communication density and user generated data applied. Currently the website is focused on the geographic mapping of organisations.
Secondly, it can enhance communication between stakeholders and communities, thereby strengthening the social fabric and making a solution/service more resilient.
and allows for more open and rapid communication between teachers and students. For instance, The Open university, based in the United kingdom,
The CCC advocates more transparency in government, freedom of information, human rights and communication. Supporting the principles of the hacker ethic,
and the Chaos Communication Camp, an international meeting of hackers that takes place every four years,
The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) hosts the annual Chaos Communication Congress, the largest hacker congress in Europe.
Every four years, the Chaos Communication Camp is the outdoor alternative for hackers worldwide. The CCC started a new yearly conference called SIGINT in 2009 in Germany.
and communication technology itself. By delivering digital social services: Naturally, the hive of DSI activity will be around actual services that enable new types of collaboration between citizens through the use of digital technologies.
or with the centralised data system using standard communications. The Open Sensor Network connects the sensor with the data repository where the information is processed
video conferences and Google docs for communication and Github to share code and specifications. Citysdk itself would not have been possible even five years ago.
These organisations are coordinated by Miquel Oliver, of the Department of Information and Communication Technologies (DTIC) at UPF,
town or region to enhance a vital community communication that strengthen participation and a functioning democracy.
and design knowledge to co-create, with local, regional and global partners, socially-relevant scenarios, solutions and communication programmes.
The enforcement of novel policies may be triggered by a grassroot approach, with a key contribu 100 tion from information and communication technologies (ICT'.
Online communication platforms: It is developed within the Web2. 0 paradigm to provide users with the opportunity of collectively categorising,
Enabling this level of transparency critically allows an effective communication of desirable environmental strategies to the general public and to institutional agencies.
and poses the basis for an effective strategy of environmental communication reducing the gap between the general public and institutional bodies, with a stake in environmental policies.
it's our aim to influence the biggest phone companies in the world, Tessa Wernick, Fairphone communications director.
In addition to this projects must permit through the use of licences the copying, public communication, distribution, modification and/or use of part or all of each creation.
DSI network effect Open Government Vienna has centred itself around interaction, communication and collaboration with the community in several ways:
where it provides the access to connect knowledge and communication. What technological methods and tools is it using,
where everyone is granted the access to knowledge and tools for communication. With more knowledge being shared there,
such as, instant messaging systems and online chat networks for communications; Peer-to-peer-based digital currencies, electronic money that acts as alternative currency, such as Bitcoin, an open source P2p money,
This model of network arrangement differs from the client server model where communication is usually to and from a central server.
by encrypting and routing communications through many different Internet servers. Subsequently Tor has been developed by the US University MIT and by the California Internet rights watchdog the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
It also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy features. Tor provides the foundation for a range of applications that allow organisations
These trends also undermine national security and critical infrastructure by making communication among individuals, organisations, corporations,
communications and documents are safe and secure. The alternative is a race to the bottom where only those users who seek out complex,
bolt-on security tools get protected communications, or worse yet become reluctant to use digital communications
Some of its product offerings such as Crowdmap enable users to operate outside of traditional communication barriers to potentially monitor elections, map crisis information or curate local resources.
browsers as well as Internet communication security policy as significant obstacles to accessing the UHP website and data streams.
1. INTRODUCTION In January 2012, the Commission adopted, in the context of the Single Market Act I1 and the Digital Agenda for Europe2, a Communication on e-commerce and online services3.
This Communication sets out 16 targeted initiatives aimed at identifying the main obstacles to the Digital Single Market
The Communication was based on a broad public consultation on issues central to on-line services and e-commerce,
the Communication and the accompanying Staff Working Document set out 5 broad priorities: -Develop legal rules to facilitate cross-border offers of online products
and advanced technological solutions This staff working document fulfills the commitment made in the Communication to report annually on the state of play of implementation of the action plan.
Progress on the other actions that were quoted in the text of the Communication but not formally numbered as actions is reported also about.
It emphasizes that additional efforts are needed to achieve the objectives of the E-commerce Communication, address market fragmentation,
The Commission has called on the 1 Commission Communication Single Market Act-Twelve levers to boost growth
Working together to create new growth, COM (2011) 206 final http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/smact/index en. htm 2 Commission Communication‘A Digital Agenda
for Europe'COM (2010) 245 http://ec. europa. eu/digitalagenda/en/digital-agenda-europe-key-publications 3 Commission Communication A coherent framework
for building trust in the Digital Single Market for ecommerce and online services COM (2011) 942 Final, Here after the Communication;
here after e-commerce Communication http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/e-commerce/communications/2012/index en. htm 4 Commission Communication Single Market Act II Together
RECEPTION BY STAKEHOLDERS AND EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS The Communication was received well by stakeholders. They supported the Commission's intention to work towards the completion of the Digital Single Market
and welcome the Commission's Communication A coherent framework for building trust in the digital single market for e-commerce
It welcomes both the E-commerce Communication and the Single Market Act II and reviews all related European policies.
the text in bold used as a heading for each main action is a direct quotation from the e-commerce communication.
The deadlines mentioned here are the one foreseen in the e-commerce Communication. 8 Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012 of the European parliament
the Commission adopted a Communication on the implementation of the Services Directive: A partnership for new growth in services 2012-2015 12 accompanied by a Staff Working Document13 with a view to establishing guidance on the application of Article 20 (2) of the Services Directive
Commission services have been working intensely towards the implementation of the Communication on a Single Market for Intellectual Property rights across all its various areas.
In its Communication of 18 december 2012 on Content in the Digital Single Market16, the Commission has set out its strategy for the next two years
This Communication sets out two parallel work tracks. On the one hand the Commission will complete its ongoing review of the EU copyright framework, based on market legal and economic studies,
VAT In the area of VAT rates, a review of the current VAT rates structure is one of the priority actions indicated by the Commission in its Communication on the future of VAT24.
/communications/com 20 11 851 en. pdf 25 http://ec. europa. eu/taxation customs/common/consultations/tax/2012 vat rates en. htm http://ec. europa. eu/taxation customs
the smooth introduction of the mini One Stop Shop (OSS) in 2015 is another priority action indicated by the Commission in the Communication on the future of VAT.
The Commission adopted the Communication A European Consumer Agenda Boosting confidence and growth 36 on 22 may 2012.
On 23 october 2012, the European commission adopted the Communication Towards a comprehensive European framework on online gambling 37.
the Communication sets out a series of initiatives designed to enhance legal clarity throughout the EU
which 37 Commission Communication Towards a comprehensive European framework for online gambling COM (2012) 596 final http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/services/gambling en. htm
The E-commerce Communication called for quick and efficient transposition of the Directive on Consumer Rights39 which Member States must transpose by December 2013
They include a policy Communication setting out the Commission's objectives and two legislative proposals:
on the basis of a Green Paper adopted at the same time as this Communication with the aim of
and communication structures in 2012 by (i) in the context of the Connecting Europe Facility,
The Communication"Unleashing the Potential of Cloud computing in Europe"57 was adopted and published by the Commission on 27 of September 2012.
Key actions of the strategy described in the Communication include: Cutting through the jungle of standards so that cloud users enjoy interoperability, data portability and reversibility.
adopt a Communication on spectrum-sharing including a strategy for the promotion of shared access to the spectrum in the Single Market
As a first milestone of the RSPP implementation, the Commission adopted a Communication on the shared use of spectrum59 on 3 september 2012 to ensure additional flexibility in spectrum authorisation and usage as well as to foster innovation in wireless networks and services.
More sophisticated and personalised communication with the consumer; Greater accessing of international markets by consumers and by businesses to source products,
comparison websites/tools, trustmarks, review tools. 1 Also see the Commissions communication on the proposed Data protection Package:
Internal and external communication is also very important at all stages. Develop collaborative practices and strong relationships with clients and suppliers Foster collaborative practices,
and ongoing communications with customers and other stakeholders can identify new opportunities for eco-innovation.
How do we incorporate environmental performance related data in communications? What is the product's Unique Selling Proposition (USP) relative to competitive offers?
or business benefits from distinct environmental performance affect pricing, costing and communications? What added value environmental benefits can be attached to the core concept and?
Communications incorporating understandable, valid and clear environmental performance claims underpinned by fact based information will build trust and reputation amongst customers.
and integrate positives into communications with customers. Ensure environmental performance claims are valid and understandable before you incorporate them into promotional messages.
-communication-eco-labels ISO guidelines on environmental labelling www. iso. org/iso/environmental-labelling. pdf Defra Green Claims Guidance provides clear principles
whether Europe can turn its substantial investment in information and communication technology (ICT) into greater economic gain.
which has yet to demonstrate the explosive broadband and mobile communications growth of the Nordic countries;
ICT investment in the EU as a whole has been weighted more heavily towards IT and communications infrastructure, where price declines have been steepest.
Mark Macgann, chairman of the European Information, Communications and Consumer Electronics Technology Industry Association (EICTA), underscores the importance of industry and government adhering to international,
Colecchia, Alessandra and Paul Schreyer, 2002, The Contribution of Information and Communication Technologies to Economic growth in Nine OECD Countries, OECD Economic Studies, No. 34.
Zhen-Wei Qiang, Christine, Alexander Pitt and Seth Ayers, 2003, Contribution of Information Communication Technologies to Growth, Washington, D c.:
Survey results What role does information and communication technology (ICT) play in improving corporate productivity?
%respondents) Improved management information 51 Communication and collaboration between employees 48 Customer relationship management 33 Integration of existing data/technologies 33 Remote/mobile working 23
%respondents) Improved management information 47 Customer relationship management 41 Communication and collaboration between employees 32 Supply chain integration 31 Integration of existing data/technologies 29
European commission Directorate-General for Research Information and Communication Unit B-1049 Brussels Fax (32-2) 29-58220 E-mail:
Developments in communications metering and business systems will open up new opportunities at every level on the system to enable market signals to drive technical and commercial efficiency.
New technologies-for generation, networks, energy storage, load efficiency, control and communications, liberalised markets and environmental challenges-require a shared vision and strategic implementation plan for Europe
and no end-to end communications. Traditional grid design has evolved through economies of scale in large centralised generation and the geographical distribution of generation resources (locations near coalfields
Smart metering, with two way communications capability and greatly improved user information is now a reality
enabled by modern technological developments including end user communications access. 5. Setting up Smart Power grids Electricity grids of the future are Smart in several ways.
modern communications means and the increased awareness of customers, local electricity supply management will play a key part in establishing new services that will create value for the parties involved.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and business process integration will be valuable tools in the real time management of the value chain across suppliers, active networks, meters, customers and corporate systems.
communication and billing services. Regulatory bodies will develop harmonised rules to favour competition on a nondiscriminatory basis in the EU context.
Free trade throughout Europe will be facilitated by standardised, open communication means, transparent rules and a liquid cross-border trading.
Broadband communications will be used to access virtually all power producers and loads on every power level and with very low cost.
communication at every level is essential. Effective dialogue between stakeholders will ensure that relevant information influences the system design.
and communication transfer possibilities among all players. Keeping it real It is important to emphasise the role of ICT in particular telecommunications in adapting electricity networks to the real time actions
a serious effort is needed to effectively use communications equipment for a distributed real-time control of electricity networks.
The real time performance of the internet as communication means is known to be very difficult to assess
A distribution network management regime using real-time communication and remote control to meet the majority of the network services requirement.
Wide deployment of communications to enable grid automation, on-line services, active operation, demand response and DSM;
Gas Insulated Line HVDC High Voltage Direct current ICT Information and Communication Technology IEA International Energy Agency NOX Nitrogen oxides R&d Research and development RES Renewable
and communication technology ISP internet service provider MOOC Massive open online courses (MOOCS) NBIC nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science SCENIHR Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks 4
14 2. 1. Social computing is transforming communications, but the extent of global interconnectedness may be expected less than...
this Research Report will concentrate on trends within information and communication technologies (ICTS), as it is the individual area that is likely to have an impact on the everyday lives of citizens to the greatest extent.
global communication with individualised expression'.'13 exercise conducted for this study suggested that divides are not likely to be determined by access to the internet
. 1. Social computing is transforming communications, but the extent of global interconnectedness may be expected less than The presumption of sustained technological progress
New Media and Networked Journalism,"Communication, Culture & Critique, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2008, pp. 92-104. http://dx. doi. org/10.1111/j. 1753
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17: 319 336. doi: 10.1111/j. 1083-6101.2012.01574. x Goerres, A. 2007), Why are Older People More Likely to Vote?
The World bank Groshek, Jacob,"The Democratic Effects of the Internet, 1994 2003 A Cross-National Inquiry of 152 Countries,"International Communication Gazette, Vol. 71, No. 3, 2009
"A time-series, multinational analysis of democratic forecasts and Internet diffusion,"International Journal of Communication, Vol. 4, No. 2010,2010, pp. 142-174.
Leye, Veva,"Information and Communication Technologies for Development: A Critical Perspective,"Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International organizations, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2009/02/15,2009, pp. 29-35.
A Multinational, Multilevel Model of Internet Use and Citizen Attitudes About Democracy,"Journal of Communication, 2012.
Political Communication, Vol. 1, 2008, pp. 72-100. Norris, P, . and J. Curtice, "If You Build a Political Web site,
"Social media and political communication: a social media analytics framework.""Social network Analysis and Mining: 1-15. Stoica, E. A a. G Pitic,
an analysis of patterns of adult internet use in the UK, 2002 2010,"Information, Communication & Society, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2013/02/01,2011, pp. 1-27.
Somewhat high potential Neutral Somewhat low potential 35 44 10 6 80 1 3 46 Enhancing Europe's Competitiveness Primarily providing infrastructure for decentralized communication and exchange,
At first, new forms of communication and coordination meant that the benefits of acquisition outweighed the challenges of organizational complexity,
energy, communication, finance and human networks, they will spark a myriad of issues for societies to address.
Branding and Communications Director, DSM Innovation Center. 63. Case study provided by Thomas Müller-Kirschbaum, Corporate Senior vice-president, Research & development/Sustainability, Henkel. 64.
and Instructor, Harvard university Extension School, USA Survey partners JA-YE Europe Caroline Jenner, Chief executive officer Elina Konstantinou, Director of Communications Elena Tosheva, President, JA
, Senior vice-president, Global Head, Group Communications Barclays Antony Jenkins, Group Chief executive Derek White, Chief Design Officer Arian Lewis, Director, Partnerships BT
, USA Vianney Hennes, Director, Brussels Office, Orange Stephan Howeg, Senior vice-president, Global Head, Group Communications, Adecco Group, Switzerland Tim Hunt, Principal
Co-Chair of the Governors for Information and Communication Technologies Industries 2013 Bruno Lanvin, Executive director, IECI, INSEAD, France Henrik Sass Larsen, Minister for Business and Growth
Communication Networks, Content and Technology, Belgium António Pires de Lima, Minister of Economy of Portugal Benoit Potier, Chairman and Chief executive officer, Air liquide, France Subramanian Rangan
International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 2008, Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp. 144-158.
A case study of the Ugandan immunisation system Agnes Semwanga Rwashana and Ddembe Willeese Williams Makerere University, Uganda ABSTRACT The role that Information Communication Technologies (ICT) plays in improving the efficiency
INTRODUCTION The role Information Communication Technologies (ICTS) play in improving the efficiencies and effectiveness of healthcare delivery has been established well.
The availability of information and communication techniques and tools enable rural communities to access health care services
In Uganda hand-helds (Epihandy) are being used by healthcare staff for communication (e-mail), demographic studies and surveys, consultations and treatment guidelines (Kasozi and Nkuuhe, 2003.
number of campaigns in a year, availability of allowances, sufficient time for planning and effectiveness of communication.
Effective mobilization and education can be attained through well-planned campaigns, multiple channels of communication, community participation, media and through the delivery of content that is relevant to the community.
Effective data collection and sharing of information can be enhanced through the application of information and communication technologies.
1999), these capabilities require the complex combination of the technical infrastructure (cabling infrastructure, hardware platform, base software platform), ICT shared services (as communications services), ICT applications (as WEB
Communication for the ACM, vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 21-24. Musa, P. F.,Meso, P,
Communications of Associations for Information systems. Vol. 15, pp. 33. Nambaziira, S. 2006. An online tool for Monitoring and tracking vaccines and vaccine logistics utilization at district level in Uganda.
Application of information and communication technology (ICT) in health...Journal of Librarianship and Information science; vol. 38, pp. 45-55.
--New information and communication technologies facilitate global reach and help reduce the disadvantage of scale economies which small firms face in all aspects of business.
the microprocessor revolution has expanded vastly the ability of many to participate in global communications and to use transmitted information.
the costs of communication and transactions are minimised, and there is a higher probability that knowledge will spill across individuals in the population.
where the cost of communications has plummeted. But there is an important distinction to be made between knowledge and information.
and Intranet in SMES The analysis of the purpose why SMES use Internet & Intranet point out that in more than 75%of the companies'information technology is used for a better communication with customers
45,71%use it for promoting their products and services and 39,50%for better communication inside their enterprises. 0. 39 0. 5 4. 33 15.56 27.5 76 80.83 81.94
and suppliers To obtain information about the business enviroment For on-line transcation/payments To promote products/services To facilitate communication in the entreprise Other 48.44 38.21 35.84 29.49 25.46 18.84 9. 58
at firm level IT may provide a faster communication, a more efficient resource management and customer management.
and a multidisciplinary focus, promoting research excellence in the areas of aeronautics, biotechnologies, communications, energy and environment, transport, and tourism.
IT & communications Nearly 1 400 companies comprise this sector, with a turnover of EUR 4. 6 million and a workforce of 34 000 people in 2007 prior to the crisis. Telecommunications is the biggest subsector,
and symbol communication (Castells, 1996). Technological change is biased skill, in that it privileges occupations relying on technical expertise,
Yet, such disconnects may hinder communication, foster more redundancy, and prevent training programs from adopting appropriate curricula
and intercultural communication. Although no systematic evaluation of localization programs exists localization, and global ecommerce more generally, seems like a natural fit for Andalusia, given three factors:
aeronautics, space, biotechnology and bioengineering, agro-industrial and food, health, tourism, production technologies, nanotechnology and advanced materials and information and communication technologies. government,
but many of which are involved primarily in local and national markets in sectors such as biotechnology, aeronautics, information technology and communications.
and knowledge now available with internet communications to meet their specific needs. Typically the smaller SMES will identify innovation needs based on resolving day-to-day problems.
9%Education 7%Insurance 7%Healthcare providers 6%Retail 5%Transportation 4%Utilities 3%Media 2%Communications 2%Wholesale trade
expected to appear in fall 2005.6 1. Introduction Composite indicators are recognized increasingly as a useful tool for policy making and public communications in conveying information on countries'performance in fields such as environment,
+Facilitate communication with ordinary citizens and promote accountability. Cons of composite indicators-May send misleading policy messages,
In the same example, the distinction between use and adoption of information and communication technologies is supported not statistically,
and application of information and communication technology across countries (see Fagerberg, 2001) and also in the Medicare study on healthcare performance across US States (Jencks et al.,
and Communication Technologies Adoption and give them equal weight in constructing the composite indicator? If weights should ideally reflect the contribution of each indicator to the composite,
e g. the percentage of firms using internet in country j depends upon the (unknown) propensity to adopt new information and communication technologies plus an error term accounting,
Information and Communication Technologies Index-Fagerberg J. 2001. S==Q q 1 c qc CI Rank for c=1,,
Computer Physics Communications, 145,280-297.122. Saltelli, A.,Chan, K. and Scott, M. 2000a) Sensitivity analysis, Probability and Statistics series, New york:
After graduating in Communication Sciences in 2004, he studied American Studies at Radboud University Nijmegen
For each of the five KETS mentioned in the EU communication, we present a standard set of analyses in a separate chapter:
they also offered more effective responses to societal challenges, e g. in health, communication or the environment,
A prominent example of an escalating technical progress in the recent past was information and communication technologies (ICTS.
or cellular telephone communication (the technological principles have been discovered in the 1920s). For many new technologies, the most important applications are often out of sight in early stages of technology development.
The field of photonics relates to optical technology applications in the areas of lasers, lithography, optical measurement systems, microscopes, lenses, optical communication, digital photography, LEDS and OLEDS, displays
There is some overlap to micro-and nanoelectronics in the area of optical communication. Industrial biotechnology is more difficult to identify through IPC classes
EN Furthermore, electronic and optic equipment, healthcare and life science, energy and environment, communication and computing, scientific tools and industrial manufacturing will be affected largely by this emerging technology (Miyazaki and Islam, 2007.
Furthermore, external communication and public relation of these 11 http://www. innovations-report. de/html/berichte/informationstechnologie/bericht-32232. html 12 http://www. bmbf
It offers all federal agencies a locus for communication and collaboration. NNI also provides a vision of the long-term opportunities
EN they are particularly important for information and communication technology (ICT) equipment and embedded systems. In this respect, semiconductor production and shipments can be characterised as leading indicators of ICT product market trends.
and mobile communication which is supported by strong consumer demand. Moreover, this trend is expected to be fuelled by higher semiconductor content per installed system
focusing on the communications segment while in the last years shifting more and more to industrial applications.
representing half of the output (Innova, 2008). 44 Communications 38 percent, cards 20 percent, military and aeronautics (20 percent), automotive (20 percent) to home applications
develops communication tools, and promotes the campus and cluster internationally. 50 Next to the cluster motors of interaction outlined above,
These are the Communications Research Centre (CRC), which is the federal government's leading European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 134error!
EN communications research facility (for details see introduction. The National Research Council (NRC) Institute for Information technology located in Ottawa and Atlantic Canada.
EN One particularly important actor in the context of venture capital is the Ontario Centre of Excellence for Communications that has spun off about 25 companies in the period 2002-2007.
Its strength is based on the national Communications Research Centre (CRC), two other NRC institutes and a number of universities.
These sectors, for example the information and communication technology sector, are generally characterised by increased technological sophistication
but they are particularly important for information and communication technology (ICT) equipment and embedded systems. Semiconductor production is a highly cyclical industry.
and mobile communication which is supported by strong consumer demand. Moreover, this trend is expected to be fuelled by a higher semiconductor content per installed system,
The importance of Photonics can be seen from the multitude of application sectors where it is seen increasingly to be driving innovation (see Table 6-1). These sectors include information processing, communication, imaging, lighting, displays, manufacturing, life sciences and health care,
Information and Communication: Optical networks have opened the way to almost unlimited digital communication, building the very foundations of our Information Society.
The major highways of communication and information flow are based on optical technology. Photonics enables the processing, the storage, the transport and the visualisation of the huge masses of data.
Systems for Optical Communications Meas. Systems for Other Applications Medical Technology and Life science Lenses for Eyeglasses and Contact lenses Laser Systems for Medical Therapy and Cosmetics Endoscope Systems Microscopes and Surgical Microscopes Medical
Pharmac. & Biotech R&d Optical Communications Optical Networking Systems Components for Optical Networking Systems IT:
optics created the technological environment for optical communication (Jahns, 2001). The next innovation boost in this field will come from mastering the manipulation of the elementary particles of nature,
Photonics holds a huge potential not only for new and even better forms of communications and entertainment but also in many other applications, including manufacturing,
EN Solar energy 4%Flat panel displays Lighting 26%8%Information technology 21%Optical communications 5%Midecal tech. & life science 8%Measurement & automated
) 11.6 23 7 Medical Technology & Life science BMBF (2007) 18.6 38.8 8 Optical Communication BMBF (2007) 12 31 10 Information Techn
the City of Québec area has been a leader in photonic market applications, from instrumentation to imagery, vision systems, optical communications and high-performance fibre optics.
This is true for the sectors of lighting, production technology, communications, and defence photonics (Photonics21, 2007b).
Photonic markets today mainly refer to lighting, measurement and automated vision, production technology, medical technology and life science, optical communication, optical components and systems, solar energy, and information technology.
, photoresist chemicals, wet chemicals BCC (2006 Compound semiconductor materials 14.44 2006 33.7 2012 15 wireless electronic devices, optical data storage, fiber optics communications, illumination
Summary of legislation in relation to health, safety and environment aspects of nanomaterials, regulatory research needs and related measures, Commission Staff Working Document, accompanying document to the Communication
Developing a common strategy for key enabling technologies in the EU, Communication from the Commission, COM (2009) 512, Brussels:
EC (2009b), Current situation of key enabling technologies in Europe, Commission Staff Working Document accompanying the Communication from the Commission, COM (2009) 1257, Brussels:
Second Implementation Report 2007-2009, Commission Staff Working Document, accompanying document to the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee, COM
folderid=148901&name=DLFE-6114. pdf Timmer, M. P.,B. van Ark (2005), Does information and communication technology drive EU-US productivity growth differentials?
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