Simplifying relations among citizens, enterprises, companies, businesses, public administration and other entities; Creation of new opportunities on labour market (example, work at home;
A more efficient management of enterprises, especially of small and medium sized enterprises, which leads to an increase in efficiency
decentralizing enterprises'functions as production, marketing etc.).Communities: For small, rural and isolated communities, broadband communications development can favor economic and social integration by facilitating access to goods and new, superior services as well as participating facilities in digital economy or information society.
and services providing even in areas where such an enterprise is not commercially profitable. For achieving this purpose we must draw comprehensive and well coordinated regional plans that should contribute to extend broadband communication networks in disadvantaged zones as concerns the access.
growing the broadband use in the small and medium enterprises, increasing the rate of penetration of electronic communication services for broadband in disadvantaged areas in terms of access
support the small and medium enterprises in training, configuring and implementing infrastructure projects and services, increasing accessibility of services, content and applications development, consumer's education and inclusion of disadvantaged groups of users.
National Broadcasting Council and the ANCOM. 4. E-Romania national strategy E-Romania national strategy aims the state modernization by computerized interaction with citizens and enterprises.
Moreover, electronic procurement is useful for small and medium enterprises which can more easily attend public procurement electronically-these structures are particularly important
. thegrandconference. org, http://www. enisa. europa. eu/17 DG Enterprise & Industry: http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/sectors/electrical/competitiveness/electra/index en. htm, http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/magazine articles/industrial--policy/article 11038 en
. htm, The EU Smart Grids Debate 14 research18. Important activities can be found in three Directorates--General:
Transport, Regional Policy, Enterprise and Industry, JRC etc..In the last two years, however, there have been considerable efforts for improving coordination.
biotechnology and photonics. http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/sectors/ict/key technologies/index en. htm 10 They include in the analysis a detailed breakdown of indicators by policy priorities as well as by policy
but reached the group of innovation (low) followers in 2011 and 2012. http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/ris-2012 en. pdf In short Aragon offers a rather complex and patchy
& scientific & technological poles ENTERPRISE SISTEMA DE INNOVACIÓN DE ARAGÓN RIS 2012 region groups Introduction of Aragon work on Research and Innovation Strategy Place-based dimension
The structuring of the territory, through infrastructure and telecommunications services Integration of ICT in enterprises Knowledge transfer Boost of egovernment and open Government More challenging over the whole territory,
Estadística sobre actividades en I+D The weight of enterprises with innovative activities in Asturias in relation to Spain (amounting to 461),
number of enterprises, turnover and employment from 2000 to the present, in the three main branches of the industrial sector in Asturias.
Transferencia de los Resultados de Investigación OTRIS Enterprise Europe Network Red de Clusters de Asturias Federación Asturiana de Empresarios (FADE
ENTERPRISE EUROPE NETWORK y el consorcio ACTIS. Resultado de la fusión de las redes europeas Innovation Relay Centers y Euro Info Centers, el 1 de abril de
2008 se pone en marcha, a nivel de toda Europa, la red ENTERPRISE EUROPE NETWORK.
Enterprises with R&d and Innovation departments and activities. Dual system: the 50 biggest enterprises (over a total number of 170.000 enterprises in the region) spend more than 40%of the business R&d and Innovation expenditure in the region.
Intermediary bodies: T-CUE Network of university interface structures, COCI (Council of the Chambers of Commerce and Industry), etc.
there is a significant increase in the R&d activity of the enterprises as compared with the data of one decade ago, in
which the contribution the higher education sector was the most significant contribution. 2001 2011 Enterprises 53,3%Government 6, 8%Higher education Private Non 39,5%Profit 0, 4%Enterprises
Micro-enterprises dominate in the Castilla y León business structure. The regional GDP in 2012 was 5. 28%of the national GDP.
There are large differences in ICT equipment and usage in companies with more than 10 employees and companies with less than 10 employees (micro-enterprises and independent contractors),
these percentages increased to 98%.63.7%of micro-enterprises and independent contractors have Internet access, lightly below the 65.7%national average.
Productive fabric primarily consisting of micro-enterprises and independent contractors from traditional sectors with low ICT adoption levels, above all in retail business.
and competitiveness of enterprises. 3. To improve the effectiveness, efaiciency and quality of public services through an intensive use of ICT. 4. Promoting digital adaptation of citizenship
20 3. 4 Social Enterprise...23 3. 4. 1 Social enterprise and S3...25 4 SOME THOUGHTS ON EMERGING SOCIAL INNOVATION TRENDS IN RIS POLICY AND PRACTICE...
27 4. 1 Emerging collaborative processes...27 4. 2 Societal challenges as the response to S3?..
The conceptual linkages between S3 and SI Social innovation as public service innovation The involvement of users and citizens in processes of design and innovation The role of social enterprise in smart specialisation This paper
and social enterprises can contribute to innovation in the spaces and interfaces where S3 and SI meet;
Harris and Albury, 2009), social entrepreneurship and social enterprises (Murray, et al, 2010; OECD, 2010; Price and Morgan, 2011;
1). Here social enterprises and social entrepreneurs have a key role to play (OECD, 2011.‘
and (iii) social enterprises. 3. 1 Collaborative innovation as the emerging dominant paradigm Putting the S3 concept into practice requires collective action.
which are increasingly based on the networked enterprise, often operating at a global scale, enabling firms to tap into and draw upon a globally dispersed‘collective intellect'(Castells, 2001;
and social enterprises, other stakeholders such as the private sector and‘knowledge institutions'will also have to change.
WP2 Embracing Social Innovation Page 18 brought into collaboration with other actors including the social enterprises, civil society and end users.
civic and social enterprise sectors live in fear of losing their jobs and they 12 See for example:
Civil society is made up of charities, voluntary sector organisations, community groups, social enterprises, and more informal structures such as families, friends and communities.
and citizens who demand greater power. 3. 4 Social Enterprise Social enterprise can be seen as a social construct that can be viewed from varying perspectives and dimensions (Chew and Lyon,
‘social enterprise'and‘social entrepreneurship'are used in multiple ways to describe different entities. Noya (2009) distinguishes between the ways that social enterprises are understood in the US and in Europe.
In Europe (our main concern here) social enterprises are seen as a‘different way'of doing business
and are located usually in the third sector (Noya, 2009: 14. Beyond such vague assertions it is difficult frame the concept.
A detailed study for the European commission (KMU Forschung, 2007) illustrated the heterogeneity of social enterprise, both conceptually and in the multiple ways in which the term is applied in the European space.
which allow different kinds of enterprises to become recognised as social enterprises if they meet a country-relevant‘social finality'criteria (Noya,
A conceptual framework for the social enterprise sector Economic criteria Social criteria Directly engaged in production
the social enterprise sector is rapidly evolving, experimenting with new business models since 2008 in response to the financial crisis that radically reduced its public sector grant funding.
Firstly, some social enterprises are being enrolled into the NPM agenda and undertaking public service planning and delivery (Chew and Lyon, 2012.
Alternatively, social enterprises along with other third sector organisations are being displaced by new efficiency-seeking contracts.
Secondly, other social enterprises, such as the UK's mutual financial services providers, have begun to mimic private sector business models;
Thirdly, new tensions are beginning to appear between old and emergent social enterprise models, particularly in the context of globalisation.
The message from these three examples is need that policy-makers to look more closely at organisations that describe themselves as‘social enterprises
if at all these organisations can contribute to the S3 policy agenda. 3. 4. 1 Social enterprise
when considering the ways in which social enterprises can contribute to S3. We need to be sensitive to the socio-spatial context
when exploring the role of social enterprise in innovation. Its contribution is likely to vary between Member States
In short, the contribution of the social enterprise sector cannot be answered in the abstract as it requires empirical inspection.
which social enterprises might contribute to the S3 agenda. First, along with wider civil society organisations, social enterprises could play a larger part in the S3 process
bringing knowledge regarding the interface between the market and the social economy and between the state/public sector and the social economy,
Second, social enterprises are involved increasingly in public service planning and delivery and therefore they could potentially play a role in intervention networks.
Morgan and Price (2011) argue that social enterprises bring new value and practice sets, such as mutualism, collective entrepreneurship and consensual approaches to innovation and development.
they argue that social enterprises exhibit a shared ethic of interdependent contribution, fundamentally different from both traditional ethics of honour and loyalty,
Significantly, many European regions already host‘market oriented'social enterprises that exhibit the economic and social criteria outlined in Table 3. 1. Markets may be local, national or international.
Enterprises may be leaders in niche global markets or (more likely) operate as partners in global supply chains,
In theory, market extension opportunities are oriented open to‘market'social enterprises as they are to other SMES,
For example, does a region ignore the value system of the social enterprise and merely judge it on an‘excellence'criterion?
or on large social enterprises already operating successfully in mainstream social markets (a reinforcement approach)?
For example, social enterprises are a significant player in‘alternative'food chains, but are these fertile fields for innovation and
Of course, it is likely that some European regions will not have a rich diversity of market oriented social enterprises
There are of course many barriers to social enterprises contributing to the S3 process. Although social enterprises are seen generally as innovative business models that meet both social and economic objectives (Noya,
2009), there is very little empirical evidence to support the view that they are particularly innovative in and of themselves (Morgan and Price, 2011;
For example, Morgan and Price (2011: 23) identify three constraints that have stymied the innovative capacity of the social enterprise sector in the UK:
because many social enterprises tend to be over-dependent on original founders and individual leaders; and when they leave the organisation,
the enterprise cannot sustain itself. Management constraints: the sector suffers from a shortage of management expertise across the skill spectrum.
The enrolment of NGOS, the third sector, social enterprises, as well as other parts of civil society in regional innovation processes is,
which acts as an incubator of social enterprises which strive to make a major impact for a robust and dynamic social entrepreneurial community both locally and globally.
Some of these challenges are connected more with enterprises, others with Smart Specialisation for Regional Innovation:
On the one hand, citizens, users, citizens representatives, firms, health and care organisations, including the many social enterprises
Social Enterprise UK (2012: 2). Some European cities and regions are already applying social clauses to public tenders in sectors such as food,
WP2 Embracing Social Innovation Page 46 if the insiders of the Triple Helix are not to exercise a veto over the involvement of civic stakeholders. 6. 4 Social Enterprise Social innovation is equated often (wrongly with
and reduced to the social enterprise sector, when the latter is merely one of the vehicles for the former.
i) that the social enterprise sector was too heterogeneous to justify generalisations about its contribution to either S3
or SI and (ii) that the shortcomings of the sector would become more visible as it sought to accentuate the enterprise side of its vocation.
because the more competent social enterprises will be tempted to become more formal agents of the state in the sense that they will bid for public service contracts,
Either way, the social enterprise sector will be faced with a new combination of opportunities (for economic growth)
we identified three major constraints on the social enterprise sector, namely leadership constraints, management constraints and funding constraints (Morgan and Price, 2011).
These systemic constraints on the social enterprise sector are confined not to the UK and therefore they need to be addressed at all levels of the multilevel polity in the EU
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New firms, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) and entrepreneurs are key players in this type of innovation.
That contribution to the economy is reflected in the rapid growth of some of these firms, the gazelles of the enterprise ecoystem.
and so provides an insight into the various challenges of stimulating the creation of new, innovative enterprises and increasing innovation in small and medium-sized firms.
More than ever before governments are starting to use public procurement as a means of generating innovation in new enterprises and SMES.
the small and medium-sized enterprise sector accounts for 99%of firms in the OECD area,
instead in some high-potential enterprises, including the gazelles (new firms with rapid growth). And there are, of course, barriers to innovation in SMES.
The goal of social entrepreneurs and enterprises is to provide innovative solutions to unsolved social problems;
, Federal Institute of technology (KOF-ETHZ), Switzerland Kristoffer Astrup, Danish Enterprise and Construction Authority, Denmark Paul Atkinson, INSEAD, France Claudine Bichera de Oliveira
increasing the contribution of new entrepreneurial ventures and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) to innovation.
and their agents can boost innovation by improving environments for enterprise creation and innovation in small and medium-sized firms and strengthening the capabilities of entrepreneurs and SMES.
The importance of social enterprises and social innovation and the need for an evolution in the governing institutional frameworks in order to facilitate their growth.
Many new policies have been pursued to foster the creation of new innovative enterprises and encourage SME innovation in the countries reviewed.
enterprises with less than 50 employees provide significantly less employee training than larger firms. This is even true for countries known for their strong training cultures
and charities such as the Silai for Skills women's training and employment initiative in Bristol, United kingdom. Social enterprises, like associations or cooperatives, often need different support from that provided to traditional businesses.
Use these partnerships to provide soft enterprise support infrastructure (e g. science parks and business incubators
Build environments that enable social enterprises to meet their economic and social goals. Facilitate the development of a social investment marketplace,
Experiment with innovative institutional arrangements between civil society, governments, financial institutions and social enterprise ventures. Undertake research into social entrepreneurship
Introduce social clauses in public procurement procedures to encourage involvement of social enterprises in provision of social goods and services.
Create incubators for social enterprises and social innovation intermediaries to bring together the skills and expertise necessary to help sustain
small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) are critical parts of today's innovation process, and should take a central place in government strategies to promote innovation.
OECD figures for eleven OECD countries suggest for example that high-growth enterprises account for between only 2 and 8 per cent of all enterprises with 10 or more employees,
while gazelles account for less than 1 per cent of such enterprises. 1 They nonetheless generate large impacts.
but the capacity of entrepreneurs to commercialise this type of invention through spin-off enterprises and knowledge transfers is critical.
and opened up innovation to new enterprises and SMES that participate in knowledge transfer networks with universities, large firms and other players.
Social entrepreneurs and social enterprises such as nonprofit organisations have stepped into this breach (OECD, 2003; Noya and Clarence, 2007.
Furthermore, whilst many of the goods and services offered through social enterprise and social innovation seek to fill gaps in purely public provision by welfare states,
Social enterprises may have greater problems accessing capital markets, for example, since they are understood not well by traditional banks.
Entrepreneurial activity may occur in start-up enterprises SMES, large firms or public sector organisations. What is important is that people are enterprising in the creation of value through innovation.
(which is generally but not always of small size) and the small and medium-sized enterprise.
In order to understand more fully how start-up enterprises and SMES contribute to innovation and identify the public policy implications,
and enterprise churning (measured for example by net entry: entry minus exits)( Bartelsman et al. 2009). ) The creative destruction process is particularly important in recession and recovery,
The new start-up enterprise is one of the significant players in commercialising knowledge. This largely occurs as individuals leave universities
research organisations and large corporations to start enterprises based on knowledge they developed there in the form of spin-off companies,
and represent only a small proportion of new enterprise starts. Callan (2001) reports that academic spinoffs accounted for no more than 2%of new firm creation across eight OECD countries,
The relationship may involve not just the role of new start-ups in exploiting knowledge themselves but also the role of new enterprises and SMES as participants in knowledge exchange networks within innovation systems, stimulating knowledge transfers from universities and other
They require a different type of innovation support to high-growth-potential enterprises focused more on increasing their capacity to absorb knowledge from outside the firm.
National legal, financial and fiscal frameworks for social enterprises therefore need to be reviewed and adjusted and accompanied by capacity building, skills development and network creation for social entrepreneurs.
small enterprises tend to do less than large firms and there is a particular SME skills gap among older and routine workers.
Notes 1. High-growth enterprises, as measured by employment, are enterprises with average annualised growth in employees greater than 20%a year over a three year period and with ten or more employees at the beginning of the observation period.
Gazelles as measured by employment, are enterprises which have been employers for a period of up to five years,
with average annualised growth in employees greater than 20%a year over a three-year period and with ten or more employees at the beginning of the period. 2. See also NESTA (2009). 3. The OECD/Eurostat Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Macroeconomy, Cambridge university Press, Cambridge. Drucker, P. 1985), Innovation and Entrepreneurship:
Challenges and Key Issues for Future Actions, Commission Staff Working Document (2007) 1059, European commission DG Enterprise and Industry, Brussels. Galbraith, J. 1972), The New
Entrepreneurship, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Macroeconomy, Cambridge university Press, Cambridge. Henrekson, M. and D. Johansson (2008), Gazelles as Job Creators A Survey and Interpretation of the Evidence, IFN Working Paper 733, Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm.
Key Issues and Policy Considerations, OECD, Paris. OECD (2010a forthcoming), Leveraging Training and Skills Development in SMES, OECD, Paris. OECD (2010b forthcoming), High-Growth Enterprises:
Structural indicators of the enterprise population Data are drawn from the OECD dataset Business Statistics by Size Class,
number of enterprises/establishments and employment; number of persons engaged/number of employees. The dataset follows the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Rev. 3 for the classification of economic activities (see Annex 2. A1.
The breakdown of enterprises by size class used by national bureaus of statistics varies across countries,
AN OVERVIEW BY COUNTRY SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 47 Box 2. 2. Firm size classifications by country Innovation activities of enterprises The OECD Oslo
i e. the introduction of new or significantly improved products or production processes developed by the enterprise itself or by the group to
which the enterprise belongs. A group consists of two or more legally defined enterprises under common ownership.
Also, innovation surveys typically cover firms with more than 20 employees, and therefore exclude micro enterprises.
OECD Product Market Regulation (PMR) indicators The PMR indicators measure the economy-wide regulatory environment in OECD countries.
Enterprise Connect Launched in May 2008, Enterprise Connect is an Australian government initiative. Administered by the Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research,
it aims to provide comprehensive support to SMES in Australia. With funding of AUD 50 million per annum, Enterprise Connect provides a national network of services for SMES through two main channels
the Manufacturing Centres and the Innovation Centres. There are six of each. The Innovation Centres and their locations are the Creative Industries Innovation Centre in Sydney;
the Remote Enterprise Centre in Alice Springs; and the Defence Industry Innovation Centre in Dandenong.
Enterprise Connect encourages SMES to adopt the recommendations of the business review by contributing half the cost of adoption, up to a maximum of AUD 20 000.
Finally, Enterprise Connect also runs both the Workshops Industry Intelligence and Networking programme, to help SMES network within their sector;
goods or services Marketing innovation Organisational innovation Micro0 20 40 60%A. Structural indicators on enterprise population,
2006 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
2. AUSTRIA SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 51 Austria A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added
. 5 2003 2008 Austria EU19 OECD 0 5 10 15 20 25 30%Lack of qualified personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise
group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises 2. BELGIUM SMES,
Flemish Cooperative Innovation Networks (VIS) This initiative aims at stimulating technological innovation in Flemish enterprises, primarily SMES
by increasing awareness, improving access to technological knowledge and supporting diffusion of knowledge in enterprises.
In comparison, the projects that have not been supported by the scheme have achieved a creation rate of 11%.2. BELGIUM SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 53 Belgium A. Structural indicators on enterprise population
, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
commercial labs. or private institutes Lack of qualified personnel Difficulty in finding co-operation partners for innovation Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Uncertain demand
supporting the innovative capabilities of SMES in Canada by helping them develop clean technologies. 2. CANADA SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 55 Canada A. Structural indicators on enterprise
Statistics Canada, Survey on Financing of Small and Medium Enterprises, 2007. Chart D: OECD, Product Market Regulation Database. statlink2 http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/812772716231 B. Innovation performance of SMES and large firms, 2002-041
AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Czech republic Entrepreneurship and enterprise innovation policy in the Czech republic is anchored institutionally within the Ministry of Industry and Trade.
The major public policy targeted at stimulating innovationbased growth of Czech firms is implemented through the European Regional Development Fund-co-financed Operational Programme Enterprise and Innovation 2007-2013 (OPEI.
of which focus on different areas of public intervention in the enterprise sector with the overall aim of improving the competitiveness of Czech firms.
CZECH REPUBLIC SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 57 Czech republic A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor
2008 Czech republic EU19 OECD 0 5 10 15 20 25 30%Lack of qualified personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack
of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises Large 2. DENMARK SMES, E 58 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Denmark With the Danish Globalisation Strategy,
Among other things, the Strategy aims at making substantial improvements in the framework conditions for growth and innovation in new and existing enterprises.
and expansion of highgrowth start-ups by providing free and impartial assistance referring enterprises to private advisors and relevant government agencies and organisations.
The programme is administered by Danish Enterprise and Construction Authority, which is part of the Ministry for Economic and Business Affairs. 2. DENMARK SMES,
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 59 Denmark A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry
OECD 0 5 10 15 20 25 30%Lack of qualified personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside
enterprise Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services Denmark 2. FINLAND SMES, E 60 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Finland In Finland,
Tekes directed approximately 26%of the total funding for businesses to the smallest enterprises employing less than ten employees, approximately EUR 75 million in 2008.
the Funding for Young Innovative Enterprises programme (NIY) and the Startup Accelerator scheme (VIGO. Funding for Young Innovative Enterprises and Start-up Accelerator The Funding for Young Innovative Enterprises programme aims to increase the number of enterprises that seek fast growth and internationalisation.
The selection criteria for the funding programme focus on the applicant's capabilities and potential, the quality and potential of the business idea, ambition and potential for growth and international markets, the team's and owners'commitment,
and the competence of the key persons involved in the enterprise. The beneficiary must be an independent small enterprise,
which has been in operation for less than six years and with less than 50 employees, and willing to seek
The maximum funding is EUR 1 million per enterprise and it may take the form of a grant, loan, or risk capital.
Under the Start-up Accelerator scheme, a number of qualified, private start-up accelerators are committed to providing potential growth enterprises with world-class expertise and access to substantial,
These accelerators are focusing on growth enterprise development in different industries that include: life sciences, information and communication technologies, media technologies and spin-offs from research projects.
which will target innovative start-ups in the clean tech, energy, services and welfare areas. 2. FINLAND SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 61 Finland A. Structural indicators on enterprise
population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged
EU19 OECD 0 5 10 15 20 25 30%Lack of qualified personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources
outside enterprise Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services Difficulty in finding co-operation partners for innovation 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
These poles are associations of enterprises and research and training centres that share a development strategy implemented through joint projects.
and share the risk of R&d and innovation investments with other local partners. 2. FRANCE SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 63 France A. Structural indicators on enterprise population
, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
EU19 OECD 0 5 10 15 20 25 30%Lack of qualified personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources
outside enterprise Market dominated by established enterprises Difficulty in finding co-operation partners for innovation 0 10 20 30 40 50%Firms collaborating in innovation activities Process innovation Product innovation Non
The total amount of grants in 2008 was EUR 9. 7 million. 2. GERMANY SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 65 Germany A. Structural indicators on enterprise population
2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
EU19 OECD 0 5 10 15 20%Lack of qualified personnel Lack of information on technology Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance
from sources outside enterprise 2. GREECE SMES, E 66 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Greece The National Strategic Reference Framework 2007-2013,
Creation Support to New Innovative Enterprises In the 2000-07 programming period the General Secretariat for Research and Technology of the Ministry of Development launched programmes such as ELEFTHO (business incubators
The Creation Support to New Innovative Enterprises programme for 2007-13 builds on this past experience
who can cash it from the funding authorities. 2. GREECE SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 67 Greece A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment
of qualified personnel Lack of information on technology Lack of information on markets Markets dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services 2. HUNGARY SMES
and R&d activities implemented in close co-operation by enterprises, universities and research institutes. It also promotes the establishment of up-to-date research infrastructure and patent right procedures in certain high-priority areas.
and technology parks accommodating research activities and innovative enterprises, and to develop already existing institutions.
direct support facilities and special tax allowances for innovative, early-stage enterprises; establishing and developing technological incubators;
helping the early stage and growth phase of innovative enterprises by venture capital funds and financial instruments, e g. the New Hungary Venture capital Programme (HUF 40.5 billion;
which promotes innovative initiatives to be implemented by small enterprises, and to stimulate demand for innovation facilitating services.
indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms
. 5 2003 2008 Hungary EU19 OECD 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35%Lack of qualified personnel Lack of funds within enterprise
or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services 2. ICELAND SMES,
on enterprise population, 2005 Number of enterprises Industry Services Total No. firms%No. firms%%Micro 5 620 89.6 9 226 90.5 90.1 Small 525
of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services 2. IRELAND
and quantities of research undertaken by enterprises both directly and in co-operation with third-level institutions.
The second biggest allocation is to Enterprise STI, EUR 1. 29 billion between 2006 and 2013.
) and Enterprise Ireland (responsible for developing world-class Irish indigenous enterprises. A key challenge is to strengthen the links between the public research infrastructure and industry,
and the low research absorption capability of enterprises. Four key initiatives have been put in place to address this. i) Centres for Science, Engineering and Technology (CSETS) This investment programme links scientists and engineers across academia and industry.
Current CSETS are in pharma-biology, digital enterprise, nanotechnology, regenerative medicine, telecommunications, software engineering, biomedical diagnostics,
next-generation localisation and sensor webs. ii) Technology Transfer Offices (TTOS) A fund of EUR 30 million has been made available to improve the knowledge flow between higher education and the enterprise sector.
The aim is to ensure better economic returns from R&d investments. iii) Research and development Fund This is a EUR 500 million grant scheme available to enterprises to support their R&d.
to obtain an innovation solution to an enterprise need. It also stimulates the development of relationships between SMES and the higher education institutes,
To date 1 623 vouchers have been issued. 2. IRELAND SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 73 Ireland A. Structural indicators on enterprise population
2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
1. Data only reflect enterprises with 3 or more persons engaged. 2. As%of all firms within size class. 3. 2002-04.4.
Ireland EU19 OECD 0 5 10 15 20 25%Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets
dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services 2. ITALY SMES, E 74 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Italy Promoting the design of large innovative industrial projects is one of the most important recent changes in Italian industrial and innovation policies.
and long run by coordinating R&d activities carried out by consortia of large, medium and small enterprises in collaboration with public and private research units.
and new distributive formats and logistic systems (45). 2. ITALY SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 75 Italy A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services
25%Lack of qualified personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand
which is operated by the Small and Medium Enterprise Agency, seeks to contribute to the manufacturing capabilities of Japanese industry by creating networks between SME companies that possess core basic technologies with downstream normal industry,
particularly SMES, appears relatively unique to Japan. 2. JAPAN SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 77 Japan A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of establishments Total
1. For manufacturing, data only reflect enterprises with 4 or more persons engaged. 2. As%of SMES with new product sales. 3. Index scale of 0-6 from least to most restrictive.
across many industries and by 2008 more than 180 888 evaluations had been made. 2. KOREA SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 79 Korea A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2006
1. For manufacturing, data only reflect enterprises with 5 or more persons engaged. 2. As%of all firms within size class. 3. As%of total turnover. 4. Index scale of 0-6 from least to most restrictive.
Another programme undertaken by Luxinnovation is the ECOSTART enterprise and innovation centre. This centre is located in Foetz
Finally, the INNO-START network assists in the creation of innovative enterprises by bringing the Ministry of the Economy and Foreign Trade, the Ministry of SME and Tourism,
the Chamber of commerce and the Chamber of Skilled Crafts together with entrepreneurs so as to accelerate the process of enterprise creation,
and also to promote the creation of enterprises based on technological innovation. 2. LUXEMBOURG SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 81 Luxembourg A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number
of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
2008 Luxembourg EU19 OECD 0 5 10 15 20 25%Lack of qualified personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Uncertain demand
for innovative goods or services Markets dominated by established enterprises 2. MEXICO SMES, E 82 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Mexico AVANCE In 2003 Mexico started operating AVANCE,
and thereby increase Mexico's competitiveness. 2. MEXICO SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 83 Mexico A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2003 Number of establishments Total employment
which starters operate, particularly in the universities. 2. THE NETHERLANDS SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 85 The netherlands A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment
EU19 OECD 0 5 10%Lack of qualified personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Markets dominated by established enterprises Lack of finance from sources
outside enterprise 2. NEW ZEALAND SMES, E 86 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 New zealand Technz Technz is a business investment programme designed to support companies
Better By design operates out of New zealand Trade and Enterprise, New zealand's national economic development agency.
and external costs associated with prototyping. 2. NEW ZEALAND SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 87 New zealand A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2008 Number of enterprises Number
which play important roles in supplier networks. 2. NORWAY SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 89 Norway A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2006 Number of enterprises
EU19 OECD 0 5 10 15 20%Lack of qualified personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise
Markets dominated by established enterprises 2. POLAND SMES, E 90 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Poland The Innovative Economy Operational Programme 2007-2013 is the main vehicle in Poland for pursuing the objectives of the Lisbon Strategy.
In particular, it aims to adapt the activities of the science sector to the needs of enterprises especially SMES
Much of this funding will benefit enterprises and SMES who will have preference in the allocation of around EUR 3. 65 billion.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 91 Poland A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry
personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services Markets dominated by established enterprises
while also providing conditions to facilitate business success. Implementation of these programmes is carried out by the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Innovation Support Institute (IAPMEI).
and networking among enterprises (including SMES) and between enterprises and relevant support institutions (namely R&td,
The Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Innovation Support Institute also plays a major role as funding agency
on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
Services Total Micro 194 120 88.5 625 593 96.6 94.5 395 591 29.7 993 417 49.9 41.8 16.2 29.6 24
EU19 OECD 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35%Lack of qualified personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of information
on markets Markets dominated by established enterprises 2. SLOVAK REPUBLIC SMES, E 94 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Slovak Republic National Agency for Development
indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms
EU19 OECD 0 5 10 15 20 25%Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Difficulty in finding co-operation partners for innovation Lack
of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises 2. SPAIN SMES, E 96 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Spain Inno-Empresa The Inno-Empresa programme 2007-13 replaced the previous SME Consolidation
97 Spain A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services
. 0 2003 2008 Spain EU19 OECD 0 5 10 15 20 25 30%Lack of qualified personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise
group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services 2. SWEDEN SMES,
and almost 50%of the firms have applied for patents. 2. SWEDEN SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 99 Sweden A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total
EU19 OECD 0 5 10 15 20 25 30%Lack of qualified personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources
outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises 2. SWITZERLAND SMES, E 100 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Switzerland The CTI (Swiss Federal Innovation Promotion Agency) is the most important innovation promotion government agency in Switzerland.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 101 Switzerland A. Structural indicators on enterprise population Number of enterprises, 2005 Total employment, 2001 Industry Services Total Industry
The programme has been the major tool for start-up technology-based enterprises in Turkey and for improving university-industry co-operation.
This TEKMER hosted 161 enterprises between 1992 and 2009, and its success rate has been 82%.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 103 Turkey A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2006 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry
%Lack of qualified personnel Difficulty in finding co-operation partners for innovation Markets dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services Firms with new
-tomarket product innovations Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise 2. UNITED KINGDOM SMES, E 104 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION
At a more operational level both enterprise and innovation policy are now increasingly being regionalised
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 105 United kingdom A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry
and cost sharing. 2. UNITED STATES SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 107 United states A. Structural indicators on enterprise population Number of enterprises, 2005 Number of employees, 2004
These mechanisms provide financial as well as technical and managerial support to innovative enterprises. They focus on different lines of action,
strategic partnership between universities or technological institutes and enterprises; technology-based entrepreneurship; incubators and technological parks;
It even allows the federal government to participate as a minority shareholder in innovative enterprises operating in highpriority sectors.
Brazil registered an increase from BRL 1. 5 billion undertaken by 130 enterprises in 2006 to BRL 4. 8 billion undertaken by 291 enterprises in 2007.
and addresses MSMES (micro small and medium sized enterprises) trying to implement any managerial, commercial or technical innovation in their products, services or processes.
Any item related to technical innovation and to new investments stated in the business plan of the enterprise is eligible to be financed by this programme.
Although it supports an ample range of enterprises, a significant share of its resources is given to SMES.
which supports micro and small enterprises. This is hosted by a CORFO's subsidiary, the Technical Co-operation Service (SERCOTEC.
This assists existing enterprises in their effort to develop innovative projects through individual entrepreneurial innovation
Chile Emprende Chile Emprende is targeted to existing micro and small enterprises in order to promote public-private partnership, entrepreneurial association and improvement of managerial practices.
The programme favours training in innovation in the context of regional development plans, provides consultancy services to micro and small enterprises, supports the attendance of small entrepreneurs at meetings and internships,
%and enterprises'own capital accounted for the majority of project funding, i e. 74.5%.%The programme's other main activities are to coordinate
and profit of the enterprises operating in the 53 development zones grew at an average annual rate of 47.0%,30.5%and 38.2%,respectively.
In 2005,41 990 enterprises operated in the 53 development zones, employing over 5. 2 million employees.
and enterprises'own capital accounted for 7%,%3%,28%and 62%,respectively, of the capital raised by these enterprises.
The firms achieved fast growth in terms of employment, sales revenues and export after being funded. By the end of 2006,145 provincial governments and municipal governments across China had set up their own funds to support innovation of SMES.
Innovative, growth-oriented companies can now receive higher support grants/loans from Enterprise Estonia, export marketing support,
and/or guarantees for export-oriented companies from Kredex (the Credit and Export Guarantee Fund founded in 2001 to improve the financing of enterprises in Estonia).
A programme of innovation awareness has also been developed by Enterprise Estonia; launched during the 2004-06 period,
Financing of the competence centres by Enterprise Estonia was not as stable as expected during the first years of the programme.
However, in June 2009, EUR 83 million in additional funds were made available by Enterprise Estonia to invest in eight competence centres (the five original and three new centres) until 2013.2.
ESTONIA SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 115 Estonia A. Structural indicators on enterprise population
2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
commercial labs. or private institutes Government or public research institutes 0 5 10 15 20 25 30%Lack of qualified personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise
group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises 0 0. 5 1. 0 1. 5 2. 0 2
and medium-sized enterprises (MSMES) in Indonesia. The national policy to address this problem is to provide direct financial support to entrepreneurs and start-up SMES.
state-owned enterprises'(SOES) obligation to support SMES, and a revolving fund programme (Iptekda) for empowering new entrepreneurs and start-up SMES.
The former scheme is managed directly by state-owned enterprises or SOE-affiliated entities, while the latter is managed through third parties or foundations.
Innovation Centre for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises The Innovation Centre for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises is a pioneering national institution that implements the policy of promoting technopreneurship and strengthening the competitiveness of MSMES.
the Foundation for the Assistance to Small Innovation Enterprises; and the Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies (RUSNANO.
Foundation for the Assistance of Small Innovation Enterprises The Foundation for the Assistance to Small Innovation Enterprises was organised by the federal government in 1994.
The main activity of the Foundation is the support of the commercialisation process through direct financing to small innovative enterprises.
Enterprises supported by the Foundation commercialised around 3 500 patented inventions. In the future the Foundation is planning to finance earlier-stage company R&d
Its goal is to stimulate the investment of micro and small enterprises in R&d new technologies, products and processes.
The R&d activity can be carried out within the enterprise, or in co-operation with other enterprises and/or public R&d institutions.
Because Slovenia is a relatively small country, openness is a key factor for its future success
promoting the further involvement of Slovenian enterprises in defence R&d, development and investment projects, support to strategic R&d projects in the business sector,
Other smaller programmes focus on the entrepreneurial education of different target groups. 2. SLOVENIA SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 125 Slovenia A. Structural indicators on enterprise population
, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
OECD average OECD emerging markets5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Euro area6%Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise
group Lack of qualified personnel Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises 2. SOUTH AFRICA SMES, E 126 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION
small and medium enterprises (MSMES) is an important policy issue in South africa. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) has various strategies
and also assists enterprises in the commercialisation of products and/or processes. The Support Programme for Industrial Innovation also provides managerial
and technical support to enterprises in order to facilitate innovative MSME development. The product process development and the matching schemes of this programme are aimed at providing grant assistance.
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E and F and Services includes categories G h i
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories D, E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories D
In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Total employment, Industry includes NACE categories D,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E and F. Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. Ireland:
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D and E and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and for Value added,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E and F. For Total employment it includes NACE categories D,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Number of employees, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E and F. For Total employment and Value added it includes NACE categories D
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total Employment and Value added,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Total employment, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
but rather in collaboration with other organisations, including enterprises (e g. suppliers and customers), universities, research organisations, etc.
which are characterised by a different spatial pattern as against HTM enterprises. First of all, there is a large number of KISA concentrations in the UK,(e g.
a) an enterprise birth indicator (share of firms less than 5 years old; b) an economic growth indicator (average rate of turnover;
Winters and Stam (2007), in an analysis of high-tech enterprises, show for instance that innovation networks positively affect both product
The establishment of spin-off enterprises from multinational companies and the normal flows of workers and managers between companies within the local labour market are some of the clearest examples of passive knowledge transfers.
and then linking foreign investors up with local enterprises and technology/research institutes. The encouragement of corporate spin outs from FDI is another option
and knowledge exploitation (large and small enterprises) parts of an innovation system. There are two main action areas for policy.
In Australia, for instance, Enterprise Connect is a programme that runs six manufacturing network centres and five innovation centres.
working document, Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMES and Local Development, OECD, Paris. OECD (forthcoming 2010a), High-Growth Enterprises:
There are no exclusion thresholds in terms of enterprise size, unless national limitations reduce the coverage of administrative data sources.
where the latter is assumed conventionally to include all active enterprises resident in a given country. Under-coverage is induced generally by threshold effects in
or run an enterprise more probable and increasing people's willingness to be enterprising at work.
Entrepreneurship support frameworks A recent OECD study in eastern Germany revealed that higher education institutions in the six eastern German regions (länder) are engaged actively in supporting entrepreneurship not just through entrepreneurship teaching but also through support for enterprise
and there is a low participation from micro and small enterprises and from unskilled, semiskilled and older employees.
policy measures should target both workers and enterprises, not providing financial incentives alone but also allowing freedom of choice and market transparency;
The strategy is part of a long-term drive to build an enterprise culture in Scotland that will give young people a better chance of realising their full potential
and all have staff with responsibility for delivering enterprise in education. An annual reporting process ensures examples of good practice can be shared
can use experiences in enterprise to reflect on other learning and make connections; are self-motivating
3) Responsible citizens have knowledge and understanding of the nature of work and social and economic enterprise;
Across the EU-15 countries, data from the Eurostat Continuing vocational training Survey show that employees in enterprises with less than 50 employees receive significantly less in-company training than employees in larger firms.
Enterprise Ireland for example has introduced vouchers worth 5 000 EUR to enable SMES to get support for new product and process development, new business model development, new service delivery and customer
external to the firm, provided for owners and managers of independent enterprises with 250 employees or fewer,
it tends to be seen as a local resource by both enterprises and employees. This, and the positive effects of local networks and connectivity in achieving the vitality of local economies,
Shift emphasis from business management to enterprise growth challenges, including finance and internationalisation. Teach the skills required for growth including opportunity identification,
the training agency of the Milan Chamber of commerce, Industry, Craft and Agriculture, works to meet the training demand of its 325 000 registered enterprises.
Target both workers and enterprises; limit administrative burdens; increase transparency and clarity of objectives and information to employers and employees;
European commission (2006), Management Capacity Building, Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General, Brussels. European commission (2007), Assessment of Compliance with the Entrepreneurship Education Objective in the Context of the 2006 Spring
Council Conclusions, Directorate General for Enterprise and Industry, Brussels. Gibb, A. 2002), In Pursuit of a New‘Enterprise'and‘Entrepreneurship'Paradigm for Learning:
Skills for Innovation, EC DG Enterprise and Industry, Brussels. Hall, D. and R. D. Lansbury (2006), Skills in Australia:
Itkonen, K. 2009), Developing Entrepreneurship in Small Enterprises The Succession Process Supported by Apprenticeship Training as a Context for Learning in M.-L. Stenström and P. Tynjälä (eds.
2007), Enterprise Training in Europe Comparative Studies on Cultures, Markets and Public Support Initiatives, LIT-Verlag, Vienna. 4. ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS SMES, E 184
A term like social entrepreneurship tends to overlap with terms such as social economy, third sector, nonprofit sector, social enterprise and social entrepreneur, some
social entrepreneurship and social enterprise do not have the same meaning in the United states as in Europe for example,
When referring explicitly to social enterprises, undoubtedly a major expression of social entrepreneurship, recent UK data released by the Third Sector in July 2009 (www. cabinetoffice. gov. uk/media/231495/factoids. pdf) refer to an estimated average (2005-07) of 61
800 social enterprises in England. In 2005 social enterprises had a turnover of GBP 27 billion
and contributed GBP 8. 4 billion to the UK economy. In 2007/08 540 000 people were employed in the third sector as a whole in England.
there are 15 000 social enterprises employing 350 000 employees, serving 5 million users and with an economic turnover of EUR 10 billion.
In Korea from 2007 to 2009, the Korean Ministry of Labor has certified 251 organisations as social enterprises (36 in October 2007;
8 in July 2009) out of 515 organisations that applied (data elaborated for OECD by the Korea Labor Institute and the Research Institute of Social Enterprise.
Those initiatives include a number of social enterprises, which are owned often collectively and managed in the form of a cooperative,
the novelty represented by social enterprises and social entrepreneurship is that the economic value serves social objectives.
Silai for Skills (Box 5. 5) provides an enlightening example of how social enterprises (here with the legal status of a registered charity) pursue multiple social goals to empower people.
This is very often the case for social enterprises that choose to go where traditional for-profit business do not,
In fact, as social enterprises can mix their financial resources combining public subsidies, grants and donations, market revenues and (limited) voluntary work,
SIEL Beu (Box 5. 6) is a French social enterprise promoted by Ashoka, an organisation
This innovative social enterprise (a registered charity) has as its main objective to help build women's skills,
A new development for Silai for Skills is an enterprise unit in which current and past students can receive counselling
One instance of this is the relationship that some kinds of social enterprises put into motion by including local authorities,
Social innovation from the third sector (voluntary and community groups and social enterprises) may be spun-in'to mainstream public services provision (NESTA, 2008b,
The increased use of ICT by social enterprises and by civil society is strengthening the links between technological innovation
represents a very innovative partnership among different actors to support social enterprise development, and is a social innovation worth underlining. 5. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL INNOVATION SMES,
the Corporation for Enterprise Development (CFED), started a trend in 1997. It created and obtained foundation financing for the American dream Demonstration (ADD), a large-scale,
which is an investment fund specifically targeting social enterprises. It aims to fund hundreds of projects with a social and/or environmental objective during its 15-year lifetime.
this fund will enable capital to be provided to social enterprises during their creation, operation and development phases.
Through Equisol, Ile-de-france home to 15%of the social enterprises in France will be the first French region to cover all of the financing needs of the social enterprise sector.
including micro-credit, repayable advances and bank guarantees, available to social enterprises. To be eligible
the activities or the headquarters of a social enterprise must be based in the Ile-de-france region.
In this case a web based platform has opened up the boundaries of donation mechanisms to support among others also social enterprises and socially innovative initiatives.
and power of Web 2. 0. It was founded as a mission-based, for-profit enterprise, in Dublin in 2005 by a serial entrepreneur, Peter Conlon,
Social enterprises, like associations or cooperatives, need an ad hoc legal status and regulatory measures designed in order to allow them to fulfil their social and economic goals while pursuing medium and long-term sustainability on the market.
Support further research Governments should support further research into the field of social entrepreneurship and its main components (social enterprises, social economy organisations, social venture business, nonprofit organisations, etc.
Support market development for social enterprise and provide training for public officials and social enterprises to deal with public tenders Public procurement measures should be developed further
so that social enterprises can consolidate and expand their growth. European procurement law allows local authorities to insert certain social clauses in their procurement procedures terms of reference,
for example to encourage the employment of long-term unemployed or disadvantaged people. Involving social enterprises in public service delivery can bring many community benefits.
However, public officials are often not well acquainted with those benefits, while some small social enterprises are not familiar with public tenders
and need skills and networks to successfully compete in public bids. Training both for public officials working on procurement
and for social enterprises should be provided and encouraged. Evaluate the impact of social entrepreneurship in selected areas This will require the identification of quantitative and qualitative measurement tools
and develop a social enterprise; 5. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL INNOVATION SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 207 provide a space to experiment
Notes 1. Kerlin (2006) analyses the commonalities and differences of the notion of social enterprise in the United states and Europe
The broader definition of social enterprises in the United states (a wide spectrum of entities along a continuum from profit-oriented business engaged in socially beneficial activities (corporate philanthropies) to dual purpose business that mediate
profit goals with social objectives (hybrids) to nonprofit organisations engaged in mission supporting commercial activity (social purpose organisations)( 2006, p. 2) and the narrower one in the EU (usually enterprises
i e. the community, voluntary and social enterprise sector) can be explained by the differences in the history and in the institutional and legal frameworks for social enterprises in the two regions of the world.
social entrepreneurship and social enterprise were used in an interchangeable way until recently and that social entrepreneurship was seen as the process through which social entrepreneurs created social enterprises.
More recently though, the notions have been differentiated: social entrepreneurs in the United states are individuals launching activities dedicated to a social mission,
while in Europe the emphasis is put more on the result of the activities of social entrepreneurs that is, on the social enterprises themselves,
With reference to the notion of social enterprises, while in the European context this usually indicates nonprofit entities pursuing the benefit of the community through the provision of goods and services,
this social enterprise was created to offer young people opportunities for civic service in order not only to increase their skills
which it employs in creating social value for the public good. 7. Somehow the ideal type of social enterprise. 8. The specific objectives of the Forum on Social Innovations are:
Caulier-Grice, J. and G. Mulgan (2009), Exploring the Links between Social Enterprises, Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation,
Enhancing the Performance of Your Enterprising Nonprofit, John Wiley & Sons, New york. Defourny, J. and M. Nyssens (2008), Social Enterprise in Europe:
Recent Trends and Developments, Social Enterprise Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 202-228. Emerson, J. 2003), The Blended Value Map:
Haugh, H. 2005), A Research Agenda for Social Entrepreneurship, Social Enterprise Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-12.
INNOVATION SMES, E 210 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Kerlin, J. 2006), Social Enterprise in the United states and Europe:
Lasprogata, G. and M. Cotton (2003), Contemplating Enterprise: The Business and Legal Challenges of Social Entrepreneurship, American Business Law Journal, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 67-113.
How Intentions to Create a Social Enterprise Get Formed, Working Paper No. 521, September, IESE Business school, University of Navarra (Spain.
Noya, A. ed.)(2009), The Changing Boundaries of Social Enterprises, OECD, Paris. Noya, A. and E. Clarence (eds.
Building Inclusive Economies, OECD, Paris. OECD (1999), Social Enterprises, OECD, Paris. OECD (2003a), The Nonprofit Sector in a Changing Economy, OECD, Paris. OECD
2007), Entrepreneurship in the Social Sector, Sage Publications, Los angeles. Westall, A. 2007), How Can Innovation in Social Enterprise Be understood,
p. 25) Sullivan Mort, Weerawardena and Carnegie 2003 Social entrepreneurship, the entrepreneurship leading to the establishment of new social enterprise,
p. 3) Haugh 2005 Social entrepreneurship is the process of creating social enterprise. p. 3) Roberts and Woods 2005 Social entrepreneurship is the construction,
Author (s) Year Definition GEM 2006 Social entrepreneurship is any attempt at new social enterprise activity or new enterprise creation such as self employment, a new enterprise,
or the expansion of an existing social enterprise by an individual, teams of individuals or established social enterprise, with social or community goals as its base and where the profit is invested in the activity
legal and regulatory environments that enable social enterprises to meet their economic and social goals,
governments, financial institutions and social enterprise ventures. Undertake research into social entrepreneurship and social innovation and their main components in order to create clear definitions
Introduce social clauses in public procurement procedures to encourage involvement of social enterprises in provision of social goods and services.
Create incubators for social enterprises and social innovation intermediaries to bring together the skills and expertise necessary to help sustain
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) Non-subsidiary, independent firms which employ less than a given number of employees.
These can include associations, cooperatives, mutual organisations, foundations and more recently social enterprises. This type of economy is regulated essentially by the stakeholder principle,
Social enterprise Any private activity conducted in the public interest that is organised with an entrepreneurial strategy and
a social enterprise can GLOSSARY SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 223 bring innovative solutions to problems such as social exclusion and unemployment through the production of goods and services.
and increasing the innovative capacities of enterprises. Policy fi ndings and recommendations are presented in three key areas:
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