and further develop the knowledge-based economy. Most of the Innovation leaders and followers perform above the EU average,
The EU is improving its educational knowledge base showing that Europe is turning into a more knowledge-based economy.
Sigma-convergence occurs when the spread in innovation performance across a group of economies falls over time.
) and the higher education sector (HERD) Gross domestic product R&d expenditure represents one of the major drivers of economic growth in a knowledgebased economy.
and wealth of the EU. Research and development spending is essential for making the transition to a knowledge-based economy as well as for improving production technologies and stimulating growth.
Total employment in fast-growing enterprises in the business economy (without financial sector) The indicator shows the degree of innovativeness of successful entrepreneurial activities.
It captures the capacity of a country to transform its economy rapidly to take advantage of emerging demand.
and provide inputs to the innovative activities of other firms in all sectors of the economy.
Value of total trade The manufacturing trade balance reveals an economy's structural strengths and weaknesses in terms of technological intensity.
R&d expenditure represents one of the major drivers of economic growth in a knowledge-based economy. As such, trends in the R&d expenditure indicator provide key indications of the future competitiveness
and wealth of the EU. Research and development spending is essential for making the transition to a knowledge-based economy as well as for improving production technologies and stimulating growth.
and provide inputs to the innovative activities of other firms in all sectors of the economy.
Creating, exploiting and commercialising new technologies are vital for the competitiveness of a country in the modern economy.
Iceland R&d expenditure represents one of the major drivers of economic growth in a knowledge-based economy.
and wealth of the EU. Research and development spending is essential for making the transition to a knowledge-based economy as well as for improving production technologies and stimulating growth.
Creating, exploiting and commercializing new technologies are vital for the competitiveness of a country in the modern economy.
68: 104-112.23 Zuboff S. The emperor's new information economy. In: Orlikowski W, Walsham G, Jones M, et al, editors.
For example, until recently, R&d internationalisation has been limited to a small number of developing countries and economies in transition (UNCTAD 2005.
These sectors are seen as essential to advanced economies. Thus, policy makers fear that the potential loss of local inventive capacity in high-tech industries to other regions could harm their competitiveness
and undermine the state and development of their knowledge-based economies. Taking into account the gap in our understanding of the dynamics of global R&d organisation
the potential size of the economy should be taken also as a predictor of link formation among countries.
i e. distance, common language, the economy size, have expected the signs, though, in some cases are not significant.
'forthcoming in The World Economy. De Prato, G. & Nepelski, D. 2012.''Global technological collaboration network.
How Companies Win in the Knowledge Economy. Harvard Business Press. Dunning, J. 1988.''The Eclectic Paradigm of International Production:
'Structure and Dynamics of the Global economy: Network analysis of International Trade 1965-1980.''Social Forces, 70:4, 857-93.
the Japanese government, through the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), persuaded Sony, Hitachi and Toshiba to merge their advanced display businesses for small/medium screens to form Japan Display,
Clearly, venture investing fuels a substantial portion of the US economy. However, the USA has been much less successful in those technologies that require longer term investment and support such as robotics and displays.
Second, the legislature did not intervene as software was seen as a peripheral product, not central to an economy,
Today this is no longer the case as it is increasingly recognized that software is at the heart of the modern economy based on high technology and knowledge work.
health and demographic change, food security and the bio-economy with sustainable agriculture, the environment with clean energy and transport.
Yet, the theory of increasing returns, espoused by economists such as Arthur, explains why there may be other valid economic reasons for doing so (Arthur,
. eds) Innovation Policy and the Economy, The MIT Press, http://www. nber. org/chapters/c0203 Anderla, G.,et al (1997), Chaotics:
an Agenda for Business and Society in the 21st Century, Praeger, Greenwood, USA Arthur, W. B. 1994), Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy, University of michigan Press, Ann arbor, MI.
the End of Innocence at Apple computer, Penguin, New york. 56 Scitax Advisory Partners (2011), Overview of Research & development Tax Incentives in Selected Global Knowledge Economies, Ver.
cross licenses, patent pools and standard-setting, in Lerner, J.,Stern, S. and Jaffe, A. eds), Innovation Policy and the Economy, MIT Press for the NBER, Cambridge, MA.
Trompenaars, F. 1993), Riding the Waves of Culture, Economist Books, London. Verheul, I.,Bosmaa, N.,van der Nol, F. and Wong, T. 2002), Determinants of entrepreneurship in the United states of america, in Audretsch, D.,Thurik, R.,Verheul,
Xing website, www. xing. com Economist (2009) A spat among professional networks-Class war-Does local beat global in the professional-networking business?
and founded by the Bavarian Ministry for the Economy. KUKA and DLR have also been sponsored by the German Ministry of Education
not just nurturing robotics start-ups but introducing robots into the sector of the economy that uses them least today, SMES.
and encompass the aggregate economic activities of the commercial and manufacturing sectors of an economy. In this section, the composite EIPE Sub-Indicators (CSI), computed on the basis of the indicators corresponding to each activity,
For example, z-scores are used for the two composite indicators of the knowledge-based economy, published by the European commission in Key Figures 2003-2004,
'INFORMATION ECONOMY-SECTOR DEFINITIONS BASED ON THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION (ISIC 4).'Paris: OECD. OECD 2008a.'
On the other hand, ICT-enabled innovation in ICT using sectors has provided the base for permanent and widespread growth-enhancing effects of ICT adoption throughout the economy.
meant to"reboot the EU economy "and to enable Europe's citizens and businesses to get the most out of digital technologies.
and the pervasive role of knowledge in the economy on the other, is affecting the spatial distribution of economic activity.
thus acknowledging the importance given today to the knowledge function in advanced economies. assessing the global internationalisation of the production
and global networking (the pipelines) for agglomeration economies. In addition, because of the study's policy context ICT R&d and Innovation, the proposed definition is explicitly technology specific:
and agglomeration economies foster a local business system towards a specialisation in both production and technology (Paci et al.,
These dynamics are exemplified by the economy's share of young fast-growing firms that fuel innovation, developing new goods or improving existing ones, services or processes (Veugelers, 2009.
and encompass the aggregate economic activities of the all sectors of an economy. At the most aggregate level,
and their owners produced by a wide range of nonofficial organizations that aim to capture the dynamism in the economy.
which gives rise to the notion of agglomeration economies (M. Fujita & Thisse, 2002; Krugman, 1991;
such as the homogeneity, complementarity or polarisation of regional economies. In the EIPE project, we make use of the first type of regional classification,
For example, z-scores are used for the two composite indicators of the knowledge-based economy published by the European commission on Key Figures 2003-2004, for the environmental sustainability index developed at Yale university,
The World Economy, 34 (8), 1417-1454. De La Tour, A.,Glachant, M, . & Ménière, Y. 2011).
How Companies Win in the Knowledge Economy: Harvard Business Press. Dumais, G.,Ellison, G, . & Glaeser, E. L. 2002).
and the Knowledge-Based Economy. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online Monographs. EC-JRC. 2005). ) Tools for Composite Indicators Building.
INFORMATION ECONOMY-SECTOR DEFINITIONS BASED ON THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION (ISIC 4). Paris: OECD. OECD. 2008a.
The Emergence of the Knowledge Economy: A Regional Perspective (Advances in Spatial Science. Berlin: Springer.
The Magnitude And Causes Of Agglomeration Economies. Journal of Regional Science, 50 (1), 203-219.
"This study attempts to identify ICT R&d&i-related agglomeration economies in Europe that would meet world-level excellence,
and share experiences of how their regional economy may become more globally competitive. The motivation to do this varies.
which will prevent regions from developing economies of agglomeration and positive spill overs. In order to overcome these problems of fragmentation, mimesis and lack of critical mass,
probably because this sector encompasses large parts of the economy. Moreover, an important goal of smart specialisation is to stimulate R&i activities linking industry and research,
and‘supporting the shift to a low carbon economy'(TO4) could explain the popularity of sustainability, renewable energies and ICT.
the concept, Knowledge Economists Policy Brief 9. Available online: http://ec. europa. eu/invest-in-research/pdf/download en/kfg policy brief no9. pdf. Foray, D. 2015.
Table of contents Introduction 7 1. The ICT sector's stakeholders, inputs and significance for the national economy 8 1. 1 Definition of the ICT sector 8 1. 2
The role and competitiveness of ICT in the EU 9 1. 3 The significance of the ICT sector in the Hungarian national economy 11 1. 4 Value added 12 1. 5
economy and the number of people employed in research and development. At the same time, if we take a look at its R&d expenditure or investment and resource requirement,
and subsectors representing two distinctive branches of the national economy: the processing industry on the one hand and the services industry on the other.
Occasionally, less data is available on the ICT manufacturing as some statistical databases fail to subdivide this section of the national economy into further sectors and subsectors,
inputs and significance for the national economy 8 ICT tools and services play an important role in building a digital single market,
and communication technologies and world-class logistics servicing the internal market are essential components of a modern, competitive economy and crucial for EU development in the coming years'(European commission 2012. pp 8
and services make a significant contribution to the economic growth of advanced economies. Its significance was highlighted both in the EU Lisbon Objectives and in the Europe 2020 Strategy,
however, deeper analysis shows that these countries are still hosting rather low-value added activities. 1. The ICT sector's stakeholders, inputs and significance for the national economy 10 Figure 1:
as a result, in a number of ICT areas. 1. 3 The significance of the ICT sector in the Hungarian national economy As individual branches of the economy are interrelated through many ripple effects,
Individual sectors can have an influence on other segments of the national economy in a number of different ways going beyond simple buyer-supplier relationships, e g. through the flow of technology.
This makes it almost impossible to determine the precise weight or significance of any sector in a national economy,
therefore, we will give only two examples evidencing that the sector is having a particularly strong impact on the rest of the national economy.
inputs and significance for the national economy 0%2%4%6%8%10%12%14%16%Poland Austria Germany Portugal Slovakia France OECD
average Hungary While in 1995 the share of the entire ICT sector of total gross value added at level of the national economy stayed below 4,
Gross value added of the Hungarian ICT sector as a percentage of value added of the total economy, 1995-2011.
1. The ICT sector's stakeholders, inputs and significance for the national economy 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 0%5
however slightly, the total number of business enterprises making up the national economy declined. There were altogether 708,307 active enterprises in Hungary in 2004 compared to 696,680 in 2010.
ICT services) came seventh in the ranking of various branches of the national economy according to the number of active businesses involved (34,371 companies in total.
The ranking of various branches of the national economy based on the number of active businesses involved was identical already back in 2003 in the top six spots.
While in 2003 the ICT services sector (i e. the Information and Communication Technology branch of the national economy) still ranked only 9th,
Hungarian Central Statistical Office) The ICT sector's stakeholders, inputs and significance for the national economy 0%10%20%30%40%With overseas research ins4tutes With overseas
Breakdown of active business enterprises by sector and branches of the national economy, 2010. Source: Hungarian Central Statistical Office Figure 10:
furthermore, it can boast one of the most dynamic rates of growth in employment compared to all sectors of the national economy.
The ICT sector's stakeholders, inputs and significance for the national economy 1-9 empl. 64.2%Unknown and 0 empl. 24.3%10-49 empl. 7. 2
Within gross domestic R&d expenditure, R&d investment averaged 11.4%for the national economy as a whole, compared to 7. 9%in ICT;
All other sectors of the national economy Manufacture of pharmaceutical products Manufacture of motor vehicles ICT industry Manufacture of machinery and equipment n e c.
%Professional, scientific and technical activities Education Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles ICT services All other sectors of the national economy Manufacture of pharmaceutical products
Distribution of R&d investments by sectors of the national economy (with a separate detailed breakdown for the manufacturing industry) in 2010;
Distribution of R&d costs by sectors of the national economy (with a separate detailed breakdown for the manufacturing) in 2010;
sectors of the national economy Manufacture of pharmaceutical products Manufacture of motor vehicles ICT industry Manufacture of machinery and equipment n e c.
activities Education Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles ICT services All other sectors of the national economy Manufacture of pharmaceutical products Manufacture of motor vehicles ICT
%Professional, scientific and technical activities Education Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles ICT services All other sectors of the national economy Manufacture of pharmaceutical products
%Professional, scientific and technical activities Education Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles ICT services All other sectors of the national economy Manufacture of pharmaceutical products
the possible existence of particular interlinks between various sectors of the national economy, even though ICT services as such do not weight significantly in this area
The most dynamic increase in R&d employment took place in the ICT services sector compared to other branches of the national economy,
Full-time Equivalent 14 More than half of research and development personnel is employed in education as a branch of the national economy.
Number of people employed in research and development (FTE) in the national economy as a whole, in a breakdown according to sectors, excluding education.
Share of innovative businesses with at least 10 employees in various sectors of the national economy and in the manufacturing industry, 2008-2010.
this has a positive knock-on effect on the national economy as a whole; therefore, unsurprisingly, supporting such grants is seen as a priority also in the New Széchenyi Plan.
A good example of the above is that a significant part of the rapid productivity improvement in the Hungarian domestic economy (nearly sixth of it) is attributable to ICT products and services.
nevertheless the Hungarian national economy has an economy of scale which determines the scale of the Hungarian ICT sector too:
From the gross domestic R&d expenditure of the economy R&d spending is compared proportionately modest to other sectors,
while ICT services are at the top of the innovation league table within all service sectors in the Hungarian economy.
In view of this analysis of the ICT sector's status on R&d, it is clear that the sector can rightfully be regarded as a potential breakout point for the Hungarian economy.
which is in the interests not only of sectoral players but also of the national economy as a whole,
given that ICT activities are interlinked practically with all sectors of the economy. Bibliography Csonka László:
Gross value added of the Hungarian ICT sector as a percentage of value added of the total economy, 1995-2011.
Breakdown of active business enterprises by sector and branches of the national economy, 2010. Source: Hungarian Central Statistical Office...
Distribution of R&d investments by sectors of the national economy (with a separate detailed breakdown for the manufacturing industry) in 2010;
Distribution of R&d costs by sectors of the national economy (with a separate detailed breakdown for the manufacturing) in 2010;
Number of people employed in research and development (FTE) across the national economy as a whole, in a breakdown according to sectors, excluding education.
Share of innovative businesses with at least 10 employees in various sectors of the national economy vs manufacturing industry sectors, 2008-2010.
The Office operates under the direction of the Minister for National Economy. Main activities of the National Innovation Office:
electronic and optical products Information and communication NATIONAL ECONOMY'S Average Data is for 2012.
ICT and the e-economy. 4 Costa Elias, H. 2011: When and why PPPS are an option for NGA?
Countries with large Internet economies, including the United states, Japan and Germany, are receiving large benefits from broadband.
which aims to deliver fast broadband internet in the future network-based knowledge economy, with an ambitious target for universal broadband coverage with speeds of at least 30 Mbps for all Europeans by 2020.39 See Chapter 5 for more details. 40 Apart from the very different physical infrastructure,
which aims to deliver fast broadband internet in the future network-based knowledge economy, with an ambitious target for universal broadband coverage with speeds of at least 30 Mbps for all Europeans by 2020.42 Steady technological improvements are noteworthy.
ICT and the e-economy, EIB Papers, Volume 16, No 2. 63. Figure 25: Cost of meeting DAE objectives with and without cable in various scenarios Source:
ICT and the e-economy, EIB Papers, Volume 16, No. 2. Howell, B. and A. Grimes (2010:
while this is seen primarily in higher-income countries, emerging economies such as Brazil, China and India,
Member States differ with respect to size, economy, and health care challenges. Nevertheless, it is still important to present high-level ehealth analyses at the regional level as this reflects the organizational structure and operational framework of WHO.
Member States participating in the survey may reflect a commitment to moving forward with ehealth. 74 Response rate by World bank income group The World bank classifies all economies with a population greater than 30 000 into four
however, low and middle-income countries are referred sometimes to as‘developing'economies and high-income countries as‘developed',for convenience.
the financial crisis has made it painfully clear that SMES are the engine of the European economy
in order to stabilise the European economy. Although recognition of the importance of SMES can be seen as a step in the right direction
and Jobs Agenda'goals to make the EU the most dynamic and competitive knowledge-based economy in the world by 2010.
A. European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) It focuses on the fields of innovation and knowledge-based economy,
The overall aim is to boost competitiveness of the EU economy. FP7 National Contact points (NCPS) http://cordis. europa. eu/fp7/ncp en. html The National Contact Points are established by the 27 Member States as well as the associated states
Ireland remains one of the most globalised economies in the world; although a small nation we are placed well to compete with larger economies around the globe.
However, as a globalised economy we know that we need to continuously adapt and be creative to meet consumer demands and the needs of industry.
Innovation drives economic growth and is critical to our future prosperity. The development of this Strategy at a regional level is opportune as it will take advantage of the reform of both regional and local government.
innovation and smart specialisation as a means of achieving a robust and dynamic economy. Investing in research, innovation and entrepreneurship is at the heart of the Europe 2020 Strategy
and innovation landscape and to the growth of the regional and national economy. Smart Specialisation Smart specialisation is a strategic approach based on more effective spending of public resources,
Ireland is one of the most globalised economies in the world and is ranked first globally as the best country in
which to do business 10 Chapter 01 1. 0 Introduction Ireland is one of the most globalised economies in the world2
regional and national economy. 11 Research & Innovation Strategy for the Midwest Region of Ireland 2014-2018 2 Ernst & young Globalisation Index 3 Forbes 2013 4
It promotes diversifi cation of the knowledge-based economy into technologies, products and services that are related closely,
and dynamic economy 14 2. 1 European Policy Context 2. 1. 1 Europe 2020 The Europe 2020 Strategy aims to confront Europe's structural weaknesses through the progression of three
Sustainable growth, promoting a more resource-efficient, greener and competitive economy; Inclusive growth, fostering a high-employment economy and delivering economic, social and territorial cohesion.
Investing in research, innovation and entrepreneurship is at the heart of Europe 2020 and a crucial part of Europe's response to the economic crisis.
innovation and smart specialisation are recognised widely to be central elements in the creation of a robust and dynamic economy.
cities and the real economy, which is over 36%of the total Multi-Annual Financial Framework.
and to remove the barriers to employment creation across the economy. The Action Plan for Jobs 2014 identifies building competitive advantage through innovation as a key priority for stimulating The irish economy over the next five years. 2. 2. 3 Forfás
Innovation Networks Report 2004 The Forfás Innovation Networks Report highlights the importance of strong network development.
and economy in the region (Figure 2. 1) 6. Enhance skills & education 7. Tackle growingunemployment 2. Address the governance structure
and villages supporting the regional economy. These strong national-level designations illustrate the current strength and future development potential of the Midwest Region.
while the FDI sector is of vital importance to the growth of exports and high-end employment, the economy of the Region
The Foods Development Centre brings together a multidisciplinary team of researchers with commercial specialists so as to provide a centre of excellence in food research, capable of food development and innovation to the benefit of the Regional and National economy;
and to contribute to the regional and national economy. 4. 4. 1 Enterprise Ireland (EI) Enterprise Ireland is the government organisation responsible for the development and growth of Irish enterprises in world markets.
This Strategy aims to build on the existing R&i structures in the Region for the benefi t of the wider economy.
and innovation landscape and to the growth of the regional and national economy. 5. 1 Smart Specialisation 5. 1. 1
The goal of smart specialisation is to transform regional economies around new knowledge-based activity domains.
Smart specialisation focuses on specifi c innovation-intensive sectors whereas clusters apply to a broader set of sectors/actors in the economy.
bringing benefi ts to all sectors of the regional economy. The proposed new working group of the RPG Implementation Steering committee will provide the governance mechanism necessary to ensure the implementation of this Strategy in the coming years.
An Economic and Spatial Plan for Limerick Limerick 2030 sets out nine broad sectors which will drive the Limerick and Midwest economy over the next 10-15 years.
77 3. 1 IDI by region, 2013 and 2012.84 3. 2 The top five economies in each region and their ranking in the global IDI, 2013.85 3. 3
20 25 30 Per 100 inhabitants CIS slowdown in fixed-broadband growth in some of the larger economies, such as China, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Malaysia.
The evolution of telecommunication revenues in developed countries follows the overall pattern of their economies as a whole (in the European union, for instance,
and are driving the information economy across the globe by providing online services and content, engaging in e-business at both the wholesale and retail levels,
The diffusion of ICTS in the economy has been found to facilitate macroeconomic performance and business growth by increasing labour productivity
UNCTAD Information Economy Database, 2014, available at unctadstat. unctad. org. Percentage of enterprises 92 85 78 72 43 31 30 50 18 14 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
In addition, diffusion of ICTS in the economy has been found to facilitate macroeconomic performance and business growth by increasing labour productivity, enlarging enterprises'market reach, saving on costs and fostering innovation.
analysed and disseminated, in view of the large data gaps prevailing in many developing countries in basic statistics in the areas of the economy, health education, labour, etc.,
and economy and the Partnership has contributed significantly to monitoring and tracking those changes, by developing new indicators and standards, providing technical assistance to developing countries
covering many aspects of the information society and economy, is used widely by countries in the course of their national ICT data collection.
or a computer are now being collected by more than 100 economies worldwide, and data on Internet use in businesses by almost 70 countries,
thus complementing official statistics on the economy, society and environment. Furthermore administrative records, which are used widely by official Note:
The Economist, April 12 2014, Nigeria's GDP step change. 13 Telefónica, for instance, reduced its net debt by EUR 4 819 million in 2012 after several years of sustained increases in borrowings.
if economies are not capable of exploiting new technologies and reaping their benefits. Therefore, the IDI includes a measurement of the capability to use ICTS effectively.
There were three economies that were identified as outliers, namely Hong kong (China), Luxembourg and Malta. The reference value for mobile-cellular subscriptions was lowered to 120.
No fewer than 104 economies of the 166 included in the IDI have passed the 100 per cent mobile-cellular penetration mark.
Overall, this version of the IDI includes 166 countries/economies as compared with 157 in last year's edition.
Finland and Luxembourg) and include an additional economy from Asia and the Pacific (Hong kong, China)( Table 2. 2). Differences in IDI value between the top performers are very small.
ICT Development Index (IDI), 2012 and 2013 Economy Rank 2013 IDI 2013 Rank 2012 IDI 2012 Economy Rank 2013 IDI 2013
IDI access sub-index, 2012 and 2013 Economy Rank 2013 Access 2013 Rank 2012 Access 2012 Economy Rank 2013 Access 2013 Rank 2012
IDI use sub-index, 2012 and 2013 Economy Rank 2013 Use 2013 Rank 2012 Use 2012 Economy Rank 2013 Use 2013 Rank 2012
IDI skills sub-index, 2012 and 2013 Economy Rank 2013 Skills 2013 Rank 2012 Skills 2012 Economy Rank 2013 Skills 2013
with all of the top ten countries being high-income economies (see section 2. 3). 6 The following section looks at the performance of the top ten countries of IDI 2013.
The economy ranks in ninth position, with an IDI value of 8. 28. Hong kong (China) is particularly strong on the access sub-index of the IDI,
only surpassed by the region's highincome economies. The launch of 3g was anticipated much in Thailand,
Countries differ significantly in terms of land area, size of the economy, population or geographic location. Indeed, adverse geography is cited often by economists to explain why some countries are doing better than others in terms of economic development. 37 Jeffrey Sachs argues that geography matters
because it affects Chapter 2. The ICT Development Index (IDI) 58 Box 2. 2: The world's least connected countries (LCCS) The world's least connected countries (LCCS) are the group of 42 countries that fall within the low IDI group,
There are also some non-LDCS among the least connected, most notably such populous economies as India, Pakistan and Nigeria.
Methodology In order to better understand the relationship between IDI, the economy, geography and population, the following variables were selected for each country:
minus income earned in the domestic economy by nonresidents. GNI, calculated in national currency, is converted usually to United states dollars at official exchange rates for comparisons across economies,
although an alternative rate is used when the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large margin from the rate actually applied in international transactions.
and the size of a country's economy (measured by GNI p. c.).GNI levels are correlated also with other variables, such as population density and share of urban population.
For example, some economies with small land areas such as Barbados, Bahrain, Hong kong (China), Singapore, Monaco, Iceland and Luxembourg have high IDI levels,
A comparison of IDI values of the 147 economies for which data were available for 2002 and 2013 shows that the global IDI value has doubled almost from 2. 52 in 2002 to 4. 88 in 2013
The IDI 2002 and IDI 2013 figures were based on the same set of 147 economies
Simple averages based on 147 economies. Source: ITU. strong correlation between GNI p. c.,(most) MDG indicators and IDI.
Table 3. 2 presents a comparison of the global and regional rankings of the top five economies in each of the six regions,
The top five economies from Asia and the Pacific also rank relatively high globally, all of them coming in the global top 20.
The top five economies in each region and their ranking in the global IDI, 2013 Regional IDI rank Europe Global IDI rank Asia & Pacific Global IDI
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank change 2012-2013 Mauritius 1
high-income economies and are part of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC).
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank change 2012-2013 Bahrain 1
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank change 2012-2013 Korea (Rep
While some economies, including Australia, Japan, Macao (China), Republic of korea and Singapore, had reached already very high levels of penetration,
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank change 2012-2013 Belarus 1
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank change 2012-2013 Denmark 1
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank change 2012-2013 United states 1
3 Prices are expressed as a percentage of GNI p. c. in order to show them in relative terms to the size of the economy of each country,
Based on 140 economies for which 2008-2013 data on fixed-telephone and mobile-cellular prices were available.
Based on 140 economies for which 2008-2013 data on fixed-telephone and mobile-cellular prices were available.
These countries could follow the best practices of other economies in the region, such as Kenya and Ghana,
Rank Economy Fixed-telephone sub-basket GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Rank Economy Fixed-telephone sub-basket GNI p. c
Rank Economy Mobile-cellular sub-basket GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Rank Economy Mobile-cellular sub-basket GNI p. c
Based on 143 economies for which 2008-2013 data on fixed-broadband prices were available. Source:
Based on 143 economies for which 2008-2013 data on fixed-broadband prices were available. Source:
Based on 165 economies for which 2013 data on fixed-broadband prices were available. Source: ITU.
It is home to the economy with the most affordable entry-level fixed-broadband plans
Macao (China), where a fixed-broadband service costs less than 0. 4 per cent of GNI p. c. Chart 4. 9). Other high-income economies in the region
The unaffordability of fixed-broadband prices in Africa is linked closely to the small size of the region's economies
These results are explained by the countries'relatively strong economies and therefore high GNI levels, coupled with their low fixed-broadband prices.
Rank Economy Fixed-broadband sub-basket Speed in Mbit/s Cap per month in GB GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Rank Economy Fixed
Based on 119 economies for which data on mobilebroadband prices were available for the four types of plans.
Based on 119 economies for which data on mobilebroadband prices were available for the four types of plans.
Based on 119 economies for which data on mobilebroadband prices were available for the four types of plans.
Based on 119 economies for which data on mobilebroadband prices were available for the four types of plans.
27 countries in Africa, 14 countries in the Arab States, 29 economies in Asia and the Pacific, 10 countries in the CIS, 41 countries in Europe and 27 countries in The americas.
Mobile-broadband prices, postpaid handset-based 500 MB, 2013 Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, postpaid handset-based (500 MB) GNI p
Mobile-broadband prices, postpaid handset-based 500 MB, 2013 (continued) Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, postpaid handset-based (500 MB) GNI
Mobile-broadband prices, prepaid handset-based 500 MB, 2013 Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, prepaid handset-based (500 MB) GNI p
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, prepaid handset-based (500 MB) GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Monthly data allowance (MB) as%of GNI p
Mobile-broadband prices, postpaid computer-based 1 GB, 2013 Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, postpaid computer-based (1 GB) GNI p
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, postpaid computer-based (1 GB) GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Monthly data allowance (MB) as%of GNI p
Mobile-broadband prices, prepaid computer-based 1 GB, 2013 Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, prepaid computer-based (1 GB) GNI p
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, prepaid computer-based (1 GB) GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Monthly data allowance (MB) as%of GNI p
On the one hand, GNI is a macroeconomic aggregate similar to gross domestic product (GDP) and measures the size of a country's economy as a whole
It is a measure of the value of the national production of an economy, and is calculated in the context of national accounts.
but also in several countries classified as uppermiddle-income economies by the World bank: several Latin american countries (Colombia, Dominican republic, Ecuador and Peru), two African countries (Angola and South africa) and Belarus, Serbia and Thailand.
while entry-level prices are affordable for almost all households in high-income economies in the region, in Cambodia,
Equivalized household disposable income and consumption for other countries based on World bank's Povcalnet data adjusted with ITU estimates on average persons per household. high-income economies (Australia and New zealand) to unaffordable for a majority
Simple averages for 140 economies with available data on fixed-broadband prices and competition for the period 2008-2013.
Simple averages for 140 economies with available data on mobile-cellular prices and competition for the period 2008-2013.
Descriptive statistics calculated for 124 economies that have complete data for the two models. Source: ITU.
opening up the market to some competition in the remaining 13 developing economies would be a natural option with a view to boosting fixed-broadband penetration,
so that economies with higher percentage of urban population tend to have higher GNI p. c. This means that the effects of both variables cannot be isolated in practice,
ICT Price Basket and sub-baskets, 2013 Rank Economy IPB 2013 Fixed telephone subbasket as a%of GNI per capita, 2013 Mobile-cellular subbasket as a%of GNI
ICT Price Basket and sub-baskets, 2013 (continued) Rank Economy IPB 2013 Fixed telephone subbasket as a%of GNI per capita, 2013 Mobile-cellular subbasket
For more information on the PPP methodology and data, see http://icp. worldbank. org. 3 GNI takes into account all production in the domestic economy (i e.
http://ec. europa. eu/enlargement/policy/glossary/terms/acquis en. htm. 50 The mean HHI for fixed broadband is calculated as the simple average of the HHI of 139 economies for
This includes 95 economies from the developing world and 44 from the developed world. 51 The mean value of clusters 1 to 3 of the Regulatory Tracker is calculated as the simple average of the scores of 142 economies for
which price and market share data were available for 2013. This includes 99 economies from the developing world
and 43 from the developed world. 52 http://www. itu. int/en/ITU-D/Regulatory-Market/Pages/bestpractices. aspx. 53 The Regulatory Tracker quantifies these aspects
http://www. omantel. om/Omanweblib/Mediacenter/Press release. aspx. 55 The mean HHI for mobile cellular is calculated as the simple average of the HHI of 140 economies for
This includes 96 economies from the developing world and 44 from the developed world. 56 The coefficient of variation of fixed-broadband prices is compared 1. 7
and use has been recorded in the developing economies, where ICT penetration levels have increased and where big data hold great promise for development.
Household Internet penetration in developing economies is expected to reach 31 per cent by the end of 2014,
as against almost 80 per cent in developed economies. In addition as Internet penetration rates remain limited,
not only in developed but also in developing economies. There are various examples of how mobile phone records have been used to identify socioeconomic patterns
Chapter 5. The role of big data for ICT monitoring and for development 188 Big data for better transportation planning A data-centric approach to transportation management is already a reality in many developed economies.
(and often the only one) in developing economies that contain behavioural information on low-income population groups Frias-Martinez et al.
and identify sudden events that depress the local economy (i e. economic shocks). One of the challenges has to do with operator sensitivity regarding revenue data
and cohesion of societies in relation to socioeconomic boundaries by examining the geospatial distribution of societal ties in both developed and developing economies (Sobolevsky et al.,
The World Economic Forum's Rethinking Personal data project has identified key trust challenges facing the personal data economy,
mainly because the levels of‘datafication'in developing economies are still quite low. Where mobile-phone records are concerned,
As Google's Chief Economist, Hal Varian, notes, there are often more police in precincts with high crime,
The behavioural economist Sendhil Mullainathan notes that inductive science (i e. the algorithmic mining of big data sources) will not drown out traditional deductive science (i e. hypothesis testing), even in a big data paradigm.
In a recent global survey of NSOS from 200 economies, conducted by UNSC, respondents identified the development and 203 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 retention of staff with the necessary skills as one of their main challenges,
have a shortage of advanced analytical skills by comparison with developed economies. Until such time as systematic capacity development yields proper rewards, it will remain essential to import skills from outside (both local and international),
The large-scale capture of such higher-resolution data is undertaken mainly by operators in developed economies.
Operators in developing economies use some of these methods, but often on a case-by-case basis,
Mao, H.,Shuai, X.,Ahn, Y.-Y. and Bollen, J. 2013), Mobile Communications Reveal the Regional Economy in Cote d'ivoire.
Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies through Sustainable Development. The Report of the High-level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda.
with Internet access Economy 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 1 Afghanistan 0. 3 0. 3 65.5 70.0
Economy 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 84 Lao P. D. R.
Economy 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 1 Afghanistan 5. 5 5. 9 0. 0 0. 0 0. 4 1
Society Report 2014 Percentage of individuals using the Internet Fixed (wired)- broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Wireless-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Economy 2012 2013 2012
Annex 3. Statistical tables of indicators used to compute de IDI 246 Skills indicators Gross enrolment ratio Adult Seconday Tertiary literacy rate Economy 2012 2013
literacy rate Economy 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 84 Lao P. D. R. 46.5 46.5 16.7 16.7 72.7 72.7
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