is structured properly and of appropriate term.
and to the goal of developing a competitive national economy, through the stimulus given by innovation to high value economic activities and jobs.
By encouraging the development of new economic activities RD&I policy measures strengthen Ireland's competitive advantage and build potential new areas of economic activity.
In the interim, resource constraints and the economic downturn nationally and globally meant that, de facto, policy has been focused mainly around four core strategic policies:(
The 2025 Agri-Food Strategy will set out the key actions required to maximise the contribution of the sector to economic growth
and Offer spectacular tourism and leisure opportunities and a rich maritime culture and heritage. 2015 ACTION PLAN FOR JOBS 119 The direct economic value of Ireland's ocean economy was estimated at some €1
Given Ireland's small population, the nation is heavily dependent on the exporting sectors to generate the level of economic activity required to maintain our living standards
competitive and sustainable construction sector, capable of contributing to economic growth and job creation, and equipped to meet the future infrastructure needs of the country,
These trends, sluggish global economic growth, and elevated levels of debt and unemployment at home, all increase the importance of developing new sources of economic growth.
Action Plan for Jobs looks to the future to ensure that steps are taken now to prepare a path for further progress.
this section sets out specific activity for these new and emerging sources of economic growth where early,
clusters and incubators across the island of Ireland to stimulate economic growth and encourage investment and collaboration in the design sector.
ESDN Office at the Institute for Managing Sustainability Vienna University of Economics and Business Welthandelsplatz 1, Building D1, A-1020 Vienna, Austria E:
this version of the Handbook does not cover the composite leading indicators normally used to identify cyclical movements of economic activity.
where the weights are estimated based on economic theory and reflect the relative price of goods and services.
For example, the Growth Competitiveness Index (GCI) developed by the World Economic Forum is founded on the idea that the process of economic growth can be analysed within three important broad categories:
and to better forecast cycles in economic activities (Nilsson, 2000). See, for example, the OECD composite leading indicators,
For example, in comparing two countries within the economic dimension, one objective could be maximisation of economic growth;
Cherchye L. 2001), Using data envelopment analysis to assess macroeconomic policy performance, Applied Economics, 33: 407-416 Cherchye L. and Kuosmanen T. 2002), Benchmarking sustainable development:
Dietz F. J. and van der Straaten J. 1992), Rethinking environmental economics: missing links between economic theory and environmental policy, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. XXVI, 1: 27-51.
Dunteman G. H. 1989), Principal components analysis, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Quantitative Applications in the Social sciences Series, No. 69.
a social choice approach, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol. 47: 270-283. Efron, B. 1987), Better bootstrap confidence intervals (with discussion.
an examination of composite performance indicators, Centre for Health Economics, Technical Paper Series 29. Jencks S f.,Huff E d. and Cuerdon T. 2003), Change in the quality of care delivered to Medicare beneficiaries, 1998-1999 to 2000-2001, Journal of the American Medical Association
Munda G. 1995), Multicriteria evaluation in a fuzzy environment, Physica-Verlag, Contributions to Economics Series, Heidelberg.
a defensible setting, Forthcoming in Applied Economics. Munda G. 2007), Social multi-criteria evaluation, Springer-verlag, Heidelberg, New york, Economics Series.
Nardo M.,Tarantola S.,Saltelli A.,Andropoulos C.,Buescher R.,Karageorgos G.,Latvala A. and Noel F. 2004), The e-business readiness composite indicator for 2003:
tp=arnumber=6191343&isnumber=6204228 28 D. Kirschen and G. Strbac, Fundamentals of Power systems Economics. Chichester, U k.:
operation, and economics of finite-inertia systems and integration of renewable-energy systems to electric grids.
by improving the economics of deposit taking, due diligence and lending in favour of both investors and businesses, improving customer satisfaction and most importantly keeping default or failure rates low.
Material productivity expresses the amount of economic value generated by a unit of material input or consumption.
Energy productivity expresses the amount of economic value generated by one unit of energy input or consumption. 5 SERI 2011, Global Material Flow Database. 2011 Version. www. materialflows
After a workshop on social innovation in 2009, President Barroso asked the Bureau of Economic policy Advisors to draft a report on social innovation as driver for social change,
the legal rights-related issues of social network such as the management of personal data and the potential economic value of users activities on social networks and the engagement and security issues of CAPS. 6 Tab. 2-CAPS ongoing project
must be driven primarily by economic value. In contrast, the social innovator's projects are driven primarily by social values,
47 Journal of Law and Economics 45 74 (2004), have demonstrated that individuals and small firms in the US can be at a significant disadvantage in protecting their patent rights because of the small size of their portfolios. 48 PATENT LAW
and economics literature has explained that costs related to patent protection trigger a comparison with alternative forms of protection,
including i) the level of jurisdiction (and competence for each Economics of Trade secret Law, in 5 Journal of Economic Perspectives 61-72 (1991;
A Law and Economics Primer, available at http://www. earthinstitute. columbia. edu/cgsd/documents/lewisreichman. pdf (last visit April 18,
Indeed, a study of the Vattenfall Institute and Mckinsey highlights the fact that many low-cost technologies are available to reduce CO2 emissions that could be used eventually also by LDCS. 37 36 Copenhagen Economics
according to economic theory, may be expected to be lower than the cost of separately negotiated licenses); They can clear blocking patents that would
Copenhagen Economics and The IPR Company (2009), Are IPR a Barrier to the Transfer of Climate Change Technology?
/exp 384 express report final distrib en. pdf). Friedman, D d.,W. M. Landes and R. A. Posner (1991), Some Economics of Trade secret Law, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 5, pp
Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 47, pp. 45-74. Lewis, T. and J. H. Reichman (2003), Using Liability Rules to Stimulate Local Innovations in Developing Countries:
A Law and Economics Primer,(http://www. earthinstitute. columbia. edu/cgsd/documents/lewisrei chman. pdf). Ordover, J. A. 1991), A Patent system for Both Diffusion
Senior Fellow Economics & Management of Innovation ULB and Bruegel bruno. vanpottelsberghe@ulb. ac. be Mrs. Renate Weissenhorn Head of Unit DG ENTR European commission renate
In this context, it is worth mentioning that the onset of the global financial and economic crisis,
especially as a response to the global economic crisis. Because university-based research is the primary arena for the production of new knowledge,
-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion.'
'Because of the importance of research and development to‘generating economic growth, employment and social cohesion'the European union (section 12) confirmed its support for the objectives of the European Research Area.
adding to economic growth and wealth creation; enhancing the skills base; increased employment; reduced costs; increased innovation capability and global competitiveness;
and human capital formation becomes more vital for innovation and economic growth. Research assessment exercises are likely to become an increasingly important determinant of research quality
Andrea is Professor of Economics and Management at the University of Pisa. He is author of papers in the most important journals in economics and policy of science, technology and innovation,
and the editor (with C. Daraio) of Universities and strategic knowledge creation (Edward Elgar, 2007).
Paloma is a Phd in Economics and Professor of Applied Economics at the Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM.
and a Phd Programme on Economics and Management of Innovation and the Director of a recently created Chair UAM-ACCENTURE.
Her main research and publications are related to intellectual capital as a driver of innovation, economics of innovation,
good, yet not excellent, in applied and engineering sciences, biological sciences related to animals and plants, geosciences, mathematics, economics, psychology and other social sciences related to medicine and health;
The first cycle of the ULB Research Assessment Exercise is about to end for the first two disciplines evaluated (physics, economics & management)( September 2009.
Only in one case (economics) a strong debate was reported within the Evaluation Panel, based on conflict between a view supporting international publications as the exclusive valuable research output,
Economics and Management Sciences; Law and Jurisprudence; History and Art; Philosophy, Philology and Linguistics. Every field has slightly different rules regarding the evaluation of research results,
small and medium-sized enterprises, may be understood as any entity engaged in economic activity, irrespective of its legal form (EC, 2003a).
and Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA, 2004). Comparing the findings of the aforementioned surveys it would not be an unreasonable assumption that SMES in the respective countries
The study carried out by Cologne-based Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft (Idw) on behalf of Germany's Federal Ministry of Economics
Die Position Norddeutschlands im internationalen Innovationswettbewerb, Hamburg Institute of International Economics, Hamburg. Idw (2004: Mittelstand in Deutschland Stiefkind der Wirtschaftspolitik, Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft, Cologne:
The Rail Baltica tries to promote economic growth and integration in the Baltic region. The project Rail Baltica and especially pre-studies and development phase have received support from two EU funds.
and student living expenditure in the region and universities'economic activity induced by additional expenditure in the regional supply chain.
whose focus is on each region's capacity in terms of economic growth and renewal. Many of the new policies are concentrated on so called strategic action plans Regional Growth Programmes-VINNVAXT-aiming at creating economic, ecologic and social sustainable growth (Erawatch country profile:
Expert meeting on The future of academic research, Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration, 19-20 october 2006.
5 1. Introduction Innovation is arguably one of the main drivers of economic growth and the capacity to innovate among the most important factors enhancing competitiveness on a global scale (Grossman and Helpman 1991, Nelson 1996, Baumol 2002).
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR Overall, recent empirical findings show that the environment for innovation has changed with the importance of new and small firms to the innovation process has increased.
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR In a study employing Community Innovation Survey data over 16 countries,
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR Finally, the last table looks at the proportion of R&d expenditures from companies outside the enterprise.
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR Although increasing institutional efforts to harmonize data for the understanding of the relationship between innovation and SMES performance,
Empirical Evidence for Italy, Small Business Economics, Vol. 33, No. 1 Cohen W. M. and Levinthal D. A (1990) Absorptive Capacity:
and Bettina Peters (2006), Innovation and Productivity across four European countries, Oxford Review of Economic policy, Vol. 22, No 4 Grossman G. M.,Elhanan Helpman (1991),
Evidence from CIS III data for 16 countries, Small Business Economics, Vol. 33 pp 59 75.
Harnessing Technology for Economic growth. Washington, D c.:National Academy Press, pp. 275 305. Love J.,Stephen Roper (2013), SMES Innovation, Exporting and Growth, ERC White paper N 5. Macpherson A.,Robin Holt (2007), Knowledge, learning and small
"IPTS Working papers on Corporate R&d and Innovation series (http://iri. jrc. ec. europa. eu/papers. htm) Nelson R. R. 1996), The Sources of Economic growth, London:
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE ANNUAL REPORT ON EUROPEAN SMES 2012/2013 15 II.
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE ANNUAL REPORT ON EUROPEAN SMES 2012/2013 16 III.
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE ANNUAL REPORT ON EUROPEAN SMES 2012/2013 17 IV.
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR
Hungary: Towards a National S3 strategy Balázs Borsi (Ministry for National Economy) Budapest, 25 june 2013 Source of map:
combined, would create economic growth and lead eventually to economic development. Economic growth would be increased the productivity in the existing activities;
economic development would come from the opening, through research and innovation, of new production branches or the birth of knowledge-based firms (OECD, 2005;
is used without exception in relation to competitiveness, sustainable economic growth, closing the structural heterogeneity gap in productivity, and the like,
The hypothesis that there is a trickle-down effect from economic growth to social inclusion, implicit in many analyses, is illusory;
The context of the first call in 2003 was a deep social and economic crisis at the national level,
Some years later, Uruguay showed an unparalleled rate of economic growth: at the end of 2008, the country growth reached 8. 9 percent
from violent robberies for food at the time of the first call to different types of security problems associated now with violence related to the uneven economic growth and the persistence of social exclusion, from the bankruptcy of hundreds of firms
and a sustained economic growth. The persistence of these situations makes even more valid the premise from
and talent increasing social and community benefits 3. Increased fixed asset use giving economic value to more people 4. Increased fixed asset use giving social and community value to more people 5
. Increased creation of viable shared assets giving more economic value to more people 6. Increased creation of viable shared assets giving more social and community value to more people 7
Indeed, in the Eslife case especially, there appear to be fewer volunteers because of the economic crisis as people need to earn as much as they can at this time,
The economic crisis in 2007-8 made people look at the assets they owned and how to make these‘work harder'for them ICT connectivity makes the sharing economy possible on a scale never seen before 48 www. zipcar. com 49 www. airbnb. com 50 Given the above very general definition
Botsman (2010) further observes that classical economics to date has seen the sharing economy as simply‘stealing'market from the established
and in effect decanting some economic activity from downtown to the suburbs. Whatever the balance of cannibalising existing demand
Increased existing asset use giving more economic value to more people Increased existing asset use giving more social and community value to more people. 55 www. rentez-vous. com 65 3. Creating new shared
Increased creation of new shared assets giving more economic value to more people Increased creation of new shared assets giving more social and community value to more people In addition, there is also one theme
Sharing existing dormant assets 3. Increased fixed asset use giving more economic value to more people Streetbank:
Creating new shared assets 5. Increased creation of new shared assets giving more economic value to more people Repair Cafés:
online open data and open data communities create new content and knowledge for developing new products and services in for example hackathons and other physical events with economic value
the cultures of the economic crisis, Oxford university Press Chadwick, A. 2009a. Web 2. 0: New Challenges for the Study of E-Democracy in an Era of Informational Exuberance.
Inspired by new approaches in social and behavioural economics, we take a network perspective and analyse the role networks play in innovation
This strategy established eighty-six measures to be implemented over the 2005-2007 period to promote competitiveness and shape economic policy in order to boost productivity
economic growth, quality of employment and social cohesion. When this agreement expired, the signatories decided to revise its content
Although the capacity to fully implement this second initiative was conditioned inevitably by the current economic crisis and the subsequent budgetary restrictions,
The current situation of economic crisis and public spending restrictions requires appropriate, effective and efficient economic policy measures.
reliable environment in order to restart the production system and economic growth, an essential condition for generating jobs and reducing the high unemployment rate.
For instance, in order to foster economic growth based on increased productivity and quality job creation, it is necessary to improve mechanisms for professional mediation,
economics, the media, the new technologies, postgraduate studies, international mobility, etc. Catalonia faces the challenge of modernising its universities
The Catalan ICT industry should act as a driving force behind economic growth helping to increase business productivity
and highly qualified personnel. 5. 4. Entrepreneurism Business enterprises are expected to lead the recovery of economic activity.
International competition and the economic crisis require companies to rethink their competitive strategies, particularly as regards technological innovation, internationalisation and adjustment towards activities and products with higher added value,
should lead the recovery of economic activity and job creation. However, all too often, SMES have neither the training nor the tools needed to adapt to a rapidly-changing and evermore competitive environment.
In the present context of severe economic crisis and high unemployment it is particularly important to improve employability as a way of working towards a change to Catalonia 2020 Strategy 23 a more balanced production model, based on productivity.
and to establish a model for economic growth that is more balanced than previous models. 6. 1. 4. Matching vocational training to labour market requirements Serious imbalances exist between supply
there is more chance of pupils successfully completing their schooling. 6. 1. 6. Promoting full comprehension of English as a third language With its notable presence in the spheres of economics, the new technologies and higher studies,
and to generate economic growth through increased productivity and the creation of quality jobs. The Catalan Government's powers in this field are limited.
sustained economic growth based on productivity it is crucial to promote the creation of quality jobs. A quality working environment and secure conditions of employment are key factors in persuading workers to commit to company projects
in order to generate economic growth, fresh efforts are required to create a real market for the results of research and for patents.
The main initiatives in this respect include projects with knock-on effects focused on ICT (linked to Barcelona Mobile World Capital) and on sustainable mobility (electric vehicles, development of new businesses and economic activities, etc..
pursue the goal of reactivating economic activity, particularly as regards SMES. Catalonia 2020 Strategy 33 6. 4. 10.
Government actions to this end are aimed at providing a framework to encourage new business initiatives in the sphere of the social economy. 6. 6. Fostering the transition to a more resource-efficient economy Public policies to support economic activity
and introducing the sustainability variable in instruments supporting economic activity and in public procurement. In this respect, the Catalan Ecodesign Programme 2011-2012 (ECODISCAT) promotes sustainable production and consumption.
and promoting recycled, recyclable and biodegradable products. 6. 7. Modernising Government The public authorities should provide a framework for economic activity and public intervention that fosters business initiative and job creation whilst preserving the rights and duties
and to promote smart legislation that neither restricts competition nor generates unnecessary or disproportionate costs to economic activity.
In order to facilitate economic activity, and as part of the process aimed at improving public services, it is essential to introduce the electronic administration as an instrument that will increase the flexibility,
and is a vital condition for generating economic activity in rural areas. Irrigation infrastructure also plays a strategic role in boosting
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