Rangarirai Mbizi Abstract When the SME competitive advantage is based on the knowledge as is the case in the knowledge economy,
SMES are pivotal to the growth and development of the South african economy (Butcher 1999), and inextricably linked to economic ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 1 MARCH 2013 VOL 4
Although entrepreneurs/SMMES may act as catalysts of activity for an entire economy (Chichoni, 2011), many of them fail.
Long term survival and sustainability of SMES remains a dream in Lowly Developed Economies (LDES) like Zimbabwe.
and cities and towns are key drivers of the economy, contributing up to 85%of EU Gross domestic product (GDP).
Efficient urban transport is essential to the competitiveness of European cities as commercial and economic hubs in their national economies and for the EU in the global context.
Changing mobility culture Breaking the cycle of increasing urban congestion and accompanying impacts on economy, society and the environment requires a change in mindset by both decision makers and transport users.
structural changes in our economy, the broadening of decisionmaking processes and the emergence of the network society,
Entrepreneurs, able to draw on unprecedented scale economies, built vast empires. Great fortunes were made. The government demanded that these powerful new monopolists be held accountable under antitrust law.
A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy'1. One of the main themes discussed in this book is that
since its first appearance on the Internet. 862 R. Smits/Technological Forecasting & Social Change 69 (2002) 861 883 Although by no means all economists agree with Shapiro and Hall,
This phenomenon is known among economists and innovation scientists as the‘Solow Paradox'or the‘Productivity Puzzle'6. In the European context,
Knowledge-intensive products and services are taking on an increasingly significant role in the economy.
Illustrative of the increasing knowledge content of our economy is the observation that the weight of 1 dollar in American export has been cut by half over the past 10 years.
In its Central Economic Plan, The netherlands Central Planning Office points out that while the ICT sector makes up only 5%of the Dutch economy
C a recent and rather heated discussion focuses on the existence or nonexistence of the‘New Economy'.
it would seem that economists are still unable to make up their minds about this. Sustainability is another major issue in today's economy.
Major questions here: are economic performance and sustainability at right angles? And what could be the role of ICT, 868 R. Smits/Technological Forecasting & Social Change 69 (2002) 861 883 life sciences, materials technology, not to mention nanotechnology, in the development of a more sustainable economic system?
Other laws apply in this‘network society'or‘knowledge economy'than in the hierarchical variant. More and more often do we see the main goal being the optimisation of chains or systems of organisations, rather than a maximisation of the performance of components (e g.,
what they are able to do for the economy and the society of the future. As a follow-up to the above, there is the demand for management of the knowledge infrastructure.
Freeman's proposition is that the success of The british in this period should not be attributed primarily to the strength of the system components (politics, economy, science and technology, culture) but rather to the cunning way in
and unemployment, gives rise to some economists assuming that structural changes in which knowledge plays an important role are under way in our economy.
Not only as a production factor, but also as a product and a service. One notable feature of knowledge is that knowledge is easier to copy than tangible products.
Of note is that, within the community of established economists, these stories are dismissed generally as‘old ideas parading as new ones,
'The discussion among economists on this subject is apparently as we read every day in the newspapers still in the early stages 1, 51 54.
finally, business administration experts and organisational sociologists discuss the question of how to interpret the far more open business strategies demanded by the network economy in their models 58,59.
Insight into the potential of new technologies for the economy and society, the appreciation thereof by several different parties
which Box 3 Major trends Structural changes in the economy:.within sectors (agriculture. between sectors (from agriculture to industry to services.
Techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw (Technology in The netherlands in the Twentieth Century), Stichting Historie der Techniek, Walburg Pers, 1998.6 OECD, Technology and the economy.
The key relationships, Report of the Technology and Economy Programme, OECD, Paris, 1992.7 European commission, Growth, Competitive Strength, Employment.
Innovations Systems in the Services Economy: Measurement and Case study Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishing, Norwell, MA, 1999, pp. 85 103.21 R. Smits, A. Leyten, P. den Hertog, Technology assessment
of a New Discipline), address at the opening of the academic year, Utrecht University, 1999.52 K. Kelly, New Rules for the New Economy, Viking Books US/Forth Estate, UK, 1998.53 H. J. Brouwer,
This paper is based on his inaugural address and on the presentation‘Impacts from Trends in Economy and Society'during the Workshop‘Innovation Policies for a New Era',Six Countries Program/Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering sciences
Therefore, firms need to achieve economies through specialisation (Demsetz, 1991. This may explains why firms usually prefer to concentrate their resources toward core activities.
Economies et Sociétés 27 (5), 153 195. Lhuillery, S.,Templé, P.,1995. L'impact du C i. R. sur l'innovation dans les entreprises.
Economies et Sociétés 29 (9), 99 118. SESSI, 1996. L'innovation technologique dans l'industrie.
Economies of scope and the scope of the enterprise. Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation 1, 223 247.
or makes a significant contribution to the US economy through payment of taxes or use of American products,
in order to impact society has significant implications for SME owners/managers, SME employees and the economies in
The SME sector is an important contributor to both the US and global economies. SME activity makes a significant contribution to economic and social wellbeing as often new,
play an important role in innovation and provide alternative employment opportunities for many subsets of the adult population 2. Innovation in small firms is essential for the continued dynamism of modern economies (Klapper
Economies of most nations are composed largely of small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) and their ability to innovate has been viewed as a critical element in economic growth and renewal (Wolff & Pett, 2006;
Partnered ECO-EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS at BASF Two key questions for industry are How can economy
On the economy axis, the product is compared with alternative products in terms of overall costs, including material and energy flows.
Section 2 describes innovation theory and zooms in on home accessories in emerging economies. Section 3 offers a background to the (evolution of the) sector and firms.
However, many clusters in emerging economies are driven poverty, with limited innovation potential (Knorringa and Meyer-Stamer 1998.
Innovation in home accessories in emerging economies As this study zooms in on innovation in home accessories in an emerging economy,
A second specificity is that most knowledge in emerging economies is derived still from global value chains (Mani and Romijn 2004.
A third specificity is that most local innovation systems in emerging economies are immature and most contexts are not yet up to par.
A fourth and last specificity is that the absorptive capacity of firms in emerging economies increases rapidly
and global value chains enable exporting firms in emerging economies to innovate and 2007, Chen et al 2011).
The most appropriate indicators were selected based on recent studies in emerging economies (Altenburg 2008, Fu et al 2011.
As these are likely to be incomplete in emerging economies, they impact on innovation (Lundvall 2007).
This was rectified partly by increased demand in emerging economies, including Indonesia itself, but still the main issue for many firms became how to survive (resp.#
It confirms that variation in absorptive capacity of firms in emerging economies explains variations in innovation levels. 12 11 Linear regression analysis of absorptive capacity and innovation level (dependent variable:
and somewhat more dynamic clusters in emerging economies (see for an overview Knorringa and Meyer-Stamer 1998).
In the context of an emerging economy, where variation in absorptive capacity of firms is large,
Penetrating the``knowledge filter''in regional economies. The Annals of Regional Science 39 (3): 439-56.
and the knowledge economy. Industrial and Corporate Change 10 (4)(-12-01): 945-74. Cooke, P. 2005.
The role of foreign technology and indigenous innovation in the emerging economies: Technological change and catching-up.
the embeddedness of innovation in a regional economy. Review of International Political economy 7 (4): 688-718.
The challenge of measuring innovation in emerging economies'firms: A proposal of a new set of indicators on innovation.
The Developing Economies 48 (4): 450-72. Tambunan, T."The Impact of the 2008-2009 Global Economic crisis on a Developing Countrry's Economy:
Studies from Indonesia"(Unpublished paper, No date. Tambunan, T. 2006. Development of small-and medium-scale industry clusters in indonesia.
Creative economy report 2010. Geneva: UNCTAF. UNCTAD. 2008. Creative economy report 2008. Geneva: UNCTAF. UNIDO 1998.
Cluster diagnosis and action plan. Yogyakarta area. Leather goods cluster. UNIDO. USAID 2006. Global market assessment for handicrafts, Washington:
Manufacturing in the new urban economy. London: Routledge. World bank, and IFC. 2012. Doing business subnational. doing business in indonesia.
and ensures that transport can continue to deliver its core role for a thriving European economy in a user-oriented, safe and environmentally-friendly way.
In conventional petrol-or diesel-powered vehicles, electronics improves fuel economy by managing the fuel injection,
'This is why we are opening our research funding to emerging economies. Supporting interesting and innovative research projects in the field of transport is a great way to start.
and will have positive knock-on effects that will benefit the world economy.''New instruments Three such projects have been launched under FP7, taking advantage of the SICA (Specific International Cooperation Actions) mechanism,
the introduction of new solutions and the creation of new markets this is key to the growth of business and also that of the national economy.
and large corporations to research and innovation are essential within almost all sectors of the economy.
and prosper only if there is the ongoing flow of new knowledge into the economy. Effectively, there are two main approaches to fostering economic growth
Dr. Zoltán Cséfalvay Minister of state for Parliamentary and Strategic Affairs Ministry for National Economy essential, especially when it comes to transforming those inventions
Dr. Zoltán Cséfalvay Minister of state for Parliamentary and Strategic Affairs Ministry for National Economy government to bet on the future,
And yet, the overall competitiveness of a country and its ability to catch up with the best performing economies is often significantly more dependent on the widespread distribution of existing technologies.
During the last decade competition in the world economy has become more fierce, and not just between economic blocks and countries,
In this case it is a competitive disadvantage that access to knowledge is limited territorially more than in the economies of the United states or Asia.
At the same time the planned decrease in the volume of university courses in economic-,legal-and social sciences may influence the innovation absorption capacity of the economy.
Foreign direct investment which is integrated with the local economy and based on R&d is also relatively scarce.
This is partly why the efficiency of R&d fund-16 1 overview of the situation 12 Török (2006) also draws attention to the fact that Hungarian RDI tries to play a strategic role in the national economy without a strategy.
this includes foreign working capital financing, advances in the structure of the economy, participation in global processes even amid economic-financial turbulence.
direction to advance the development of a knowledge-driven economy. Greece (2007) Chile (2008) Mexico (2007) 0, 50%0, 45%0, 40%0, 35%0, 30%0, 25%0, 20
and interests of economy and society towards R&d will still prevail. Brain drain, which is weakening public research.
No (or not enough) FDI based on RDI will be integrated adequately into the Hungarian economy. There will not be strengthened (enough) enterprises on the basis of national RDI.
the knowledge bases (all the knowledge bases of the universities and the Academy, the private sector and the nonprofit and community sectors) form the basis of the national innovation system, social and economic actors in the knowledge economy,
and sufficiently integrated into the economy Few market-driven development, the demand is tight: the big players compete with each other The shortcomings in KNOWLEDGE FLOW technology transfer
and the weaknesses of evidence-based decision-making processes) Gloomy macroeconomic prospects of the world economy and Hungary (
The RDI strategy provides the national frameworks and the research and development and innovation objectives of the economy and society.
however, the whole of the economy and the society does not gain from the yields of innovation 25 Identification of the problem
Mohnen 2009 The 17 most developed OECD countries 0. 1%increase in BERD can cause a 0. 3 0. 4%increase in the output of the national economy Bassanini Scarpetta
Finally the sustainable knowledge economy means such a knowledge-driven organizational system of economic processes that is sustainable from an environmental
The expansion of the‘green'economy plays an essential role regarding environmental sustainability longside economic growth.
and thus contribute significantly to enhancing the competitiveness of the Hungarian economy together with transforming it to a sustainable knowledge economy. 15 The policy considers it important that the companies with a Hungarian ownership background should get stronger
and the knowledge-driven economy and society can not be sustained without ensuring the framework conditions of basic research21.
increase the added value of the economy more intensively than the average, resulting in an increasing number of well-paid workplaces.
Thus the investment pays off and the added value of this sector grows significantly faster than average in the national economy.
The dual nature of economy weakens and the added value and the number of wellpaying jobs grow.
the (follower or adaptive) developments and innovations of mediumsized enterprises are required also for enhancing the competitiveness of the economy.
The research centres of international companies bring advanced knowledge to the national economy and also have an incentive effect on the national knowledge base.
thus contributing to the general improvement of society and economy. But an overall and really fundamental improvement in performance can only take place
and in the newly strengthened areas of Hungary are clearly positive (due to the effects of economy of scale) in relation to the process dynamics of growth based on R&d,
the specific dynamics of the key sectors of the national innovation system (health sector, food and energy economies) as well as the national integrated level itself. such methods of task definition which ensure not only the allocation
Efficient networked economy Globally competitive research centres+30 larger labs in the world elite A3.
invigorating the economy on the basis of RDI Figure 18 C8. Fast diffusion of adaptive innovations based mostly on ICT C9.
which make a return on investment at the level of the national economy, and are perfectly in line with the given phase of the life cycle (see Figure 21).
in order to tackle the problem of the dual economy (see Table 11). 4. 4. Instruments supporting the invigoration of public sector innovation The elaboration of separate RDI strategies
but can also fundamentally contribute to the strengthening performance of the Hungary economy by improving the health status of the population
Public funding of business R&d and its importance in the national economy Figure 22 00,5 1, 0 1, 5 2, 0 2, 5 3, 0 3
and also accept that the current funding structure can be regarded as stable in the long term then the improving R&d performance of the national economy can be ensured by increasing the business funding to around HUF 350 billion (from appr.
Based on international practice, this task is supported by an advisory body consisting of high-level independent professionals The governmental RDI strategy management tasks are managed by the ministry responsible for the economy.
OECD Economic Studies No. 33,2001/II. http://www. oecd. org/economy/productivityandlongtermgrowth/18450995. pdf Baumol, William (2005:
Innovation Policy and the Economy. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 33-56. Baumol, William, Litan Robert and Schramm Carl (2007:
) in the economy of the Budapest Metropolis Region scientific report, December 2010 GKI Gazdaságkutató Zrt.
az innovációs rendszerek szinergiáinak térbelisége Measuring the knowledge based organization of the Hungarian economy: the spatiality of the synergies in the innovation systems Közgazdasági Szemle The Economic Review 55 León, L. R.,Simmonds, P. és Roman, L. 2012:
Dual economy: the co-existence of well capitalised, relatively modern, competitive, mainly foreign owned enterprises and Hungarian owned enterprises suffering from low competitiveness and a lack of capital.
The growth potential of national economy providing two-thirds of the employment is weak, it is not capable of technological development by itself,
which connects the economy, society and culture of every country in the world through real or virtual networks together.
to facilitate the knowledge-based European economy and enhance the competitiveness of the EU and its member states by strengthening their innovation capacities.
It takes into account the different innovation capacities of the regional economies. IUS (Innovation Union Scoreboard:
Its aim is the competitiveness enhancement and professional and business development of a certain area of the national economy.
diffusion of the accumulated knowledge in the institutional and corporate network and in the broader economy for the purpose of maximum utilization.
Operational Programme for Developing the Economy and Innovation FTE: Full-time-Equivalent IP: Intellectual Property R&d:
Ministry for National Economy NFM: Ministry of National Development OTKA: Hungarian Scientific research Fund OFTK: National Concept for Development and National Concept for Regional Development PCP:
System-dynamical approach 28 ábra National level Human resources human and social capital Science system research capacity The development of the economy and the markets absorption capacity
The project of national economic importance can have an invigorating effect on the economy through innovation
and significantly influencing the national and international knowledge flow can be started in the fields representing the strengths and important challenges of the Hungarian society and economy.
Objectives related to knowledge bases until 2020 GERD/GDP ratio Macroeconomic indicator based on international statistical standards The numerator is the own research and development expenditure aggregated at the level of the national economy
aggregated at the level of the national economy (Business Expenditure on Research and development, BERD) the denominator is the gross domestic product (Gross domestic product,
and economy at its meeting on 17 february 2010 to evaluate the 2007-2008 tasks of the STI programme of measures
Ministry for National Development and Economy-National Office for Research and Technology 27 tasks; Ministry of Education and Culture 20 tasks;
CSO databank, Forfás BERD 2003 and 2005 surveys Figure 1 also details the BERD intensity or relative importance of BERD to the national economy between 2003 and 2012.
CSO databank, Forfás BERD 2003 and 2005 surveys Figure 7 highlights the shift from a manufacturing to service economy between 2003 and 2011 in expenditure on R&d.
January 2013 A Review and Audit of Licenses Across Key Sectors of The irish Economy Forfás December 2012 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2011 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor
commentary on Europe's economy focuses on its precarious financial system and anemic employment recovery since the Great Recession.
and government) throughout the European economy. Increasing productivity is the key way that countries can raise their per capita-income income.
ICT is a general purpose technology (GPT) that has wide-ranging effects throughout an entire economy,
because ICT-producing sectors alone are unlikely to provide significant productivity increases to the economy without the adoption of ICT in other sectors.
because while ICT investment provides large benefits for the broader economy, the nature of these benefits makes them hard for any single firm to capture;
The irish productivity gap with the U s. economy shrank from 35 percent in 1995 to 17 percent in 2013.2004-2013 Diverging Converging 1995-2004 Converging Finland Ireland Greece
Figure 5 illustrates the magnitude of convergence and divergence within the EU-13 as well as the relative sizes of the EU-13 economies. 2004-2013 Diverging Converging 1995-2004 Converging Bulgaria Czech-republic
when an economy shifts resources from less productive industries (e g.,, call centers) to more productive ones (e g.,
Indeed, new growth economics accounting suggests that the lion's share of productivity stems from the use of more and better tools. 30 PAGE 10 THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION FOUNDATION JUNE 2014 And in today's knowledge-based economy,
what economists call a general purpose technology (GPT). GPTS have appeared historically at a rate of once every half century,
what economies produce; how they produce it; how production is organized and managed; the location of productive activity;
they increase in sophistication as they diffuse throughout the economy; they engender extensive spillovers in the forms of externalities and technological complementarities;
since the mid-1990s through to 2014 have found positive and significant effects of ICT on productivity. 37 The beneficial effects of ICT on productivity have been found across different levels and sectors of economies, from firms to industries to entire economies,
First, in economies where ICT capital equipment innovations are new, they are able to pick off the low hanging fruit of relatively easy to improve efficiencies.
what economists call network externalities, which are the spillovers from adding additional users to a network.
50 Figure 7 shows contributions in both the total economy and private sectors for the EU-15 and the United states. An OECD report finds that the ICT contribution to value-added total factor productivity
Corry et al. find that the contribution from the knowledge economy, which includes labor composition, ICT capital,
and economy-wide levels, why has failed Europe to gain from ICT the way the United states has?
Recently, several prominent economists have argued that productivity growth in the United states is slowing down significantly for the foreseeable future.
While demographic shifts are important for the absolute size of the economy, they do not affect productivity or income per capita.
the techno-pessimists stand in stark contrast to other economists arguing that technological change will soon be progressing too quickly.
Shares of ICT investment as percent of nonresidential investment93 Economists see U s. ICT investment as a key reason the United states has maintained its place at the technological frontier as one of the most productive countries. 94 The effectiveness
because services are such a large part of the European (and U s.)economy, substantially higher productivity growth in manufacturing would not be sufficient to remedy the productivity slowdown. 100 Mas argues that it is the services
and the EU while in the US TFP improvements in the ICT producers sectors spilled over to the other sectors of the economy (especially the ICT intensive users),
Scale Economies Two additional reasons European firms lag in their investment in ICT capital are related to scale.
While the EU economy is larger than that of the United states, in practice it is integrated much less.
and Hitt find that firms that embrace new economy management practices (e g.,, decentralized decision-making) and at the same time invest significantly in ICT,
Rohman finds that the beneficial effects of the ICT sector for the broader European economy declined after the year 2000.149 Other recent evidence has shown that most of the productivity gains from ICT are due to ICT-using sectors.
like market and non-market services, make up a much larger part of developed-country economies than ICT-producing sectors,
so productivity gains in those sectors have a much larger effect on the whole economy. 150 There are many possible reasons why policymakers prioritize ICT industry growth over ICT usage.
For example, European officials look to the green economy for jobs, even though it will likely mean higher energy costs and lower productivity.
though, policymakers will have to make widespread adoption of ICT a policy priority across the entire EU economy.
S. A. ICT use effectict output effectpolicymakers will have to make widespread adoption of ICT a policy priority across the entire EU economy.
or in applying IT to other sectors of the economy, and PAGE 28 THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION FOUNDATION JUNE 2014 whether promotion of the former through higher tariffs or other restrictions (like on cross-border data flows) will be detrimental to the latter.
any economy seeking success needs to prioritize across-the-board productivity growth strategies, rather than efforts to raise productivity by modestly expanding output in high-productivity sectors like ICT.
Economists have argued long that businesses under-invest in research, which is the rationale for governments instituting research grants
Economists have documented also significant market failures around IT investment, including network externalities and chicken-or-egg issues that slow digital transformation absent smart and supportive public policies. 165 Health care is a leading example.
procurement and regulation. 166 Use Tax and Trade policy to Spur ICT Investment It is only through investment in ICT that ICT innovation is diffused throughout the economy.
Some economists might question such policies, arguing that such tax incentives should only go to investments in areas like R&d where companies seldom capture all the benefits.
to an even greater degree than the United states, overemphasizes the role of small firms in the economy in rhetoric and in policy. 173 For many policymakers,
small firms have come to represent everything good in the economy. Yet, on average large firms are more productive,
simply keep the share of the economy produced by small businesses larger than it otherwise would be. 179 The latter policies not only slow the growth of larger firms,
One of the areas currently most at risk is digital Trade policies that lead to smaller firm size in an economy hurt productivity and income growth.
ENDNOTES 1. The Conference Board, Total Economy Database: January 2014 (total GDP EKS, labor productivity per hour worked EKS;
The Conference Board, Total Economy Database. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Mary O'Mahony and Bart van Ark, eds.
The Conference Board, Total Economy Database: January 2014 (Table 5; accessed April 2, 2014), http://www. conference-board. org/data/economydatabase/.
The Conference Board, Total Economy Database: January 2014 (total GDP EKS, labor productivity per hour worked EKS;
The Conference Board, Total Economy Database. Assuming 1. 6 percent productivity growth. 21. Ibid. Assuming yearly productivity growth for EU-15 after 1995 was the actual rate for the United states,
and Daniel Castro, The Internet Economy 25 Years After. com (Information technology and Innovation Foundation, March 2010), http://www. itif. org/publications/internet-economy-25
Robert D. Atkinson, The Past and Future of America's Economy: Long Waves of Innovation that Power Cycles of Growth (Northampton, Massachusetts:
Implications for the U s. Economy and U s Economic policy (presentation at ITIF Breakfast Forum, July 15, 2008), http://www. itif. org/files/2008-07-15-lipsey
Mika Maliranta and Petri Rouvinen, Productivity effects of ICT in Finnish business (discussion paper no. 852, Research Institute of the Finnish Economy, 2003). 44.
Vig, Information technology and the Indian Economy (Phd diss. University of Minnesota, March 2011), http://conservancy. umn. edu/bitstream/104630/1/Vig umn 0130e 11796. pdf. For public sector literature examples, see:
The Conference Board, Total Economy Database: January 2014 (Table 5; accessed April 2, 2014), http://www. conference-board. org/data/economydatabase/.
Matilde Mas, ICT and Productivity Growth in Advanced Economies (working paper, University of Valencia and Ivie, 2010). 102.
An Historical Perspective, CAGE Online Working Paper Series (Competitive Advantage in the Global economy (CAGE), 2012), http://ideas. repec. org/p/cge/warwcg/70
Bart Van Ark Measuring the New Economy, An International Comparative Perspective, Review of Income and Wealth 48 (2002): 1 14;
Stephen Ezell and Robert D. Atkinson, How ITA Expansion Benefits the Chinese and Global economies (Information technology and Innovation Foundation, April 2014), http://www. itif. org/publications
/how-ita-expansion-benefits-chinese-and-global economies. 169. Thomas Baunsgaard and Michael Keen, Tax revenue and (or?
Small Is Not Beautiful, The Economist, March 3, 2012, http://www. economist. com/node/21548945.180. Murat Seker, Rigidities in Employment protection and Exporting, World Development 40, no. 2 (2012): 238 50.181.
The Race for Global Advantage (Yale, 2012) and The Past And Future Of America's Economy:
and the State New Economy Index series. Dr. Atkinson received his Ph d. in City and Regional Planning from the University of north carolina at chapel hill in 1989.
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011