Economic activity

Economic activity (298)
Economic collapse (6)
Economic crisis (190)
Economic downturn (55)
Economic growth (726)
Economic policy (127)
Economic stability (18)
Economic system (55)
Economic theory (46)
Economic value (132)
Economics (862)

Synopsis: Entrepreneurship: Economics: Economics: Economic activity:

which fueled more economic activity and created even more jobs. Then, beginning in 2000, the lines diverge;

A wider spectrum and a higher frequency of services for the cluster members which in turn trigger economic activities e g. of SME (for further details about the link between services

when it took place a drastic contraction of the economic activity reflected in the decrease of the real GDP with 6. 6%.The decreasing trend continued in 2010,

Due to the economic crisis the level of economic activity diminished in Romania in the last years and SMES had to adapt their level of business to the market conditions from both the internal and the external markets.

l Entrepreneurs are those persons (business owners) who seek to generate value, through the creation or expansion of economic activity,

processes or markets. l Entrepreneurial activity is the enterprising human action in pursuit of the generation of value, through the creation or expansion of economic activity,

The intellectual property regime Confidence in the currency of intellectual property becomes even more fundamental to economic activity in the context of open innovation securing market clarity is important here,

'in Nelson, R. R. ed.)The Rate and Direction of Economic activity, Princeton university Press, N y. Birkinshaw, J.,Bouquet, C. and Barsoux, J.-L. 2010)‘ 5 Myths

and hope that it will lead to enhanced economic activity, increased numbers of startups and increased engagement by all groups in the entrepreneurial arena.

and hope that it will lead to enhanced economic activity, increased numbers of startups and increased engagement by all groups in the entrepreneurial arena.

Enterprise and Innovation this segment of economic activity will continue to make a significant contribution to our wellbeing in the future.

identified that the recent downturn in economic activity has had a greater detrimental impact on rural areas than on urban ones.

and where manufacturing accounts for a significant share of economic activity. The characteristics associated with our ambition for manufacturing include Ireland being:

Government undertook to focus on competitiveness in all areas of economic activity. This is aimed at enhancing Ireland's competitiveness, particularly in the area of costs,

The Energy efficiency Fund was established in early 2014 with the primary objective to address one of the predominant barriers to economic activity in the sector the availability of credit that is structured properly and of appropriate term.

and to the goal of developing a competitive national economy, through the stimulus given by innovation to high value economic activities and jobs.

By encouraging the development of new economic activities RD&I policy measures strengthen Ireland's competitive advantage and build potential new areas of economic activity.

Given Ireland's small population, the nation is heavily dependent on the exporting sectors to generate the level of economic activity required to maintain our living standards

this version of the Handbook does not cover the composite leading indicators normally used to identify cyclical movements of economic activity.

and to better forecast cycles in economic activities (Nilsson, 2000). See, for example, the OECD composite leading indicators,

small and medium-sized enterprises, may be understood as any entity engaged in economic activity, irrespective of its legal form (EC, 2003a).

and student living expenditure in the region and universities'economic activity induced by additional expenditure in the regional supply chain.

and in effect decanting some economic activity from downtown to the suburbs. Whatever the balance of cannibalising existing demand

and highly qualified personnel. 5. 4. Entrepreneurism Business enterprises are expected to lead the recovery of economic activity.

should lead the recovery of economic activity and job creation. However, all too often, SMES have neither the training nor the tools needed to adapt to a rapidly-changing and evermore competitive environment.

The main initiatives in this respect include projects with knock-on effects focused on ICT (linked to Barcelona Mobile World Capital) and on sustainable mobility (electric vehicles, development of new businesses and economic activities, etc..

pursue the goal of reactivating economic activity, particularly as regards SMES. Catalonia 2020 Strategy 33 6. 4. 10.

Government actions to this end are aimed at providing a framework to encourage new business initiatives in the sphere of the social economy. 6. 6. Fostering the transition to a more resource-efficient economy Public policies to support economic activity

and introducing the sustainability variable in instruments supporting economic activity and in public procurement. In this respect, the Catalan Ecodesign Programme 2011-2012 (ECODISCAT) promotes sustainable production and consumption.

and promoting recycled, recyclable and biodegradable products. 6. 7. Modernising Government The public authorities should provide a framework for economic activity and public intervention that fosters business initiative and job creation whilst preserving the rights and duties

and to promote smart legislation that neither restricts competition nor generates unnecessary or disproportionate costs to economic activity.

In order to facilitate economic activity, and as part of the process aimed at improving public services, it is essential to introduce the electronic administration as an instrument that will increase the flexibility,

and is a vital condition for generating economic activity in rural areas. Irrigation infrastructure also plays a strategic role in boosting

Higher-than-the-average entrepreneurship is explained with the concentration of economic activity in this region and with the above average development level of supporting institutions and industries.

DEVELOPMENTS OF THE RESEARCH AND INNOVATION POLICY AND SYSTEM 2. 1 National economic and political context The contraction in economic activity persisted until the 4th quarter of 2012,

Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency About Doing Business Economic activity requires sensible rules that encourage firm start-up

NOTES 1. The focus of the Doing Business indicators remains the regulatory regime faced by domestic firms engaging in economic activity in the largest business city of an economy.

Analysis done in the World bank Group's Global Indicators Group has shown that countries that have sensible rules for domestic economic activity also tend to FIGURE 2. 3 How governments use Doing Business as a policy tool Reform committees use Doing Business

therefore fundamental to functioning markets and wealth-generating economic activity. The Doing Business indicators on protecting minority investors analyze the regulation of related-party transactions

Revenue declined by another 1. 1%of GDP in 2009.1 The financial crisis led to a shrinking of economic activity

and Vodafone. 83 The app economy refers to the range of economic activity surrounding mobile applications.

The Representations that Populate Digital Ecosystemsthe digital ecosystem is the ICT infrastructure designed to support economic activities,

Entrepreneurship is defined as the pursuit of opportunities beyond the resources you currently control. 10 Turning an innovative idea into economic activity creates companies, economic growth and jobs.

Caroline Jenner, Chief executive officer, Junior Achievement-Young Enterprise (JA-YE) Europe Various forms of women-led economic activity are important to the growth agenda.

and capturing value from new economic activity. The future shape of the global corporation will require a redefinition of

please email europeentrepreneurship@weforum. org. 56 Enhancing Europe's Competitiveness Endnotes 1. The entrepreneurial life cycle is defined here as including the factors influencing an individual to turn an idea into economic activity or join a start-up as an employee,

which span a broad range of economic activities in a disparate set of industries across different countries. 4. This section briefly explains

One of the most important implications of globalisation is that the comparative advantage of OECD nations is shifting away from traditional factors of production, such as land, labour and capital, towards knowledge-based economic activities.

Globalisation 5. Perhaps the most radical change in the economic landscape of the end of the 20th century has been the shift in economic activity away from a local or national sphere toward a much more international or global.

The measures of transnational economic activity which prove there has been a strongly positive trend toward greater global activity include:

and (5) shift into knowledge-based economic activities. 8. While some firms fell victim to the first strategy, many of the firms from OECD countries that have restructured successfully resorted to alternatives 2,

This alternative involves shifting economic activity out of traditional industries, where the high-cost countries of the OECD have lost their comparative advantage,

and into those knowledge-based industries where comparative advantage is compatible with both high wages and high levels of employment knowledge based economic activity.

Given the shift in comparative advantage towards more knowledge based economic activity, many scholars have predicted the demise of SMES.

But in fact, the share of economic activity accounted for by SMES has risen in most OECD countries.

) Results of a study by Feldman and Audretsch (1999) indicate that a region characterised by a diversity of firms engaged in complementary economic activities,

There is considerable evidence that the transnational economic activities of SMES have been increasing over time. Not only has the absolute value of foreign direct investment activities by small and medium-sized enterprises increased over time,

and structural changes necessitating new forms of economic activity, there is a greater push for new types of skills, businesses and governance.

Attracting talent to a local economy is enabled by making an environment and the quality of local life conducive to entrepreneurial economic activity.

and talent to make it happen, thereby energising local economic activity. Increasingly even economically less prosperous regions such as Andalusia are being exhorted to court entrepreneurship as part of an effective economic development strategy.

Rationale for the intervention As a small open economy with 50 percent of its economic activity accounted for by international trade,

and to better forecast cycles in economic activities (Nilsson, 2000. When indicators are in the form of time series the transformation can be made by subtracting the mean over time (t) t qc E x and then by dividing by the mean of the absolute values of the difference from the mean.((

and 2) interactions with actors of related economic activities. Several initiatives support collaborative research efforts between industry and academia and firms (as outlined in the financial support section.

For this purpose the most active applicants were assigned to one industrial or institutional sector based on their main economic activity.

In addition, start-ups founded by scientists are regarded as important transmission media which allow transferring new scientific knowledge in economic activities

which now receive special tax incentives for existing economic activities in those communities and any future activities such measures may attract.

In terms of economic activity, the most prominent sectors in employment terms are the public sector, the financial services sector,

We have seen already the impacts in terms of a decline in economic activity and increases in unemployment. The more recent downturn in employment is marked particularly in both the construction

many economic activities will require higher levels of skills and innovation in order to increase their competitiveness potential.

which sharply affect economic activity, the country still benefits from well-functioning institutions (24th) and good infrastructure (22nd).

and linking them to a limited number of priority economic activities, countries and regions can become

The common principle that is central to such analyses is the adoption of a wide view of innovation that spans across economic activities

and compare economic activities, including agriculture, and strengths with other regions in the EU. In the implementation phase, clusters can be used as efficient platforms that can focus on

are vital for the emergence of new economic activities and the creation of new and sustainable job opportunities101;

It is a revision of the General Industrial Classification of Economic activities within the European communities, known by the acronym NACE and originally published by Eurostat in 1970.

It is a revision of the General Industrial Classification of Economic activities within the European communities, known by the acronym NACE and originally published by Eurostat in 1970.

and toward markets as a form of organising economic activity (Coase 1937, and Williamson, 1985). Consequently, the expectations regarding the potential of ICT as technologies introducing innovative ways of doing business,

Brookings Papers on Economic activity, 31,1), pp. 125-235. Jovanovic, B. and Rousseau, P. L. 2005.

Trust is the core of social and economic activity in the Internet, and is the basis of economic transactions, social connections,

economic incentives need to affect the cost-benefit structure of the economic activities of the target.

so now the resources and resource-related sectors comprise around 18 per cent of total economic activity (Rayner & Bishop, 2013).

With no action, Kingsford Smith airport risked reaching capacity causing Australia to lose out on around 80,000 additional jobs and $34 billion (in 2010 dollars) in economic activity by 2060 (Department of Infrastructure

As the amount of economic activity related to recycling will grow immensely and as political and social push will increase for all,

small and medium-sized enterprises, may be understood as any entity engaged in economic activity, irrespective of its legal form (EC, 2003a).

This is despite the fact that current U s. economic activity in the private sector based on service revenues exceeds 82%(Rae, 2005.

which span a broad range of economic activities in a disparate set of industries across different countries. 4. This section briefly explains

One of the most important implications of globalisation is that the comparative advantage of OECD nations is shifting away from traditional factors of production, such as land, labour and capital, towards knowledge-based economic activities.

Globalisation 5. Perhaps the most radical change in the economic landscape of the end of the 20th century has been the shift in economic activity away from a local or national sphere toward a much more international or global.

The measures of transnational economic activity which prove there has been a strongly positive trend toward greater global activity include:

and (5) shift into knowledge-based economic activities. 8. While some firms fell victim to the first strategy, many of the firms from OECD countries that have restructured successfully resorted to alternatives 2,

This alternative involves shifting economic activity out of traditional industries, where the high-cost countries of the OECD have lost their comparative advantage,

and into those knowledge-based industries where comparative advantage is compatible with both high wages and high levels of employment knowledge based economic activity.

Given the shift in comparative advantage towards more knowledge based economic activity, many scholars have predicted the demise of SMES.

But in fact, the share of economic activity accounted for by SMES has risen in most OECD countries.

) Results of a study by Feldman and Audretsch (1999) indicate that a region characterised by a diversity of firms engaged in complementary economic activities,

There is considerable evidence that the transnational economic activities of SMES have been increasing over time. Not only has the absolute value of foreign direct investment activities by small and medium-sized enterprises increased over time,

the most relevant difference between the two companies is that one of them works in a classical economic activity (fishery),

and businesses, converting scientific knowledge into economic activity, and leading to the creation of a network for business start-ups and knowledge transfer.

Smart specialisation relies on an entrepreneurial process of discovery that can reveal domains of economic activity where a country

As such smart specialisation aims to accelerate structural change by encouraging the transformation of economic activities from a structural perspective.

or accelerate the transformation and modernisation of economic activities in clusters. There are also important synergies and complementarities between smart specialisation and cluster policy (e g. promotion of cross-sectoral collaboration and entrepreneurial processes and place-based interactions4 between actors and institutions)

and countries will specialise in certain economic activities according to their factor endowments (land, capital, human resources. Trade theory as elaborated by 19th century economist David Ricardo

The existing industrial commons (transition) The application of a GPT in an existing sector (modernisation) New synergies between existing economic activities with new or emerging activities (e g. new line of productive activity)( diversification

and the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) for economic activities, are used to avoid biases and to compare countries

4 Place-based policies can be defined as those policies that take into account the spatial dimension of economic activities.

as well as potential matches and mismatches across scientific, technological, innovative and economic activities both within regions and within global value chains.

whether or not these entrepreneurial processes have a real potential to create new economic activities or to transform existing industries.

However, international databases on sectoral economic activity often aggregate many NACE or SIC codes into broad overarching sectors,

indicators for economic activity, including international trade, R&d expenditures, birth and death rates, High-Growth enterprises rates, turnover, value-added, production, operating surplus,

In order to assess whether these processes have a real potential to create new economic activities or to transform existing industries, diagnosing apparent strengths,

thus ending up in a full coverage of RDTI and economic activities in a country/region;

innovation and creativity becomes a decisive factor in the economic activity because knowledge tends to be developed in the actual contexts.

and integrate this sector into the mainstream of economic activities (Luiz, 2002). In Zimbabwe, although SMES are currently at the forefront of local economic development

In Zimbabwe 80%of economic activities are in hands of SMES and big enterprises only contributes the remaining 20%(SEDCO Report, 2010).

internationalized economic activities so the impacts on the national innovation systems and global innovation systems are constantly changing.

and economic activity of R&d and growth-oriented small enterprises (gazelles) will significantly grow by providing particular and dynamic incentives to them.

For Ireland, two measures of economic activity are employed, GNP and GDP. GDP for Ireland is inflated by the inclusion of profits of inter-firm activities of multinational firms

but GNP excludes these profits giving a truer measure of economic activity. BERD as a percentage of GNP has increased from 0. 93 per cent in 2003 to 1. 46 per cent in 2011

Brookings Papers on Economic activity 23 (1992; Jonathan Temple and Hans-Joachim Voth, Human capital, equipment investment,

and economic activity distributed and how is it evolving in Europe? What locations are attracting new investments in ICT R&d or manufacturing?

From the point of view of geographically dispersed economic activity, like in the case of international trade or international R&d activities, the issue of node clustering is very informative,

innovation and economic activity distributed in Europe? Which locations are attracting new investments in the ICT sector?

and encompass the aggregate economic activities of the commercial and manufacturing sectors of an economy. In this section, the composite EIPE Sub-Indicators (CSI), computed on the basis of the indicators corresponding to each activity,

innovation and economic activity distributed in Europe? Which locations are attracting new investments in the ICT sector?

and analysed for almost a century3 the spatial agglomeration of economic activities. More recently analysis of knowledge-intensive and ICT-related activities, at local and at global level has been included.

2013), the increasing globalization of economic activity on the one hand, and the pervasive role of knowledge in the economy on the other, is affecting the spatial distribution of economic activity.

These changes in the spatial distribution of economic activities are evident both in the mutating role of countries and in the emergence of different productive realities within countries.

The concept of EIPE integrates those most recent aspects in its definition. In particular, analysts observe two conflicting forces governing the globalisation:

R&d, innovation and economic activities will each be taken in account. 5 Crépon B.,Duguet E.,Mairesse J. 1998) Research, Innovation and Productivity:

and encompass the aggregate economic activities of the all sectors of an economy. At the most aggregate level,

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the most commonly used measure of a country's or a region economic activity (Chiripanhura, 2010).

Agglomeration characteristics Spatial proximity of similar and related firms and industries and the general tendency of people and economic activity to locate in large cities and economic core regions lead to agglomeration.

As a result of the interplay between these forces, economic activity, population, employment and wealth are distributed unevenly. Residents, workers,

In general, measuring the agglomeration of economic activity across spatial units is not a straightforward task. There are two ways of approaching it.

The first concerns the problem of spatial concentration of economic activity and aims to identify how agglomerated

The second way of looking at agglomeration relates to the issue of the relative size of economic activity in a certain place (Ciccone & Hall, 1996;

Both R&d&i and economic activity have been going through an intensive process of internationalisation over the last three decades (Doz, Santos, & Williamson, 2001;

and internationalisation of R&d&i and economic activity is the amplification of R&d, innovation and production networking and the emergence of networks of activity that span the globe (De Benedictis & Tajoli, 2011;

and economic activity as a system of inter-linked activities becomes crucial in the process of determining the position in the network of locations engaged in these activities.

Choosing the spatial unit of observation One of the central problems in the quantitative analysis of the geography of economic activity is the lack of data at regional level with a satisfactory level of granularity (Koschatzky & Lo

Measures of economic activity and their implications for societal well-being. Economic and Labour market Review, 4 (7), 56-65.

Productivity and the Density of Economic activity. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, No. 4313.

given that practically all forms of economic activity rely on ICT products and services, thereby the ICT sector plays an important role in significantly improving the efficiency and productivity of other sectors,

'According to a harmonised Statistical Classification of Economic activities in the European community (in Hungary: TEÁOR'08), we categorised available data as follows:

According the European commission's definition any entity engaged in an economic activity, irrespective of its legal form is considered an enterprise.

offering the balance sheet total as an alternative criterion levels the playing field for SMES engaging in different economic activities.

and to concentrate on those sectors of economic activity where, for reasons of location, infrastructure or natural resources,

Through the prioritisation of complementarity between related economic activities, and fi nding better ways to combine their strengths,

Above 2. 78 LCC (2. 78 and below) Data not available 59 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 the profitability of various kinds of economic activities (Sachs, 2012.

with the following map showing poor areas (in blue) in relation to the areas of high economic activity (yellow to red areas).

/13 Mobile phone records have been used to infer locations of economic activity within, and patterns of migration to, slum areas in Kenya (Wesolowski and Eagle, 2010) and internal migration in Rwanda (Joshua E. Blumenstock, 2012).

the European commission proposed the Cloud technologies for economic development and reduction of negative impact on environment of economic activities.

This will create the conditions for economic activity based on open data, and will stimulate cross-border applications.

of enterprises in the TIC field of the overall turnover of enterprises with economic activity(%)4. 1%3. 6%Share of turnover of enterprises with main activity of editing software products and service activities

of turnover of enterprises with main activity of editing software products and service activities in information technology overall the turnover of economic activity(%)1. 0%1. 1%Source:

and promoting the sustainable operation of the already running businesses-Promoting special economic activities based on internal resources in regions with a shortage of human resources and undertakings-Strengthening the cooperation between the stakeholders in the rural economy-Managing the problems

and between firms and consumers. 2 Digital products and information services These are an increasingly significant part of economic activity

or lagging countries) and sectoral distribution of economic activity, as well as size factors. 9 I. BENEFITS AND USE BY SMALL BUSINESSES SMES3 have recognised gradually the positive impact that ICTS, such as computer terminals,

it still accounts for a relatively small proportion of economic activity for firms of all sizes.

or lagging countries) and sectoral distribution of economic activity, as well as size factors. 44 REFERENCES Baldwin, J. R. and D. Sabourin (2002), Impact of the Adoption of Advanced ICTS on Firm Performance in the Canadian Manufacturing Sector, STI Working papers 2002/1, OECD, Paris (available

using the new NACE Rev. 2 classification on economic activities. However, it is not possible to directly measure the share of employment, GDP,

Chile With a relatively small market and far away from the centre of the world economic activities, Chile enhanced its longstanding commitment to trade liberalisation with the signing of 57 free trade agreements including the US, the European union, the Common market of the South america, China, India, South korea,

which caused only a temporary disruption in Chile's economic activity (17). Although Chile's economic rebound was owed partly to the fast recovery of China (its largest export market in 2010),

Brookings Papers on Economic activity, 1, 125 211. Kargon, R, S Leslie and E Schoenberger 1992.

i e. enterprising human action in pursuit of the generation of value through the creation or expansion of economic activity. 5 A certain share of high-growth enterprises are defined so-called gazelles

i e. enterprising human action in pursuit of the generation of value through the creation or expansion of economic activity. 5 A certain share of high-growth enterprises are defined so-called gazelles

One of these factors is the range of innovative economic activities, and the other is higher education.

Employment, unemployment and economic activity statistics (2011. Source: The National Innovation Office RDI Observatory's own calculations based on HCSO data and map imaging of the former. 25 3. Innovation potential of unemployment is significantly lower for counties of the Transdanubian region

One is linked to innovative economic activities, while the other is linked to higher education. While for Budapest the two dimensions are interrelated,

One is linked to innovative economic activities, while the other is linked to higher education. While for Budapest the two dimensions are interrelated,

and support higher levels of economic activity and improved quality of life. There is a distinctive settlement pattern in the South East Region

This process of adding additional types of economic activity in rural areas will be based on the region's extensive and attractive coastline,

The regional development challenge is shifting from one of managing growth to stimulating economic activity in a positive and sustainable manner.

Economic activity in indigenous companies is dispersed more widely across the region. The competitiveness of this sector will depend on local infrastructure

A combination of strong locally based economic activity, with high added value inward investment, will be key to the future development of the region.

The Regional Authority recognises the considerable potential that exists to develop existing commercial ports in terms of value-added shore based economic activity.

Also, development within the Rosslare-Dublin corridor has significant potential for generating economic activity in the Southeast Region.

'Certain conditions must apply to support increased economic activity and regional competitiveness if more spatially balanced patterns of development are to evolve.

The potential for development of economic activity must be driven by advantages derived from exchange of information, collaboration, innovation, adoption of best practices and mobilisation of finance and skills.

A critical mass of economic activity and opportunities will be facilitated by: Development of Waterford Regional Airport; Improved public transport services and facilities as recommended by the Waterford City Public transport Feasibility Study 2010;

and employment creation. 4. 4 Other Urban areas The potential of larger towns and District Towns to support sustainable economic activity will need to be supported by the development of Industrial Estates,

This increases the attractiveness of town centres as destinations for shoppers and visitors resulting in increased economic activity.

There is considerable potential to develop the region's port infrastructure in terms of value-added shore based economic activity.

and generating increased economic activity. The regional airport has potential for expansion and an increased role in access to Ireland and to the south-East Region.

The regional development challenge is shifting from one of managing growth to stimulating economic activity in a positive and sustainable manner.

can have dramatic effects in boosting local economic activity and wider regional benefits. A key step in the implementation of the Regional Planning Guidelines will,

The regional development challenge is shifting from one of managing growth to stimulating economic activity in a positive and sustainable manner.

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