the public sector constitutes an important part of the Norwegian economy. The Government wants to have a sustainable,
The most successful economies of the future will be those which excel at generating and disseminating knowledge and exploiting it commercially (see Innovation into Success, UKSPA, Issue 1,
in business and the economy. Since the Green Paper on Innovation in 1995 the European commission has been furthering the development of a European policy on innovation
-Driven Economy (2004) has identified Innovation Management Techniques (IMT's) defined as the range of tools,
Innovation-scientific, technical, organisational and managerial-is the key to survival and success in the new knowledge economy.
They also wanted recommendations for economies or process improvement in technical support, help desk and staff development areas.
Volumes, production, economies? Seasonal, weather, fashion influences? Threats Political effects? Legislative effects? Environmental effects? IT developments?
Economy-home, abroad? Seasonality, weather effects?""Innosupport: Supporting Innovation in SMES"-2. 2. SWOT Analysis page 19 of 271 2. 2. 4. Tips for successful SWOT analysis Top Tips But remember 1
Supporting Innovation in SMES"-6. 2. Rapid prototyping & Product Testing Strategies page 119 of 271 economists.
Supporting Innovation in SMES"-7. 2. International Regulations page 158 of 271 Economy and efficiency A cost-effective and timesaving way of applying for patent protection in several different
and contribute to the growth of the national economy through employment creation, investments and exports.
Despite the importance of SMES for the vitality of the economy and the potential offered by the IP system for enhancing SMES competitiveness,
The linkage between an organisation's overall strategy and its IP strategy will be more significant in the new economy than it was before.
In the new economy one of the preconditions for being able to compete is that an organisation can create,
Gmbh (Polytechnic) Campus 02 Fachhochschule Studiengänge der Wirtschaft (Courses for Economy in Campus 02 Polytechnic)" Innosupport:
Nowadays, in a globalised economy, foreign language and intercultural competencies have become decisive factors. Products, services and information are moving fast between continents
Economically and with the integration of the European union large companies as well as small firms operating in a knowledge based economy have to rely increasingly on the interrogation of nondomestic sources of information and knowledge bases,
and development opportunities of developing economies and to assist their efforts to integrate into the world economy The World Economic Forum (WEF) www. weforum. org is a private not-for-profit foundation that operates conferences for business, political
(ICT) have enhanced greatly the competition spurred by the globalization of the world economies. Even small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) are no more immune to the challenges that the globalization brings about.
and in certain instances worrisome, situation since SMES play a key-role in most economies,
22 5. 2 Cost Explosion in Booming Economies...22 5. 3 Protection of Intellectual Property rights...
R. Tiwari and S. Buse (October 2007) Page 4 of 31 1-Introduction Technological advancements, especially in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have enhanced greatly the competition spurred by the globalization of the world economies.
and in certain instances worrisome, situation since SMES play a key-role in most economies,
Innovative ideas and products are becoming increasingly important to counter the priceoriented competition from low-cost producers from emerging economies
while elaborating the crucial role that SMES play in the economy. 2. 1 Innovation Innovation,
even though SMES play an important role in the national economy as discussed in the following.
2 These data exemplarily demonstrate the key-role which SMES play in Germany's economy.
For detailed discussions on SMES'role in the German economy see Hamer (1997), Bundestag (2002), Günterberg and Kayser (2004),
and find themselves faced with tough price-oriented competition from low-cost producers from emerging economies in Asia
Moreover, blocking foreign firms from doing business in the country may lead to trade retaliations abroad that could severally affect an export-oriented economy like that of Germany.
and other developed economies we conducted a new set of investigation. The methodology and selected results of this study are explained in the following. 3. 2 Findings of the Survey RIS-Hamburg To identify barriers to innovation in SMES in the Metropolitan Region of Hamburg we at first conducted an empirical study in form
the survey targeted mainly SMES from the fields of IT, Media, Civil Aviation, Electronics, Machinery Manufacturing, Maritime Economy, Medical Equipments, Logistics,
emerging economies in Asia are rapidly taking over the role of lead markets by their openness for consumption
More and more people in emerging economies are having financial resources to buy high-end products (EIU, 2004), and the number of the middle class consumers is growing rapidly in emerging countries particularly China and India.
2007). 5-Challenges of Global Innovation The section above has given us a broad overview over how global innovation may be used as a chance to mitigate the effects of innovation barriers prevalent in Germany and inter alia in advanced economies.
%The shortage of qualified personnel is also felt in the booming economy of China, where German firms are finding it increasingly difficult to recruit local technicians,
2006). 5. 2 Cost Explosion in Booming Economies The cost advantage of many emerging nations with booming economies is disappearing in many respects, for instance,
In this respect the internationalization of R&d seems to be a useful instrument to mitigate the effects of barriers to innovation often faced by SMES in Germany, the EU or anywhere else in industrialized economies.
The globalisation of research and development, Economist Intelligence unit. Ernst, D. 2006: Innovation Offshoring: Asia's Emerging Role in Global Innovation Network, East-West Center Special reports, No. 10/2006.
but also more generally for providing a competitive foundation for national economies. Because they often lack the resources to engage in in-house training,
Malaysia is one of the fastest growing economies of the world and is based largely on SMES that contribute almost 33 percent to the national GDP.
researchers question the role of innovation in maintaining the growth of the Malaysian economy and the role of innovation in the overall performance of the SMES.
Evidence on the role of public policy, ETLA Discussion Papers, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy (ETLA), No. 820 27 Salim,
'29 3-Capturing innovation impulses from emerging economies...30 4-Capabilities for Design-Driven Innovation in European SMES...
innovative companies create the majority of new jobs in the European economy. A strong rationale exists for public support to SMES'innovation activities
and progress towards a resource-efficient economy. Further leverage and complement support for innovation in SMES and other funding,
Germany 3-Capturing innovation impulses from emerging economies During the next decades growth of the world economy will be concentrated in emerging economies with a small
and service innovation activities towards the needs of clients in emerging economies and identify new business opportunities for such product even in mature markets.
but are limited not to, case studies (in print, audio or video) for awareness and analysis, methodological guides to capture consumer preferences in emerging economies, guides to cooperation with local science, technology and innovation agents,
To capture the growth opportunities notably in developing countries and emerging economies enterprises innovate specifically for these markets building on local expertise and inventiveness.
and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy; to contribute to sound economic expansion in member as well as nonmember countries in the process of economic development;
Ministers from nearly 50 member and nonmember economies adopted the Bologna Charter for SME Policies.
and nonmember economies and that it would be followed up by a continuous monitoring of progress with the implementation of the Bologna Charter.
The wide variation in stages of economic development, institutional arrangements and political context across the economies participating in the Bologna process, now more than 80,
and more than 50 nonmember economies at Ministerial level to exchange views on Promoting Entrepreneurship and Innovative SMES in a Global economy.
Some of the issues relate to policies that affect the whole economy and hence the general business environment in which SMES must operate.
and ways to encourage 1. This work is an important part of the follow-up to the OECD Growth Project (The New Economy:
Beyond the Hype, OECD, Paris, 2001) which underlines the need for micro-policy reforms to enhance innovation and productivity in knowledge-based economies.
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 8 OECD 2004 SMES, especially in developing economies,
The creation of new businesses and the contraction or exit of less productive firms are key elements in the dynamism of modern economies.
or products and contribute to productivity improvements in the economy as a whole. While in the short term cost reductions and increased competitive pressure can lead to job shakeouts,
Many of these affect the economy as a whole but impinge importantly on potential entrepreneurs and SMES.
which the World bank finds is generally more flexible in advanced countries than in developing economies, limits management flexibility and leads to smaller firm size and less research and development as well as less investment in technology.
Policy design in areas such as competition, the regulatory framework, the tax system, labour markets, financial markets and bankruptcy laws should take account of the way these areas impinge on SMES and innovation in knowledge-based economies.
Indeed, self employment represents one of the most important job options for women, especially for women in developing economies.
Canadaindonesia Japan Korea Mexiconew Zealandphilippinesunited States Selected APEC economies, 1998 PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY OECD 2004 15 The empirical basis for informed policy design needs to be improved Reliable data
Such policies are part of the wider package of economic and social arrangements in any economy
Economies in transition and the Nordic countries, for example, have some of the best provisions for working women
Networks should be encouraged both within economies and internationally to support the diffusion of knowledge and experience within the private sector to facilitate entrepreneurial endeavours by women.
Improve the factual and analytical underpinnings of our understanding of the role of women entrepreneurs in the economy.
the broad picture for many OECD and some nonmember economies is that of a low,
A study conducted for Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economies suggests that SMES account for less than 30%of total exports in the region. 3 3. C. Hall, Profile of SMES and SME Issues
and developing economies need to strengthen their capacity to take advantage of trade and investment opportunities.
Enterprises in transition and developing economies face major challenges in strengthening their human and institutional capacities to take advantage of opportunities in these areas.
In the poorest countries they nevertheless make up a relatively small part of the economy, contributing less to employment
The potential benefits of foreign direct investment to host economies include sources of external capital
PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY 36 OECD 2004 Governments in advanced economies should promote policy coherence and greater effectiveness of development assistance.
Development partners need to recognize that better attention to local conditions is necessary for trade and investment capacity building in transition and developing economies.
Nonmember economies should be involved in this work where possible. Develop an integrated business statistical register. This requires that countries introduce a single identification number for enterprises,
Cowan, R. and G. van de Paal (2000), Innovation Policy in the Knowledge-Based Economy, European commission DG-Enterprise, Brussels. Crépon, B.,E. Duguet,
. and J. Mairesse (2006), Empirical Studies of Innovation in The Knowledge-Driven Economy, Economics of Innovation and New Technology.
) Government plays a much more prominent role in the economies of most European and Asian countries.
However, despite the fact that there has been a major shift in the GDP of developed nations from product-based to service-based economies, research agendas have not kept pace. 23 Indeed,
The interviewees varied greatly in their opinion about the role of MEP in the economy.
Competing in a Service Economy: How to Create a Competitive Advantage Through Service Development and Innovation.
and help reduce the disadvantage of scale economies which small firms face in all aspects of business.
This explains why economists have reopened the debate on whether some market and systemic failures disproportionately affect small firms,
Globalisation Challenges 3. Both scale economies and research and development have become more important instruments for competitiveness in the global economy.
what triggered the wave of globalisation reshaping the economy at the end of the 20th century. To understand globalisation's impact on SME innovativeness
The Economist recently proclaimed The Death of Distance on its front page. 2 While the telecommunications revolution has brought the cost of transmitting information across geographic space to virtually zero,
Emerging comparative advantage that is 2 The Death of Distance, The Economist, 30,september 1995. 3 The Downsizing of America
By contrast, the rest of the economy experienced fairly steady growth at around 3%over this period. 5 Innovative activity of in the United states has jumped
or even enhance their competitiveness in a globalizing economy. This background paper discusses some of the strategies open to SMES as they try to become more productive and shift more knowledge-based activities.
whereas the R&d-sales ratios of the largest corporations fell from 3. 5%to 3. 1%.4 The Valley of Money's Delights, The Economist, 29,march 1997, special section, p. 1. 5
government policy can do much more to help the majority of SMES manage the transition to a global, knowledge based economy.
Which metaphor is most apt depends on a given industry's underlying technological conditions, scale economies, and demand.
Where scale economies are important, the revolving door model is more common. While start-ups and new entrants may not be deterred by the presence of high scale economies,
a process of firm selection ensures that only those firms that grow will be able to survive beyond more than a few years. 36.
and depending upon the severity of the other selection mechanism-the extent of scale economies-may ultimately be forced to exit out of the industry.
and experimentation that otherwise would remain untapped in the economy. The Information technology Strategy 37. A second strategy SMES can use to improve their competitiveness in global markets involves the application
or the level of output required to reach scale economies. This notion has received considerable attention in the popular press.
"10 10 Tom Peters,"New Products, New Markets, New Competition, New Thinking,"The Economist, 4 march, 1989, pp. 27-32.
In the physical world, scale economy and standardisation plays a major role. The digital world enables individual product customization The customers will directly interact only with the intermediary,
In particular, SMES are disadvantaged clearly by scale economies and other size related ownership-specific advantages.
Jacobs, Jane, 1969, The Economy of Cities, New york: Random House. Jaffe, A.,1989, Real Effects of Academic Research, American Economic Review, 79,957-970.
Managing innovation in a globalized economy defining the open capital. In Allam Ahmed (ed.),World Sustainable Development Outlook 2009:
Managing Innovation in e-Globalized Economy Defining the Open Capital 78 Paper 7: Implementing the SIV model on an Intensively Innovation-Oriented Enterprise:
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) 1 are crucial economic actors within the economies of nations (Stanworth and Gray 1993, NUTEK 2004, Wolff and Pett 2006.
Several studies have shown that there is a clear connection between innovation and the creation of an entrepreneurial economy (Schumpeter 1934.
however, due to the realities of the current, dispersed economy (Polenske 2002). In this thesis, I used the EU definition of SMES (NUTEK 2004) when
It is important to discuss smallness in the context of the new economy, since this economy is influenced by the Information technology (IT) revolution.
When assessing the current system, the numerical, clear-cut, artificial borders used in the past should be downplayed; they are confusing and probably not reflective of the economic realities of today.
In order to judge an economy, a firm performance model that considers the innovative input within SMES is required.
and even through the economy of an entire region (Etzkowitz and Klofsten 2005) or a country.
and tend to be more dynamic than more mature firms Models used by managers of SMES should be of practical value The models must account for the nature of the modern economy,
and Steinmetz 1969.34 The fourth challenge stems from the nature of the modern economy, and has to do with the kind of enterprise structure generated in company build up.
As the modern economy becomes increasingly diffused (Polenske 2002), the agility and flexibility of SMES gives them a competitive edge over larger firms.
The term innovation Innovation is regarded as the instrument through which entrepreneurial economies are realized (Drucker 1985.
p. 9). The innovativeness of an economy can be augmented through a system of specialization where larger
Higher productivity of economies was attributed to investment in capital, which is mainly related to knowledge (Schultz 1959).
The bureaucratic theory was postulated by one of the most influential sociologists and political economists of the modern era, the German writer Max Weber.
and absorption on economies. 74 We often wondered why some countries lack entrepreneurial drive and have low innovative output,
We wanted to look at the components that present the input capital into the innovation vitality of an economy from the perspective of individual firms'needs and external environments.
In that paper, we argued that economies have different levels of entrepreneurial activities depending on the availability of tangible and intangible resources.
and thus can describe the economy's general character. The paper also introduced another new type of capital as a component of innovation capital:
IBAM is an analytical tool that classifies economies based on their entrepreneurial conditions. IBAM was used to look specifically at Arab countries using a general knowledge and deductive approach to the issue.
We argued that the three components of innovation capital must be in balance in order for an economy to be innovative and entrepreneurial in nature.
That in turn leads to a negative impact on the total innovative environment of the economy.
The IBAM analysis produced two types of economies one in which firms and their founders are entrepreneurial and the other in
It found that the best solution to the lack of individual entrepreneurial economies in that region is the additive solution.
Furthermore, the paper looked at basic factors shaping the economies of the Arab countries including the negative impact of e-globalization on Arab countries and the competitiveness of the Arab economy.
The paper considered the characteristics of the Arab world economy and compared them to the characteristics necessary for an eglobalized economy.
The paper was closed with a discussion about the best strategies to achieve the additive Balance Solution.
The recommendation was to begin a gradual assimilation process encompassing several steps in order to create a single Arab market.
the analysis suggested in the paper can be used to assess any economy or group of economies.
Understanding the entrepreneurial policy required can help us to understand the innovation dynamics in economies as relates to the external environment of the firm.
Managing Innovation in e-Globalized Economy Defining the Open Capital This paper was published in Allam Ahmed (ed.),World Sustainable Development Outlook 2009, The Impact of the Global Financial crisis on the Environment, Energy
Innovation capital was meant to serve as an indicator for the degree of richness of the entrepreneurial environment in an economy.
Innovation activities in modern economies tend to be interconnected and open in their natures, and our understanding of the innovation process must reflect that.
and were built to consider a single firm in isolation from all other enterprises. 80 Neglecting the networking nature of modern economy is a major weakness in classical performance models for SME, especially as concerns innovation issues.
such as the locally concentrated nature of the economy, the high degree of fragmentation and dispersion of the economic structure, the narrow scope of economic development due to policies that focus on only a few sectors,
Neglecting the networking nature of modern economy in relation to innovation issues is a major weakness in classical SME performance models.
The understanding of the entrepreneurial policy required can help us to understand the innovation dynamics of economies.
This is important when researchers want to address particular evaluation input indicators in relation to SME performance in an economy.
Traditionally, the discussion about different types of capital in relation to an economy's ability to be centered innovative around two basic concepts:
This form of capital is concerned more with societal input into the innovation activities of an economy.
Innovation capital presents the accumulated input of technology in relation to the firm's external environment that promotes innovativeness and the entrepreneurial drive of the economy.
To study the possible variations of innovation capital levels in an economy, I introduced the Innovation Balance Matrix (IBAM).
the SIV model can be used as a performance input indicator to build models at the aggregate level of the economy.
It is thus possible to use the SIV model to assess the status of SMES in a given economy,
An indicator of entrepreneurial economy. Presented at the 7th Uddevalla Symposium, Östfold University college, Fredrikstad, Norway, 17 19 june.
Regional innovation systems and knowledge economy. Industrial & Corporate Change 10 (4), 945 974. Cooley, C. H. ed.)(1956.
and the structure of returns in the Internet economy. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 14 (1), 141 164.
Agglomeration versus dispersal economies. Presented in The Uddevalla Symposium 2002, Innovation, Entrepreneurship, Regional Development and Public Policy in the Emerging Digital economy.
Economy and society: An interpretive sociology, 2 volumes. G. Roth and C. Wittich (eds..New york, New york:
on the Socio-Organizational Challenges of the Knowledge Economy Télé-université/Université du Québec à Montréal 1 Jean-Marc Fontan, Fontan. jean-marc@uqam
dgtrembl@teluq. uquebec. ca Biographical note Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay is the Canada Research Chair the Socio-Organizational Challenges of the Knowledge Economy.
Part Two will address innovation from the perspective of evolutionary economists. We will reconstruct an explanation of social innovation as a cognitive process confronted with localized social resistance,
but the one who introduces this discovery into the firm, the industry, the economy, that is, strictly speaking, the person responsible for its diffusion.
However, it was the evolutionary economists who completed their work by proposing a global vision of innovation.
Cyclical effect of innovation According to evolutionary economists, the innovation process occurs in an organization or a firm;
However, for the evolutionary economists, these two places (SMES and large enterprises) do succeed not necessarily one another in time
and Society complements the approach of evolutionary economists and authors who have drawn on their work.
It should be recalled that Polanyi defines the economy as a dynamic set of social processes which are continuously being transformed
) Alliances, cooperative ventures and the role of government in the Knowledge Based Economy: Policy Issues for Canada and beyond.
Innovation Dynamics in a Diverse Economy. Montreal and Kingston: Mcgill-Queen's university Press and School of Policy Studies, Queen's university.
Innovation can occur in any sector of the economy, including government services such as health or education.
IPR Economies rely increasingly on knowledge-based competitiveness, and innovation is increasingly non-technological in nature.
Professor CIRCLE (Centre for Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy), Lund University, Sweden,
%of which was allocated to Innovation and the knowledge economy. The programme supports two types of projects:
boosting their economy and productivity therefore benefiting SMES. Furthermore the RIS3 are built upon the industrial and economic fabric of each region,
They contribute to the building of a knowledge-based economy and to achieving the Europe 2020 objectives of new growth and job creation.
and Promotion of RTD Enforcing SMES role in the transition from traditional industry regions to knowledgebased economy regions Innohubs http://www. innohubs. eu Innovation Hubs Promotion of innovation
development in Europe Promotion of innovation for SMES DISTRICT+http://districtplus. it/Disseminating Innovative Strategies for Capitalisation of Targeted Good Practices Support to the transition between traditional economy and competitive economy PERIA
and the Knowledge Economy Exchange, sharing and transfer of Egovernment and Wireless Broadband good practices E-government Young SMES http://www. youngsmes. e u/about/Sharing Interregional knowledge to define Supporting Programmes for Young SMES Development strategies
and the Knowledge Economy) project's objectives were to improve regional and local Innovation & Knowledge-Economy policies through the exchange, sharing
and transfer of E-government and Wireless Broadband good practices. It identified GPS specifically addressing the inclusion of online services and management In public Administrations,
thus strengthening the competitiveness of the main industrial systems in the Tuscan economy. A Virtual Enterprise (VE) is a temporary alliance of enterprises that come together to share skills
together with Tuscan SMES, Fabrica Ethica has constructed a production process that makes the regional economy more competitive and able to differentiate its production on the basis of material and immaterial quality.
this GP focused on improving innovation capacity in the wood sector, a sector of great importance for the regional economy.
aimed at promoting innovation as well as the knowledge economy in the field of health. It is interesting to note that the INNOHUBS project from the INTERREG IVC programme involved edge cities.
Project acronym Project name Detailed topic DISTRICT+Disseminating Innovative STRATEGIES for Capitalisation of Targeted Good Practices Support to the passing between traditional economy
and competitive economy Erik Action Upgrading the innovation capacity of existing firms Improvement of the capacities to increase innovation within SMES INNOHUBS Innovation Hubs Promotion of innovation in edge cities Innomot
based economy Project acronym Number of partners68 Country of the LP69 ERDF funding (€) Total budget (€) Startin g date Ending date Type
Innovation and the knowledge economy Theme: Innovation, research and technology development TYPE OF INTERVENTION Type of intervention:
, Wroclaw 4 Romania Brasov County Council, Brasov 5 Germany Ministry of Science and Economy Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg 6 United kingdom Birmingham Technology Limited
Innovation and the knowledge economy Theme: Innovation, research and technology development TYPE OF INTERVENTION Type of intervention:
thus strengthening the competitiveness of the main industrial systems in the Tuscan economy. A Virtual Enterprise (VE) is a temporary alliance of enterprises that come together to share skills
Together with Tuscan SMES, Fabrica Ethica has constructed a production process that makes the regional economy more competitive and able to differentiate its production on the basis of material and immaterial quality.
Innovation and the knowledge economy Theme: Innovation, research and technology development TYPE OF INTERVENTION Type of intervention:
Innovation and the knowledge economy Theme: Innovation, research and technology development TYPE OF INTERVENTION Type of intervention:
Innovation and the knowledge economy Theme: Innovation, research and technology development TYPE OF INTERVENTION Type of intervention:
Innovation and the knowledge economy Theme: Innovation, research and technology development TYPE OF INTERVENTION Type of intervention:
Innovation and the knowledge economy Theme: Innovation, research and technology development TYPE OF INTERVENTION Type of intervention:
Smart Specialisation the Concept, Knowledge Economists Policy Brief n°9. Knowledge f or Growth Expert Group advising the then Commissioner for Research, Janez Potocnik. 2009.
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