such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences,
SEARCHING FOR A SMART SPECIALISATION, UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF A TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY...113 Regional, national and international policies that have been decisive for prioritisation of domains...
A KNOWLEDGE BASED ECONOMY...118 Regional, national and international policies that have been decisive for prioritisation of domains...
A number of countries, within OECD or not, are now taking interest in Smart Specialisation as one way to lead their economies out of the crisis by leveraging regional dynamism in innovation led/knowledge-intensive economic development.
the implicit idea of policy-induced specialisation in innovation have raised concerns amongst economists and others inside and outside the EU policy circles (Pontikakis, D. et al. 2009).
The specific properties of General Purpose Technologies (GPTS) underlie the logic of smart specialisation 2. Invention of a GPT extends the frontier of invention possibilities for the whole economy,
Indeed, the OECD has exhorted countries to go structural to make economies more competitive; to go social to address the increased inequality and lack of jobs;
Smart specialisation is one several frameworks that accommodates many of these goals by focusing on promoting structural change in the economy through investments in knowledge-based assets and better governance in STI policy making.
Place-based growth is seen as particularly important for innovation given the weight of agglomeration economies (OECD 2011.
concept and policy agenda for science, technology and innovation against the background of important changes in the structure of OECD economies.
and innovation framework for regional economies that aims to illustrate how public policies, framework conditions,
and thus a possible way to help advanced OECD economies as well as emerging economies-restart economic growth by leveraging innovation led/knowledge-based investments in regions.
But entrepreneurship in the knowledge economy recognises that value added is generated also outside sole ownership, in spillovers, in networks of complementarity and comparative advantage.
so that it contributes to productivity growth will be increasingly important not only in the medium term but also in the longer term in light of challenges such as demographic change and competition from emerging economies.
and more recently the euro debt crisis, has increased pressure on OECD governments to tackle longstanding structural problems in their economies.
2) The discovery of pertinent specialisation domains may have a high social value (development of the region's economy),
Support to technologies which have scale or agglomeration economies. Cluster policies Technology banks Public-private partnerships Innovation-oriented procurement Sectoral platforms SME support organisations Demonstration projects, technology extension services Source:
carbon economy was the environmental challenge of reducing CO2 emissions amidst an economic downturn. The main objective of the smart specialisation strategy is to secure the environmental benefits while regenerating competitive advantage, mainly by:
it may offer a pro-active framework for governments to anticipate the possible redistributional effects of policy or inactions in an increasingly globalised economy.
Trade theory as elaborated by 19th century economist David Ricardo and expanded in the 20th century by Hekscher and Ohlin also tells us that countries tend to specialise in the production of goods where they have a comparative advantage.
It has been suggested that an expansion of an economy'scientific and technological capacity will not endow it the needed productive dynamism
Moreover, changes in policy settings in countries with more rapidly changing institutions (e g. emerging economies) may have disproportionally larger effects on relative factor demands
Regions are recognised increasingly as a relevant level of innovation policies given the weight of agglomeration economies (e g. the benefits that firms obtain
THE ROLE OF SMART SPECIALISATION 30 OECD 2013 Summary The current economic crisis and more recently the euro debt crisis, has increased pressure on OECD governments to tackle longstanding structural problems in their economies.
and regional economies are interconnected increasingly. Governments may want to take the interregional and international dimension of the emerging activities into account in their strategies (e g. to increase regional competitiveness,
STIE=Science, Technology, Innovation, Economy Source: ECOOM-Centre for Research & development Monitoring at Leuven University Additional limitations to data analyses arise
This database makes it possible to make versatile studies of the renewal of the Finnish economy and innovation environment.
a vertical link was formed between the National Innovation Strategy, the Ministry of Employment and Economy Corporate Strategy and Sectoral Strategies, the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation Investment Strategy (Tekes
The Tekes 2008 strategic focus area paper People-Economy-Environment Choices for building the future represented the main linkage between regional and national strategies.
The paper outlines global drivers of change and current challenges of the Finnish economy and industries.
THE ROLE OF SMART SPECIALISATION 42 OECD 2013 the aim to increase the competitiveness of the Finnish economy by:
ii) renewing the economy and creating new businesses; iii) increasing productivity in industries and the service sector;
the growing interconnectedness of economies reenforce the need for increased regional and international collaboration and for a coherent alignment of policy frameworks to adjust policies to business reality (e g. simplification of policies and removal of regulatory barriers).
and achieving their primary goal of transforming economies into more competitive, job-rich and sustainable ones.
Building Resilient Regions for Stronger Economies'.'Paris, OECD Publishing OECD (2011),‘Regions and Innovation Policy, OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation'.
ii) to create economic value for the Flemish economy; and iii) to help Flanders to obtain a strong position in European networks in this domain.
In the Flemish administration, the Department of Economy, Science and Innovation (EWI) has this responsibility.
the question whether Nfh has a potential economic value for the Flemish OECD 2013 63 economy is difficult to predict.
Economy policy and Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) policy. The topic of FISCH, sustainable chemistry, does fit Flanders'prioritisation policies very well.
it is mentioned as a lead example in the Whitepaper on New Industrial Policy (economy policy)
and thus is a tangible intersection between the innovation policy and the economy policy. Figure 2. 2 shows the priorities of all relevant policy initiatives
while Flanders'economy shows a clear specialisation in chemistry, the technological and scientific specialisation level is much lower:
With a strong technology and design base, Brainport is one of three key pillars of the Dutch economy, together with Seaport (Port of Rotterdam) and Airport (Schiphol Amsterdam.
Brainport 2020, Top Economy and Smart Society is an ambitious regional vision, strategy and implementation programme for the oncoming years.
agencies and technology centres promoting the photonics industry in Gwangju were established through the Ministry of Knowledge Economy programmes
THE ANDALUSIAN AEROSPACE CLUSTER Simon Vazquez, Innovation and Development Agency of Andalusia (IDEA Agency) and M Angeles Ruiz, General Secretary of Universities, Andalusian Ministry of Economy
grasping the opportunities for smart specialisation The Strategic Plan's main goal is to turn the Andalusian Aerospace into a competitive sector of Knowledge & Innovation based economy and in one of the engines of development.
THE AUTOMOTIVE CLUSTER Definition of the ecosystem and its boundaries The automotive sector has been the pioneering sector of the Turkish economy in terms of exports and R&di capabilities.
Prepared under the coordination of the Ministry of Economy Turkey's Export Strategy for 2023 aims at reaching a flexible and R&d based export structure;
of Economy, Undersecretary of Treasury, Chairman of the Turkish Atomic energy Authority, President of TÜBITAK and a Vice president, General Director of the Turkish Radio and Television
and contributes some GBP 10 billion value-added to the United kingdom economy. The United kingdom produces over one million cars annually,
This consensus allowed government to direct public funds for R&d to areas where it would have the most beneficial impact on industry and the economy.
Further they support the structural transformation of the Lower Austrian economy and promote the creation of a knowledge-intensive economy (European commission 2011).
Lower Austria is one of the regions not specializing on explicit lead sectors, but on functional priorities (mainly Technopols and Clusters).
and Innovation Policy in Upper Austria is linked with the Ministries of the Upper Austrian Government as well as with the responsible regional government's departments and directorates for regional planning, the economy and rural development (department economic
and innovation and economy promotion agencies, owned by majority by Upper Austria, have been organized under the common roof of the newly founded Upper Austrian Innovation Holding Gmbh.
and prioritisation in the region The regional economy of Upper Austria is characterized by its very strong industrial core.
Opportunities for cross-border and international ecosystem development Upper Austria is a province in the heart of Europe with open-minded inhabitants and a very export oriented economy.
,(2009) Smart Specialisation The Concept Knowledge Economists Policy Brief No 9 june 2009 Foray, D.,P. David and B. Hall,(2012) Measuring Smart Specialisation:
SEARCHING FOR A SMART SPECIALISATION, UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF A TRANSITION ECONOMY Pavel Csank, Petr Chládek and David Uhlír, South Moravian Innovation Centre, Brno and Jirí Bla ek
as well as other transitional economies in Central europe, is a FDI branch plant driven economy characterised by a relatively underdeveloped sector of knowledge-intensive business services.
Manufacturing thus represents the main driver of competitiveness, but it has a quite different structure compared to the innovation leading economies.
Key industries are dominated by multinationals'plants usually without strategic marketing, sales and R&d operations, which has serious impacts on the extent and quality of innovation demand across the business sector.
The economy of South Moravia is driven by firms concentrated in the regional capital (the city of Brno), a dynamic and innovative centre and the second largest city in the Czech republic (500 thousand inhabitants in the city agglomeration),
It can be viewed as a result of the prevailing position of the regional and national economy within intricate global value chains.
The aim is to identify as many as possible narrow fields in which regional economy has significant position in the world market (e g. electron microscopes, cyber security SW.
Lessons learned and conclusions for policy The key lessons learned might be helpful primarily for the regions from other transitional economies that have been on the uneasy way towards a standard system of liberal democracy with market economy,
and at the same time need to tackle with the global trend of shifting towards the networked knowledge economy.
THE ROLE OF SMART SPECIALISATION 118 OECD 2013 ESTONIAN RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGIES THE ROADMAP TOWARDS A KNOWLEDGE BASED ECONOMY Marge Seppo and Urmas Varblane, University of Tartu
and ensuring the distribution and implementation of key technologies in other sectors of economy (particularly in traditional industry, energy sector, transport, etc.)
The growth areas will be distinguished based on combined evaluation of structure of Estonian economy. During this evaluation, the research structure and industry structure in Estonia, resources of Estonia,
On the other hand, Estonia's innovation system is so far rather detached from a vast part of its economy.
This is the result of the innovation system being focused on areas other than those that dominate the Estonian economy today.
and regional innovation strategies in year 2008 had the overall aim to increase the competitiveness of the Finnish economy.
renewing the economy and creating new businesses; increasing productivity in industries and the service sector;
A vertical link was formed between the National Innovation Strategy, the Ministry of Employment and Economy Corporate Strategy and Sectoral Strategies, the Tekes the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation Investment Strategy,
The Tekes 2008 strategic focus area paper People-Economy-Environment Choices for building the future represented the main linkage between regional and national strategies.
The paper outlines global drivers of change and current challenges of the Finnish economy and industries.
This database makes it possible to make versatile studies of the renewal of the Finnish economy and innovation environment.
The results of foresight projects have also been included in the Strategy for Innovation and Efficiency of the Economy.
Under the project 10 key technologies for future development of regional economy have been defined. The ten most promising technologies in terms of the regional potential have been grouped into three areas:
and is financed from the Operational Programme Innovative Economy). Coordination activities to support smart specialisation Overall coordination activities have been carried out by the regional authorities of the Malopolska Region.
ii) Malopolska Economic Observatory which monitors the state of Malopolska economy; iii) Malopolska Social policy Observatory which monitors and collects the data from the area of social policy;
Future development for smart specialisation Current status of the specialisation and prioritisation in the region The regional economy has undergone many structural changes over the last 20 years, especially from low-tech manufacturing industries to medium
The role of universities in supporting transformation of regional economy: The example shows that important role in transformation of regional economy has been played by regional universities, especially in the fields such as:
ICT, multimedia and life sciences. Regional universities are engaged also in many initiatives aimed at addressing the main challenges in traditional areas of regional specialisation i e. mining (clean coal technologies) or chemistry, foundry and steel industries (new materials, ICT.
The context of these cases differ considerably ranging from regions/nations with the challenge to mobilise entrepreneurial discovery processes in an economy that lacks high levels of innovative assets to regions/nations with the challenge to shift the focus of existing assets
spanning from the impact of single initiatives on specific players to those of integrated initiatives comprising wider sectors of the economy/RIS.
wasteful duplication and dissipation of the potential agglomeration economies at system level as a multiplicity of imitative local government authorities compete to attract the small finite pool of mobile capital,
a process based on the existing capabilities and industry commons and animated by the development of R&d and innovation activities in some targeted domains that offer present or future strengths for the regional economy.
and innovation resources and activities on the one hand and the sector structure of the economy on the other hand. Diagnosing apparent strengths, weaknesses, fits
In order to take into account differences with respect to size of the population and the economy, the size of its R&d and research community and the technological infrastructure,
By comparing the RTA's of a country or region with its RCA's for a specific technology-economy node,
And, crucially, how to make sure that the strategies are reaching their intended goal of transforming economies towards more competitive, job-rich and sustainable ones?
if the smart specialisation approach is to offer the expected transformative power on national and regional economies.
Reorienting the economy towards a knowledge-driven economy, ensuring renewal of the productive fabric both through transformation of existing companies/sectors and through the creation of new ones developing all companies,
Protecting the advances that the economy has in certain fields, extending those areas where the country/region is already strong,
Overall the emphasis seems to be more on building on existing strengths to transform the economy rather than on creating completely new activities.
and across that field and the economy. The frequency of use and roles of advisory bodies, high-level expert groups, hearings and polls, interministerial bodies, etc. varies considerably across countries and regions,
Co-ordination and policy-making mechanisms and institutions Within the RDTI field Between RDTI and economy Advis. body Strategic council Round tables Interminist. body Advis. body Strateg. council
and economy budgets are dedicated to the priority areas. In Lower and Upper Austria, the main instruments used to support prioritised domains are quite similar to the above case:
and innovation strategy for smart specialisation a RIS3 starts with the adoption of a shared vision for the transformation of a regional economy towards a more competitive and more sustainable one in a long-term perspective.
and global market opportunities do you conceive as very promising for your regional economy in the upcoming decade?
What upcoming threats and challenges do you see for the regional key economic sectors (and the regional economy as a whole) in the next decade?
How internationalised is your regional economy (i e. how export-oriented are the keys sectors, what is the level of foreign direct investment)
Does current academic education fit to the needs of the regional economy do regional employers absorb graduates
& creative sector interact with the regional economy (i e. do you have industry-science co-operations in you region, privately endowed chairs at universities, joint research infrastructures,
The Ministry of Economy does not want to prioritise sectors. Taking into account the new strategic document,
we could observe that Ministry of Economy prefers more horizontal approach and the selection of areas of specialisation is
Ministry of Economy prefers to talk about lead markets or key technologies i e. identified in the project Insight 2030,
Rangarirai Mbizi Abstract When the SME competitive advantage is based on the knowledge as is the case in the knowledge economy,
SMES are pivotal to the growth and development of the South african economy (Butcher 1999), and inextricably linked to economic ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 1 MARCH 2013 VOL 4
Although entrepreneurs/SMMES may act as catalysts of activity for an entire economy (Chichoni, 2011), many of them fail.
Long term survival and sustainability of SMES remains a dream in Lowly Developed Economies (LDES) like Zimbabwe.
and cities and towns are key drivers of the economy, contributing up to 85%of EU Gross domestic product (GDP).
Efficient urban transport is essential to the competitiveness of European cities as commercial and economic hubs in their national economies and for the EU in the global context.
Changing mobility culture Breaking the cycle of increasing urban congestion and accompanying impacts on economy, society and the environment requires a change in mindset by both decision makers and transport users.
structural changes in our economy, the broadening of decisionmaking processes and the emergence of the network society,
Entrepreneurs, able to draw on unprecedented scale economies, built vast empires. Great fortunes were made. The government demanded that these powerful new monopolists be held accountable under antitrust law.
A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy'1. One of the main themes discussed in this book is that
since its first appearance on the Internet. 862 R. Smits/Technological Forecasting & Social Change 69 (2002) 861 883 Although by no means all economists agree with Shapiro and Hall,
This phenomenon is known among economists and innovation scientists as the‘Solow Paradox'or the‘Productivity Puzzle'6. In the European context,
Knowledge-intensive products and services are taking on an increasingly significant role in the economy.
Illustrative of the increasing knowledge content of our economy is the observation that the weight of 1 dollar in American export has been cut by half over the past 10 years.
In its Central Economic Plan, The netherlands Central Planning Office points out that while the ICT sector makes up only 5%of the Dutch economy
C a recent and rather heated discussion focuses on the existence or nonexistence of the‘New Economy'.
it would seem that economists are still unable to make up their minds about this. Sustainability is another major issue in today's economy.
Major questions here: are economic performance and sustainability at right angles? And what could be the role of ICT, 868 R. Smits/Technological Forecasting & Social Change 69 (2002) 861 883 life sciences, materials technology, not to mention nanotechnology, in the development of a more sustainable economic system?
Other laws apply in this‘network society'or‘knowledge economy'than in the hierarchical variant. More and more often do we see the main goal being the optimisation of chains or systems of organisations, rather than a maximisation of the performance of components (e g.,
what they are able to do for the economy and the society of the future. As a follow-up to the above, there is the demand for management of the knowledge infrastructure.
Freeman's proposition is that the success of The british in this period should not be attributed primarily to the strength of the system components (politics, economy, science and technology, culture) but rather to the cunning way in
and unemployment, gives rise to some economists assuming that structural changes in which knowledge plays an important role are under way in our economy.
Not only as a production factor, but also as a product and a service. One notable feature of knowledge is that knowledge is easier to copy than tangible products.
Of note is that, within the community of established economists, these stories are dismissed generally as‘old ideas parading as new ones,
'The discussion among economists on this subject is apparently as we read every day in the newspapers still in the early stages 1, 51 54.
finally, business administration experts and organisational sociologists discuss the question of how to interpret the far more open business strategies demanded by the network economy in their models 58,59.
Insight into the potential of new technologies for the economy and society, the appreciation thereof by several different parties
which Box 3 Major trends Structural changes in the economy:.within sectors (agriculture. between sectors (from agriculture to industry to services.
Techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw (Technology in The netherlands in the Twentieth Century), Stichting Historie der Techniek, Walburg Pers, 1998.6 OECD, Technology and the economy.
The key relationships, Report of the Technology and Economy Programme, OECD, Paris, 1992.7 European commission, Growth, Competitive Strength, Employment.
Innovations Systems in the Services Economy: Measurement and Case study Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishing, Norwell, MA, 1999, pp. 85 103.21 R. Smits, A. Leyten, P. den Hertog, Technology assessment
of a New Discipline), address at the opening of the academic year, Utrecht University, 1999.52 K. Kelly, New Rules for the New Economy, Viking Books US/Forth Estate, UK, 1998.53 H. J. Brouwer,
This paper is based on his inaugural address and on the presentation‘Impacts from Trends in Economy and Society'during the Workshop‘Innovation Policies for a New Era',Six Countries Program/Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering sciences
Therefore, firms need to achieve economies through specialisation (Demsetz, 1991. This may explains why firms usually prefer to concentrate their resources toward core activities.
Economies et Sociétés 27 (5), 153 195. Lhuillery, S.,Templé, P.,1995. L'impact du C i. R. sur l'innovation dans les entreprises.
Economies et Sociétés 29 (9), 99 118. SESSI, 1996. L'innovation technologique dans l'industrie.
Economies of scope and the scope of the enterprise. Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation 1, 223 247.
or makes a significant contribution to the US economy through payment of taxes or use of American products,
in order to impact society has significant implications for SME owners/managers, SME employees and the economies in
play an important role in innovation and provide alternative employment opportunities for many subsets of the adult population 2. Innovation in small firms is essential for the continued dynamism of modern economies (Klapper
Economies of most nations are composed largely of small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) and their ability to innovate has been viewed as a critical element in economic growth and renewal (Wolff & Pett, 2006;
Partnered ECO-EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS at BASF Two key questions for industry are How can economy
On the economy axis, the product is compared with alternative products in terms of overall costs, including material and energy flows.
Section 2 describes innovation theory and zooms in on home accessories in emerging economies. Section 3 offers a background to the (evolution of the) sector and firms.
However, many clusters in emerging economies are driven poverty, with limited innovation potential (Knorringa and Meyer-Stamer 1998.
Innovation in home accessories in emerging economies As this study zooms in on innovation in home accessories in an emerging economy,
A second specificity is that most knowledge in emerging economies is derived still from global value chains (Mani and Romijn 2004.
A third specificity is that most local innovation systems in emerging economies are immature and most contexts are not yet up to par.
A fourth and last specificity is that the absorptive capacity of firms in emerging economies increases rapidly
and global value chains enable exporting firms in emerging economies to innovate and 2007, Chen et al 2011).
The most appropriate indicators were selected based on recent studies in emerging economies (Altenburg 2008, Fu et al 2011.
As these are likely to be incomplete in emerging economies, they impact on innovation (Lundvall 2007).
This was rectified partly by increased demand in emerging economies, including Indonesia itself, but still the main issue for many firms became how to survive (resp.#
It confirms that variation in absorptive capacity of firms in emerging economies explains variations in innovation levels. 12 11 Linear regression analysis of absorptive capacity and innovation level (dependent variable:
and somewhat more dynamic clusters in emerging economies (see for an overview Knorringa and Meyer-Stamer 1998).
In the context of an emerging economy, where variation in absorptive capacity of firms is large,
Penetrating the``knowledge filter''in regional economies. The Annals of Regional Science 39 (3): 439-56.
and the knowledge economy. Industrial and Corporate Change 10 (4)(-12-01): 945-74. Cooke, P. 2005.
The role of foreign technology and indigenous innovation in the emerging economies: Technological change and catching-up.
the embeddedness of innovation in a regional economy. Review of International Political economy 7 (4): 688-718.
The challenge of measuring innovation in emerging economies'firms: A proposal of a new set of indicators on innovation.
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Studies from Indonesia"(Unpublished paper, No date. Tambunan, T. 2006. Development of small-and medium-scale industry clusters in indonesia.
Creative economy report 2010. Geneva: UNCTAF. UNCTAD. 2008. Creative economy report 2008. Geneva: UNCTAF. UNIDO 1998.
Cluster diagnosis and action plan. Yogyakarta area. Leather goods cluster. UNIDO. USAID 2006. Global market assessment for handicrafts, Washington:
Manufacturing in the new urban economy. London: Routledge. World bank, and IFC. 2012. Doing business subnational. doing business in indonesia.
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