Department of Business Economics International Doctorate in Entrepreneurship and Management DOCTORAL DISSERTATION (Degree of Doctor of philosophy Ph d.)ENTREPRENEURIAL AND INNOVATIVE BEHAVIOR IN SPANISH SMES:
I 9 INTRODUCTION OF THE DISSERTATION 9 1. Entrepreneurship as Entrepreneurial Behavior 9 2. Problem Statement 11 2. 1. Entrepreneurial and Innovative Behavior in SMES and their Contribution
view of the firm 20 2. Contingency Theory 22 2. 1. Contingency relationships between corporate entrepreneurship and performance 23 2. 2. The role of environmental hostility 25
Finalmente, discutimos as possíveis implicações desses resultados e propomos futuras linhas de investigação. 8 9 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION OF THE DISSERTATION 1. Entrepreneurship as Entrepreneurial
entrepreneurship. It is acknowledged widely that entrepreneurship is one of the most important forces that shape the changes in the economic landscape (Reynolds et al.
2005), moreover, entrepreneurship contributes to economic performance by introducing innovation, enhancing rivalry and creating competition (Wong et al.,
2005). ) Hence, the important contribution of entrepreneurship to national growth has been documented by several authors in the literature (Levenburg and Schwartz, 2008;
Tang et al. 2008; Uhlaner and Thurik, 2007; Urban, 2008. But what is entrepreneurship? There is no single definition of entrepreneurship.
According to Chow (2006), most often entrepreneurship is interpreted as business ownership or self employment, but that is not an accurate definition.
Furthermore, entrepreneurship often appears under different denominations, which explains why it is defined in different ways (Cuervo et al.,
2007). ) However, there seems to be a consensus that the essence of entrepreneurship is the willingness to pursue opportunity.
Thus, entrepreneurship is a process by which individuals-either on their own or inside organizations-pursue opportunities (Stevenson and Jarillo, 1990 p. 23).
Opportunity is defined as a future situation according to desires and goals of individuals or organizations. In turn, entrepreneurial opportunities differ from the larger set of all opportunities for profit,
particularly opportunities to enhance the efficiency of existing goods, services, raw materials, and organizing methods (Shane and Venkataraman,
2000 p. 220) 10 Entrepreneurship can be seen as entrepreneurial function, which involves more than the creation of a new business.
Entrepreneurship implies the pursuit of opportunity, evaluation, and exploitation of opportunities and the set of individuals who discover,
As noted above, we can identify that two streams of research have denominated the entrepreneurship literature.
In contrast, the second stream of research tends to view entrepreneurial activities as a firm-level phenomenon (Covin and Slevin, 1991), labeled Corporate Entrepreneurship CE (Zahra and Covin, 1995.
In this vein, a central concept emerges in the domain of corporate entrepreneurship, which receives a substantial amount of theoretical and empirical attention, Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO).
Drawing on prior strategy-making process and entrepreneurship research, measurement scales of EO have been developed and widely used,
and entrepreneurship studies (p. 1078). Although the theoretical foundation of the relationship between EO and performance has rarely been explicated (Wiklund and Shepherd, 2011),
Yeoh and Jeong, 1995). 2. 2. The importance and relevance of entrepreneurial SMES for contemporary societies As already stressed, there are many evidences that entrepreneurship is of great value for economic growth, productivity, innovation
entrepreneurship has gained additional attention in the current economic crisis, as it is widely viewed as a key aspect of economic dynamism.
entrepreneurship is believed to offer ways to help to meet new economic, social and environmental challenges.
In this sense, successful entrepreneurship both in SMES and in large firms depends heavily on innovation and R&d.
human resource management, economics and finance, marketing, international business and corporate entrepreneurship. In the field of entrepreneurship, Alvarez and Busenitz (2001) present RBV through the entrepreneurial process of cognition, discovery, understanding market opportunities,
and coordinated knowledge. Namely, they examined the role of entrepreneurial resources within RBV, suggesting how these resources might be unique to entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurial opportunities exist primarily because different agents have different beliefs about the relative value of resources
2005). 2. 1. Contingency relationships between corporate entrepreneurship and performance It is not difficult to find the relationship between CE and contingent perspective models.
Entrepreneurship scholars have developed numerous typologies to describe alternate perspective of entrepreneurship. These classification systems typically depict differences in entrepreneurship as the result of various combinations of individuals,
organizational or environmental factors that influence how and why entrepreneurship occurs as it does (Lumpkin and Dess, 1996 p. 135).
Moreover, there is a consensus that the discovery and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities results from prior knowledge about markets and customers combined with the prior information on external problems (Shane and Venkataraman, 2000;
At the firm-level, numerous entrepreneurship researchers have emphasized the importance of viewing the entrepreneurial behavior-performance relationship in a contingency framework (Covin and Slevin, 1991;
As stated by Lumpkin and Dess (1996), the entrepreneurship literature, in referring to the causes of entrepreneurship,
often mentions factors such as managerial styles, social or motivational factors, and 24 environmental factors. These may be important corollaries to an entrepreneurial orientation that help explain a firm's performance.
For instance, in their model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior, Covin and Slevin (1991) discussed the relationship of strategy, structure
Table 2 shows some examples of contingent variables used in seminal studies concerning environmental and organizational factors to explain the relationship between firm-level entrepreneurship and performance.
In the international entrepreneurship context, the firm's effort to learn from its foreign presence, international learning effort (Sapienza et al.
and networking is recognized increasingly as a major theme in entrepreneurship (Jack et al.,2010). ) The boom in network research is part of a general shift, beginning in the second half of the 20th century, away from individualist, essentialist and atomistic explanations toward more relational, contextual and systemic understandings (Borgatti and Foster, 2003
The trend towards network represents a major opportunity for the corporate entrepreneurship movement (Ripollés and Blesa, 2006.
Table 5 shows ten key reasons (arranged chronologically) why it is important to consider the social network from the corporate entrepreneurship perspective.
including leadership, knowledge utilization, innovation, profit maximization, entrepreneurship, and so on. Borgatti and Foster (2003 p. 1005) 5 An important source of new ideas and lucrative opportunities may be the networks,
Drawing on prior strategy-making processes and entrepreneurship research, measurement scales of EO have been developed and widely used,
and represents one of the areas of entrepreneurship research, where a cumulative body of knowledge is developing (Basso et al.,
, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Strategic Management Journal, Academy of Management Journal, Journal of Management Studies, etc.
the three variables of the firm-level entrepreneurship phenomenon (Miller and Friesen, 1982; Miller, 1983) and the partial reuse of a questionnaire developed by Khandwalla (1977.
extensively used in entrepreneurship and strategy. Covin (1991), Covin and Slevin (1991), Covin et al. 2006) In subsequent articles, Covin and Slevin use the term EO with reference to one of the two strategic postures that a firm may adopt in a given environment (highlighted in the research of 1989.
Their seminal article, A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behaviour (1991), recaps the previous elements and introduces a detailed description of entrepreneurial posture.
to establish a clear distinction between the concept of EO and entrepreneurship, comparably with the distinction established between content
In this sense, EO has emerged as a major construct within the strategic management and entrepreneurship literature over the years (Basso et al.
entrepreneurship is defined as entrepreneurial philosophy that permeates an entire organization's outlook and operations, and it refers to the firm's actions per se (Chow, 2006).
representing a widely exploited intangible asset in corporate entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial values enhance the creation of new businesses within the existing businesses
) Approximately three decades ago, both entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and organizational networks emerged as an important area of inquiry within entrepreneurship.
) EO still makes a contribution to the strategy and entrepreneurship field; one example is the recent number of publications involving this topic (e g.,
So, in this scenario an important research topic within the field of entrepreneurship emerged, and the role of networks in the entrepreneurial process has 71 been studied widely in recent decades (Jack, 2010;
or lagged effects that might exist between sets of antecedents, entrepreneurship and performance. In an attempt to improve the knowledge regarding the long-term effect of corporate entrepreneurship,
Zahra and Covin (1995) collected data from three different samples over a seven-year period to assess the longitudinal impact of EO on growth revenue.
because they represent more than just entrepreneurship topics and have a direct influence on potentially successful firms.
Unsurprisingly, it is one of the most popular topics in business management and international entrepreneurship (IE) literatures (e g.,
Export propensity affects positively the firm's innovativeness. 3. Research design 3. 1. Database The sample used in this essay was taken from the Spanish Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) by considering the adult population survey for the years 2007
CONTRIBUTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE DISSERTATION The present doctoral dissertation advances our understanding about some relationships in the field of entrepreneurship.
we focused our attention on two critical aspects in entrepreneurship: entrepreneurial, and innovative behavior. Moreover, we noted that our research is inserted in a corporate entrepreneurship context.
The entrepreneurial orientation, as well as the innovativeness of small and medium-sized firms and their influence on the performance of them, is the main topic in this dissertation.
and integrating different elements of entrepreneurship, strategic management and business performance, this dissertation has important implications for the literature, management and public policy,
Implication for the literature This doctoral dissertation contributes to the literature on entrepreneurship and strategy management by investigating the impact of a firm's resources and capabilities such as EO, social networks and innovativeness on its performance.
because they represent more than just entrepreneurship topics and have direct influence on potentially successful firms.
In general, the present results are encouraging to entrepreneurship scholars. Thus, another observation to future research is that examining the EO-performance relationship in different countries with additional moderating variables,
connecting the literature on entrepreneurship and the concept of agency problem by Jensen (1986). Future research will hopefully test this EO-EH-performance relationship using novel methodologies,
Despite the exhaustive literature on EO, this construct represents a fruitful topic of entrepreneurship research,
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Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35,293-317.156 157 APPENDIX Appendix 1. Confirmatory factor analysis EO Model fit EO construct Recommended level CFA level CFI
because there was a lack of entrepreneurship. Furthermore, large corporations got involved in several nanotechnologies stimulating the mass to follow this direction.
The success of the Bay Area biotechnology cluster is built on a culture of entrepreneurship. Is assumption is bases on the relatively high rates of IPOS and new venture creation in this region.
and values/culture Culture of entrepreneurship Strong collaborative culture Public policy/funding/taxation No clear role public policy in promoting the cluster self originated Support in later stages
no policy result Big role for entrepreneurship, spin-offs and spin-offs Financing for all stages of development Source:
but also providing risk capital needed for entrepreneurship and business creation. As a result of the implementation of the new Walloon industrial policy, there is now a specific promotion of investment package for attracting new firms to the Plastiwin cluster.
Changsha universities also promote entrepreneurship and new business development (through incubators), assist in technology transfer,
which general tax measures and stimulation of entrepreneurship play a crucial role, and Europe seems to focus more on the stimulation of basic research and R&d collaboration.
and entrepreneurship in general can be stimulated with incubator firms, business angels, seed-and venture capital. Some clusters also provide business parks
lowering the costs of start-ups and stimulating entrepreneurship (Den Hertog et al. 2001). ) In the European clusters investigated,
Also, Europe seems relatively weak in promoting entrepreneurship compared to for instance the USA and Canada where culture, market openness
entrepreneurship clearly seems to thrive more in those countries where these policy measures are paired with an entrepreneurial culture.
Marketing capabilities A focus on entrepreneurship is linked often to a focus on commercialising innovations. An invention is not an innovation unless adopted and diffused.
Next to technology stimulation, government funding was observed to be used to stimulate entrepreneurship through good funding infrastructures and availability of incubators and business parks.
including a culture of entrepreneurship and risk taking, can be important activities, as well as a favourable financial environment, including tax incentives for R&d and investment in new technologies.
Klein Woolthuis, R. J. A. 2010), Sustainable Entrepreneurship in the Dutch Construction industry, Sustainability 2, 505 523.
if this supply is combined with demand-side measures and more general framework conditions for firm growth and entrepreneurship.
including networking and collaboration skills, corporate entrepreneurship, the ability to license technologies, and carrying out R&d.
Rev. 60 (2)( 1970) 186 194.79 R. A. Burgleman, Corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management: insights from a process study, Manage.
Literature review Innovation is confined not to the area of entrepreneurship. Also other agents such as government agencies or non profit institutions can‘innovate
'but in this paper we limit the discussion to innovation and entrepreneurship, operating in a market environment.
The link between entrepreneurship and innovation has been established strongly since Joseph Schumpeter. Since then innovation is considered as an essential characteristic of entrepreneurship.
The link is emphasized by any textbook on entrepreneurship, even introductory ones, such as for example Zimmerer and Scarborough in its fifth edition (2008):
Entrepreneurs also create innovations to solve problems they observe, often problems they face themselves. The fundamental issue is the management of innovation processes,
When a national or regional government wants to design a policy to support entrepreneurship in general of innovation in particular,
but not full coincidence between entrepreneurship and innovation. 261 The degree of innovation is monitored by policy makers.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Rapport voor Bel en Vlaanderen. 6. Wickham, Philip A. 2006. Strategic Entrepreneurship, Pearson, Fourth Edition. 7. Zimmerer, Thomas W. and Scarborough, Norman M. Essentials of Entrepreneurship and S Business management.
Pearson, Fifth Edition, 2008
REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDAS Overview, findings and actions FORFÁS REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDAS: OVERVIEW, FINDINGS & ACTIONS i Table of contents 1. Introduction 1 Objectives 1 Process 1 Outputs 2 2. Report Structure 3 3. Background and Context
Sectoral focus Entrepreneurship Rising unemployment and reskilling The‘new'unemployed Innovation Supports for SMES A Sectoral Focus The RCAS are premised on the fact that a main platform for the realisation of regional potential
OVERVIEW, FINDINGS & ACTIONS 9 Entrepreneurship Our analysis has been based on an assessment of competitiveness factors
The interest in entrepreneurship has increased significantly and EI/CEB/FÁS workshops are attended well. The agencies are considering how best to harness these available skilled individuals.
Edquist et al (2009) Evaluation of Finnish Innovation System Full Report Provision of R&d & New Knowledge Networking & Interactive Learning Entrepreneurship/Intrapreneurship Customer Demand & Feedback New
Spirit of Enterprise, Southeast) or entrepreneurship (Young Entrepreneurship Programme, Kerry), to drive an increase in innovation (Regional Innovation Cluster, Southwest),
Public sector Employment 26%23%23%Entrepreneurship (Early Stage as a%of the Population) 10%8%8%FORFÁS REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDAS:
Consider the benefit of extending/replicating the Young Entrepreneurship programme (Tralee Institute) in other institutes/colleges in County Cork,
harnessing the commitment of an industry champion Taking into account the business environment requirements for entrepreneurship,
Although the performance of the region in terms of entrepreneurship has been comparatively low, regionally based initiatives such as the Spirit of Enterprise demonstrate local capacity
interactive group of all interested parties involved in the promotion and encouragement of enterprise and entrepreneurship in the Southeast region.
Research Organisations, Entrepreneurs, Industry Representatives (indigenous and multinational), Local government, Research Centres and the WIT Centre for Entrepreneurship.
a week of intensive advice, inspiration and training to stimulate entrepreneurship and business growth, that includes a variety of events that are coordinated throughout the Southeast region. http://www. spiritofenterprise
Fitzsimons & O'Gorman (2008) Entrepreneurship in Ireland (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Report for Ireland) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 State
Enhancing the Business Environment 21leadership and Strategic Capacity 21stimulating Entrepreneurship 22enhancing Quality of life 24innovation and R&d 25skills and Education 27connectivity Infrastructures 286.
Priority Actions 32accelerated Development of the Gateway 32enhanced Agency Collaboration 32building Innovative Capacity 33stimulating Entrepreneurship 33skills Development 34physical Infrastructures 34appendices 36 FORFÁS
stimulating entrepreneurship and enabling companies to grow and serve global markets from an Irish base.
or region provides a competitive environment that stimulates entrepreneurship, enables companies to grow and evolve,
there are important initiatives being undertaken within the region in support of increased levels of entrepreneurship, for example the collaborative regional Spirit of Enterprise initiative7.
stimulating entrepreneurship and enabling companies based in the region to grow and target international markets.
SOUTHEAST 22 Stimulating Entrepreneurship Whereas mobile investment tends to be attracted to the larger urban areas, there is potential within the region to create competitive environments to attract a concentration of new company start-ups in the hub towns and other locations.
and consider entrepreneurship as a realistic option. The region needs to ensure that it facilitates ease of access to the‘right'information at the right time
interactive group of all interested parties involved in the promotion and encouragement of enterprise and entrepreneurship in the Southeast region.
for Entrepreneurship. The Forum meets every quarter and one of its key achievements, now in its third year, has been the establishment of a Spirit of Enterprise Week:
a week of intensive advice, inspiration and training to stimulate entrepreneurship and business growth, that includes a variety of events that are coordinated throughout the Southeast region. http://www. spiritofenterprise. ie/FORFÁS REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDA:
The GEM entrepreneurship report contains some positive indicators for the Southeast Region. Of particular note is that the region generates the highest rate of early stage entrepreneurship of all the regions in Ireland23.
It is estimated that the rate of new firm formation is second only to Dublin. Anecdotal evidence from EI confirms a distinct increase in new business prospects over recent months,
A specific focus on harnessing the entrepreneurship capabilities within this cohort to stimulate new business start-ups is required.
The region has a range of support structures and services in place for entrepreneurship and business development
and entrepreneurship development within the region that can be built upon. Also, Waterford City Development Board along with the enterprise agencies has developed a website to provide a‘one-stop'information portal for businesses.
Based on Edquist (2005)‘ Systems of Innovation-Perspectives & Challenges'in Fagerberg et al (2005) The Oxford Handbook of Innovation Provision of R&d & New Knowledge Networking & Interactive Learning Entrepreneurship/Intrapreneurship
It will also rely on the region's ability to stimulate entrepreneurship and promote entrepreneurial thinking.
and searchable in terms of technologies and their application to'real'industry problems/potential (and not by research department) Stimulating Entrepreneurship The relatively high level of early stage entrepreneurial activity in the Southeast offers potential for future
and facilitating entrepreneurship throughout the country. They have offices and representatives established in a range of locations throughout the country
Stimulate and support entrepreneurship Stimulate investment in R&d and innovation through financial supports, Intellectual Property advice,
and qualifications of the workforce Initiatives in support of entrepreneurship and early stage start-up companies, including provision of incubation facilities.
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