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Synopsis: Entrepreneurship: Economics: Economics:

such as sustainable development and corporate social responsibility (CSR), mainly focus on social and environmental aspects. xviii The Innovation Biosphere Can we really target sustainable development in a global world of greedy economics designing products

and Communication Technologies (ICTS) enable us to see the connections between seemingly disparate issues, like transport and energy or health and economic growth,

regional competitiveness, transport and digital economics, natural resources, human and social capital, quality of life and participation of citizens in the governance of cities.

To face the economic crisis, cities and territories have to optimize their functioning and reduce their costs.

While innovators are expected to supply an economic value, they also have a duty to evaluate and reduce the impact of their activity on natural ecosystems

economic and technological factors contributing to country's innovation ecology that have an impact on sustainable economic growth.

The economic crisis is affecting national and European funding; the applicants are encouraged to supplement two-thirds of the overall budget by private ones;

and reward the creation of economic value and jobs. What example can be given by politics that never lead a company?

and will be adapted to each case. 2. 7. Trends and future innovation In search of economic growth and job creation,

Sharing of cars, tools and houses is a practice by individuals in parallel to the sick economic systems.

impact of sensitive technology to manage, business transformation, economic growth, knowledge preservation, food and water for all,

Only the use of new technologies will allow us to bridge the gap between economic growth

In the industrial era, they contributed to more products and economic growth. According to Brynjolfsson and Mcafee BRY 11, increases in jobs corresponds to increases in productivity,

which fueled more economic activity and created even more jobs. Then, beginning in 2000, the lines diverge;

showing economic growth with no parallel increase in job creation. Brynjolfsson and Mcafee call it the great decoupling.

Rotman ROT 13 states that economic theory and government policy will have to be rethought if technology is indeed destroying jobs faster than it is creating new ones.

According to Ford, advances in AI and robotics will have significant implications for evolving economic systems. The majority of the workforce has to adapt to this to remain relevant.

New field of Knowledge/Innovation Economics has emerged learning to measure the intangible value. The recent OECD publication OEC 14a reviews the key trends in science, technology and innovation policies,

what are the results in terms of economic growth and how the whole process is monitored. Figure 3. 2. Comparison between Maryland

They are adapted not to evaluate the progress in facing the main challenges, such as job creation, employment and economic growth.

these technologies should deliver sustainable economic growth. To accomplish this ambitious challenge, 101 actions grouped around seven key areas were elaborated.

It is considered also vital to the continued economic growth in Europe BLE 08. The EU aims at fostering favorable conditions through coordinated action including joint development of related skills.

such as incubators and clusters, hoping to attract companies and influence economic growth. Traditional policy is applied and there is still a misunderstanding of the difference between innovation and research,

grounded in classical economics. Some of this is bound to federal funding for research and development (R&d. Other aspects include immigration, training and education.

The current economic crisis has brought the interplay between innovation and jobs. Countries badly need innovation-driven productivity gains to grow out of debt,

There are no reports on how far this investment improved economic growth, job creation and young employment and has addressed other strategic European challenges.

A greedy economic system empowered with ubiquitous advertisements and continuous innovation 160 The Innovation Biosphere in marketing requires us to transform into buying machines.

The greedy economic system which produces things to throw out should be replaced by Environment and Sustainable Success 175 a more sustainable one.

Conditions for a Sustainable Future Jeremy Rifkin RIF 14 claims that zero margin cost is a trigger for a new economic system based on two things:

International Journal of Production Economics, 90 (2), 129 149. Ante, S. E. 2009. Amazon: Turning consumer opinions into gold.

Economics of controls. In Proceedings of the international workshop on information systems for social innovation 2011 (ISSI 2011)( pp. 230 236.

and Economics pursuing his Master of science degree in the field of Information technology Engineering. His research activities mainly focus on practical solutions for integrating business process models,

Economics) in information systems at A°bo Akademi University, Finland in 2005. Since 2001, she started her research and practice in mobile services.

He has a background in business economics und computer science and has obtained his economic doctorate degree from the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg in 2013.

Curricula Vitae 295 Monika Malinova Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria Monika Malinova is a teaching

and research associate and a doctoral candidate at the Institute for Information Business at the Vienna University of Economics and Business,

Jan Mendling Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria Jan Mendling is a Full professor and head of the Institute for Information Business at WU Vienna.

After studying political economics at the University of Freiburg he received a doctorate in 2003 and a professorship in information systems and business economics (Habilitation) in 2010.

His main research interests are compliance in flexible workflows, economics of controls, risk management, and IT-support for disaster response management.

Curricula Vitae 299 Bernd Schenk University of Liechtenstein, Liechtenstein Bernd Schenk is senior lecturer for Information systems at the University of Liechtenstein.

He holds a Ph d. in Information systems from the Vienna University of Economics and Business and a MSC from the University of Innsbruck, Austria.

She holds a Ph d. in business economics from the University of Liechtenstein and a Diploma in economics from the University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany,

International Journal of Production Economics, Journal of Strategic Information systems, Long Range Planning and Wirtschaftsinformatik. He won several research awards

Curricula Vitae 301 Amy Van Looy Ghent University, Belgium Amy Van Looy holds a Ph d. in applied economics.

Clusters and the New Economics of Competition, in: Harvard Business Review, November/December 1998, p. 78 19 Figure 5:

and acceleration of economic growth To create a favorable business climate with improved conditions for business development

and long term support of economic growth and employment Zentrales Innovationsprogramm Mittelstand Netzwerkprojekte (ZIM NEMO) Development of innovation capacities and competitiveness of SME through the support of innovation networks HUNGARY Cluster Development

A wider spectrum and a higher frequency of services for the cluster members which in turn trigger economic activities e g. of SME (for further details about the link between services

Clusters and the New Economics of Competition, in: Harvard Business Review, November 1998, p. 78 52 that cluster management organizations and their affiliated members know best which projects they should focus on to create value or

Although these type of program shares the objective of promoting economic growth with KEY FINDINGS 1. Different types of cluster programs serve different purposes. 2. Most cluster programs feature high on the government's agenda. 3. Coordination

Furthermore, many members of Go-Cluster are funded also by other programs of the Federal government such as the Zentrales Innovationsprogramm Mittelstand (ZIM) of the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWI.

and are considered as being important from an economic policy point of view. 14 The Zentrale Innovationsprogramm Mittelstand (ZIM)( Central Innovation Program SME) of the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology supports innovation activities through three subprograms:

He holds a Master's degree in economics from the University of Copenhagen and a Phd degree in international economics from Copenhagen Business school.

Luminita Nicolescu, Ciprian Nicolescu ISSN 2071-789x RECENT ISSUES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2a, 2012 71 Luminita Nicolescu

Luminita Nicolescu, Ciprian Nicolescu ISSN 2071-789x RECENT ISSUES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2a, 2012 72 that analyse innovations in SMES

and to comment on the influence of the recent economic crisis on them. It has a descriptive character, offering a general image of innovations in Romanian SMES, ending with a couple of advices for policy and organisational decision making.

Laforet and Tann (2006) discuss the different streams in SMES innovation research (as being oriented economics stream, the organization-oriented stream and the project-oriented stream),

DEVELOPMENT Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2a, 2012 73 Mitchell, 2007) and concluded that innovation studies in SMES must be highly contextualized

The Romanian economic context economic crisis and effects Romania was and still is influenced by the economic evolutions at the world level.

The economic crisis that hit the world in 2007 was also felt by the Romanian economy,

In an unstable international economic context, the first obvious sign of the economic crisis were felt in Romania in 2009,

when it took place a drastic contraction of the economic activity reflected in the decrease of the real GDP with 6. 6%.The decreasing trend continued in 2010,

when it was 4%and Luminita Nicolescu, Ciprian Nicolescu ISSN 2071-789x RECENT ISSUES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2a,

Due to the economic crisis the level of economic activity diminished in Romania in the last years and SMES had to adapt their level of business to the market conditions from both the internal and the external markets.

as in the last years, hit by the economic crisis many SMES went from the medium to small size due to the decrease in the number of employees.

2071-789x RECENT ISSUES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2a, 2012 75 economic branches TOTAL number Industry 26.44%17.17%17.50%21.41

Ciprian Nicolescu ISSN 2071-789x RECENT ISSUES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2a, 2012 76 Sources:

Ciprian Nicolescu ISSN 2071-789x RECENT ISSUES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2a, 2012 77 last year.

However, starting 2007/2008 once the global economic crisis had begun the trend towards introducing new technologies decreased.

illustrating the negative influence of the economic crisis on innovative activities in Romanian SMES. Other negative tendencies include the doubling of the percentage of SMES that have not conducted innovative activities at all,

who are focused more on short term survival rather than innovating in a period of economic crisis. The level of investment in innovative activities illustrates the propensity towards implementing organizational changes that would sustain the future growth of the organization.

This trend is attributable also to the economic crisis. On overall, in the analyzed period, the percentage of SMES investing g highly in innovations is small

Overall, financial difficulties are common for Luminita Nicolescu, Ciprian Nicolescu ISSN 2071-789x RECENT ISSUES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2a

Ciprian Nicolescu ISSN 2071-789x RECENT ISSUES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2a, 2012 79 Sources:

Luminita Nicolescu, Ciprian Nicolescu ISSN 2071-789x RECENT ISSUES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2a, 2012 80 After an initial increase

the web-based Luminita Nicolescu, Ciprian Nicolescu ISSN 2071-789x RECENT ISSUES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2a, 2012 81

not only as fallout of the economic crisis, but also as potentially improved internal communication and business mechanisms within the company.

Generally speaking, SMES are perceived to lag behind large Luminita Nicolescu, Ciprian Nicolescu ISSN 2071-789x RECENT ISSUES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2a, 2012

The economic crisis had a negative impact on them in the last few years. Investments for innovations decreased in time in SMES,

especially since the economic crisis reached Romania as well, which ended up in 2011 with almost half of SMES without any investible surplus at all for innovations. c) innovations decreased in the last few years in Romanian SMES.

Luminita Nicolescu, Ciprian Nicolescu ISSN 2071-789x RECENT ISSUES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2a, 2012 83 Based on this general

as a country affected by the economic crisis much like the whole Europe and the practically the entire globe world, is seen also as having negatively impacted SMES'activity

since the start of the economic crisis with more than 35%of SMES not being involved at all in innovative activities after 2009. b) in spite of the generally decreasing trends in innovative activities in SMES,

b) as one way to better cope with the economic crisis, by assimilating cheaper ways of doing business.

Luminita Nicolescu, Ciprian Nicolescu ISSN 2071-789x RECENT ISSUES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2a, 2012 84 References Avermaete

Luminita Nicolescu, Ciprian Nicolescu ISSN 2071-789x RECENT ISSUES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economics & Sociology, Vol. 5, No 2a, 2012 85 Ngugi, K

and develop all-island business networks in sectors that are considered to be especially important for future economic growth,

and economic growth The State agencies are working to maximise the opportunities presented by this new pool of talent,

This has led to a series of detailed programmes that have delivered unprecedented levels of economic stability, social cohesion and industrial peace.

Many empirical studies have shown the aggregate relationships between entrepreneurship and SME activity and economic growth and job creation.

and business start-up rates are associated with more rapid economic growth (Audretsch and Thurik, 2001; Audretsch and Keilbach, 2005;

and economic crisis since it is clear that policies enabling innovation in new and small businesses will have benefits not just for improving products

This is what is seen now generally by economists to be the major factor behind the bulk of economic growth, the growth that is not due to additions to capital and labour stocks.

Some of the ideas driving economic growth may be the result of scientific breakthroughs in large firms and universities,

because the services sector has seen a dramatic rise in its share of economic value added in recent years (rising for example from 55%to 70%of Japanese

the discussion has been oriented implicitly around the creation of economic value added. But a further ramification of a broader notion of innovation is need the to consider its social contribution.

But state budgets are not keeping pace with the growing needs and expectations, particularly with the consequences of the global financial and economic crisis,

although Drucker's main focus is more on firm strategy and competitiveness than aggregate economic growth. l The entrepreneur as a breakthrough innovator.

Like Schumpeter, Baumol (2002) adopts a dynamic framework examining the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth.

l Entrepreneurs are those persons (business owners) who seek to generate value, through the creation or expansion of economic activity,

processes or markets. l Entrepreneurial activity is the enterprising human action in pursuit of the generation of value, through the creation or expansion of economic activity,

It is oriented this innovation activity that promotes economic growth and solves social problems. In order to understand more fully how start-up enterprises

thus increasing the average productivity of the economy and driving economic growth. There is also an indirect impact,

which many economists understand economic growth. Investments in new knowledge are seen to spill over in part to other agents,

and economic growth through their role in promoting knowledge spillovers. The relationship may involve not just the role of new start-ups in exploiting knowledge themselves but also the role of new enterprises and SMES as participants in knowledge exchange networks within innovation systems, stimulating knowledge transfers from universities and other

Furthermore, the process of creative destruction is pronounced most in periods of economic crisis and recovery, as the global economy is 1. INTRODUCTION SMES,

the Knowledge Filter and Entrepreneurship in Endogenous Growth, Centre for Economic policy Research Discussion Paper No. 4783, Centre for Economic policy Research:

An Empirical Assessment, Centre for Economic policy Research Discussion Paper 5409, Centre for Economic policy Research, London.

and B. Carlsson (2009), The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship, Small Business Economics, Vol. 32, pp. 15-30.

Audretsch, D.,M. Keilbach and E. Lehmann (2006), Entrepreneurship and Economic growth, Oxford university Press, Oxford. Audretsch D. and R. Thurik (2001), Linking Entrepreneurship to Growth, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working papers, 2001/2, OECD, Paris. Audretsch, D. and R. Thurik (2004

Factor Productivity and the Role of Entrepreneurship, Jena Economic Research Papers 2008-19, Friedrich Schiller University and the Max Planck Institute of Economics, Jena.

Henrekson, M. and D. Johansson (2008), Gazelles as Job Creators A Survey and Interpretation of the Evidence, IFN Working Paper 733, Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm.

and Financing, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 77, No. 1, pp. 55-65.

Firm Formation and Economic growth Paper No. 1, Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, WASHINGTON DC. Stuart, T. 2000), Inter-organisational Alliances and the Performance of Firms:

Entrepreneurship, Economic growth, and Policy, in Z. Acs, D. Audretsch and R. Strom (eds.),Entrepreneurship, Growth,

and new employment opportunities) then the nature of these cash flows is increasingly important for government growth and economic policy.

The intellectual property regime Confidence in the currency of intellectual property becomes even more fundamental to economic activity in the context of open innovation securing market clarity is important here,

‘the intellectual property system must incentivise and reward inventiveness and creativity throughout the economic system rather than the current winner-takesall approach,

'in Nelson, R. R. ed.)The Rate and Direction of Economic activity, Princeton university Press, N y. Birkinshaw, J.,Bouquet, C. and Barsoux, J.-L. 2010)‘ 5 Myths

the Case of the Cornish Pumping Engine',Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol 28, pp347-363.

and to stimulate sustainable economic growth and job creation. Market failure involves a number of different factors.

Understanding Economic growth, OECD,(2005) 4 Making it Happen Growing Enterprise for Ireland, Forfás, 2010 FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 5 The Action Plan for Jobs published in 2012 places an increased emphasis on supporting indigenous start-ups.

The economic value of the CEB soft supports depends somewhat on the prevailing economic environment and unemployment levels.

The desire to proactively develop the enterprise base to stimulate sustainable economic growth and job creation has remained also constant,

and to stimulate sustainable economic growth and job creation. In general, companies that emanate from entrepreneurial activity are the feedstock for future employment and growth.

Financial market imperfections may be addressed by grant aid. 36 Action Plan the European Agenda for Entrepreneurship European commission, COM (2004) 37 Understanding Economic growth, OECD,(2005) 38

and Challenges Relevant Government strategies over the period of review reflect the importance of supporting start-up companies as a means to stimulate economic growth and employment.

As an open economy that is reliant on export performance for economic growth, relative cost competitiveness comes into sharp focus for Ireland.

and start-ups are significant drivers of economic growth and that supporting entrepreneurs and start-ups has a key role to play in Ireland's return to sustainable growth and job creation.

As such collaboration with academic and/or enterprise partners is often essential to realise the full potential of innovative business ideas in terms of economic growth and job creation.

Building on the Smart Economy strategy, the Report of the Innovation Taskforce (2010) places innovation and entrepreneurship at the heart of driving increased productivity and economic growth.

Innovation is viewed as an essential element for driving economic growth and the report emphasises the strong role of entrepreneurship and the commercialisation of academic R&d in increasing innovation.

which was developed in the context of Ireland's challenging economic environment the plan emphasised the absolute need to support economic growth and stresses the importance of protecting investment in supports for enterprise and innovation for the development of the smart economy and on the key

and innovations from the higher education sector to promote economic growth, it states that we will promote

This increases the likelihood that the business idea is successful and ultimately leads to increased economic growth in terms of jobs and exports.

and the absolute need to support economic growth committed to introducing the Innovation Fund Ireland86 to attract international venture capital fund managers to Ireland,

unemployment and low economic growth in Ireland. It was recognised that micro enterprises (employing 10 or less people) could be a valuable source of employment and economic growth,

and that at that time, there was a gap in the provision of state supports to those enterprises.

In some instances, individual CEBS may have set out their own targets. 9. 4 Rationale for Government Intervention The role of entrepreneurship in driving economic growth is accepted well.

These refunds are made at national level to the State 116 OECD. 2005, Understanding Economic growth 124 9. 5 Alignment with National Policy During the period under review,

The current economic crisis has weakened the financial health of many small and medium-sized firms (SMES), especially in industries in which foreign,

Technology per se has no economic value; indeed, the economic value of technology is realized when companies develop and commercialize it through a particular business model.

In all our interviews, managers emphasized that business models play a primary role in SMES in low-and medium-tech industries, not the technology.

The economic value of a technology only emerges when it is commercialized in some way. 14 It is the business model that determines the economic value of a new technology by indicating how customer value will be created

and how the company can capture value from that technology. In contrast with other innovation reports,

The current economic crisis has weakened their financial health, especially in industries that are globalizing rapidly. These changing market conditions force them to look for new ways to differentiate their products

MA. 14 The role of the business model creating economic value from technological inventions is one of the central themes in Chesbrough, H. W. 2003), Open innovation;

The Predatory Use of Preliminary Injunctions, The Journal of Law and Economics. Vol. XLIV, no. 2, 2001,573-603) for an analysis of how smaller firms are disadvantaged disproportionately by high IP litigation costs. 37 See Chesbrough, H. 2003) Open Innovation:

UK Public Policy and Open Innovation (Big Innovation Centre, September 2011). 6 11 Ambitious and innovative SMES are disproportionately effective in stimulating economic growth

pundits and policymakers discuss the economics of growth it would be easy to be confused by the commonly used terms:

THE THREE SOURCES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH 2. PRODUCTIVITY IN ALL INDUSTRIES 3. GROWTH OF HIGH PRODUCTIVITY INDUSTRIES 1. GROWTH IN WORKERS The second the across-the-board growth effect occurs

Moreover, as highlighted in Innovation Economics: The Race for Global Advantage, a weak traded sector can have spillover effects on the overall economy,

J. Ezell, Innovation Economics: The Race for Global Advantage (New haven: Yale university Press, 2012. http://globalinnovationrace. com/9. James Manyika et al.

He is also the author of the books Innovation Economics: The Race for Global Advantage (Yale university Press, 2012) and The Past and Future of America's Economy:

Ireland needs jobs and industry in order to grow its way out of our economic crisis. Make no mistake;

and hope that it will lead to enhanced economic activity, increased numbers of startups and increased engagement by all groups in the entrepreneurial arena.

-10-1 Kauffman Foundation Research Series (July 2013)‘ Firm Formation and Economic growth'.'2 The 2012 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Report shows that the rate of early stage entrepreneurship in Ireland is compared 6. 1

and build international enterprises will bring real dividends via economic growth. This solid and continuous growth would solve the sovereign debt problem facing Ireland more quickly

and hope that it will lead to enhanced economic activity, increased numbers of startups and increased engagement by all groups in the entrepreneurial arena.

After failing due to the economic downturn, the peer-to-peer support I received spurred me on to get up

risktaking and enterprise and therefore are neither efficient nor conducive to increasing strong economic growth. Governments everywhere try to encourage people to reinvest their earnings into the economy.

Ideas, structure, state action and economic growth: Rethinking The irish miracle. Review of International Political economy, 19 (1), 87-113.

International Policy Reports for Economic growth Cooney, T. M. Kidney, E. 2009) Entrepreneurship and Innovation Policy in Ireland References-60-Joint Committee on Jobs, Enterprise

Entrepreneurship Development Index Structure 67 4 National Policy Statement on Entrepreneurship in Ireland As we move into a period of economic growth following one of the darkest periods in the history of the State,

Enterprise and Innovation this segment of economic activity will continue to make a significant contribution to our wellbeing in the future.

The picture is even more complex at a national level due to the inherent complexity of economic systems.

the US and UK. 1. 1 Culture Entrepreneurship is a powerful driver of economic growth and job creation.

identified that the recent downturn in economic activity has had a greater detrimental impact on rural areas than on urban ones.

Creative Europe was developed in response to a widely held view that SMES in the CCI sector experience particular difficulties in assessing the economic value of such intangible assets as novelty, soft innovation,

thereby positioning it as a key element in the economic growth agenda. This Policy Statement has set out the core objectives

and one of the most open economies in the world, trade is crucial to our economic growth.

Aims to increase the availability of risk capital for SMES to support economic growth through the continued development of the Seed

termed Innovation Economics, which stresses why decisions on taxes and spending should be driven by the need to promote economic growth.

Rather than concentrating on boosting aggregate demand or reducing the federal debt, policymakers should be guided by the need to reduce the debt-to-GDP level over the medium term,

rather than on ways to increase economic growth. In addition, their proposals for spending and taxes seem to treat all outlays and revenues the same, regardless of their effect on growth.

Both effects would reduce economic growth, resulting in total budget savings significantly lower than what would be achieved by cutting true non-investment spending.

Instead of focusing solely on the budget deficit, Congress and the Administration should take a more focused approach to reducing the budget deficit by adopting policies that boost economic growth,

drive economic growth and increase future incomes) and consumptive spending (expenditures that finance consumption of goods

However, once the effects of induced investment and higher economic growth were taken into account, ITIF estimated that the expanded credit would pay for itself after 15 years. 9 In other words,

including for manufacturers. 10 The evidence shows that higher corporate rates reduce economic growth, including reduced international competitiveness. 11 As a result,

a well-educated and trained workforce contributes to economic growth and competitiveness. 23 As a result, in addition to expanding the R&d tax credit to include corporate expenditures on training,

There is nothing inherently objectionable about using the tax code as a means of social or economic policy;

Innovation Economics: How a New Theory Casts Light on an Old Problem of the Budget deficit (ITIF, October 2013), http://www2. itif. org/2013-innovation-economics-new-theory-old

-problem-budget. pdf. 2. Robert Atkinson et al. Taking on the Three Deficits: An Investment Guide to American Renewal (ITIF;

Robert D. Atkinson and Stephen J. Ezell, Innovation Economics: the Race for Global Advantage (New haven, CT:

He is also the author of the books Innovation Economics: The Race for Global Advantage (Yale university Press, 2012) and The Past and Future of America's Economy:

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