You may have done considerable investments in R&d but outputs may be lagging. Or you may simply lack a proper regional system of innovation supporting important sectors.
which are likely to lead to loss of competitiveness and investments. You could do a comparative GAP analysis with other regions
and attract new investments (step 6). You should also consider other alternatives, such as 1. Consider
such as public and private investments in R&d Process indicators, such as triple helix connectivity Output indicators, such as innovations or patents Competitiveness indicators,
in terms of investments in R&d into outputs, in terms of new products, processes and competitiveness. A problem which is likely to be made in some regions is that their systems of innovation are not as efficient as the systems of innovation in other regions. 10 These findings are very important,
Entrepreneurial discoveries may be big projects which required huge investments over long periods of time before they become profitable.
On the other hand, new paradigm creation is driven by massive venture capital investments in long term R&d which necessitates a high level of knowledge privatization.
Finally, we compare the main areas of planned investment with sectoral data on firms employment and patents, with the conclusion that the connection between priorities and the economic and innovation structures is weak.
in order to ensure effective and efficient investments in research and innovation (R&i)( European commission, 2010b). One essential feature of RIS3 is the concentration of funding on a limited number of R&i priorities (2). The Eye@RIS3 tool provides information on these prioritised areas with the aim of facilitating searching for potential cooperation partners,
academics and users/civil society to develop a better understanding of both future and private investment potential.
It argued that research investments in Europe have been fragmented overly, have lacked critical mass and have been plagued by a‘me too'syndrome,
which manifested as regions making investments in very similar and fashionable areas such as information and communication technologies (ICT),
These areas of investment were disconnected often from actual local capabilities, and, in many cases, based on hopes of developing future industries.
The lack of connections between these investments and existing capabilities was probably one of the greatest problems;
and because investments in R&i were expected to increase considerably in ESIF, DG REGIO and the Joint Research Centre set up the Smart Specialisation Platform at the Institute for Prospective 5 Technologies (IPTS) in 2012 to provide regions and Member States with guidance and hands-on support
as of 2012, identifying priorities for their RIS3 investments. 3. Developing an open data tool for mapping innovation priorities Eye@RIS3 is an interactive open data tool that gives an overview
which also influence planned investments. Table 1: Number of priorities within the main category‘research and innovation capability'Name of priority category No of observations%of total priorities Manufacturing and industry 452 34.6%Information and communication technologies
There is a risk that these investments stem from political priorities, rather than from a real discovery process
For this, they had to select a limited number of investment priorities, via an entrepreneurial discovery process,
Finally, we compare the main areas of planned investment with sectoral data on firms employment and patents, with the conclusion that the connection between priorities and the economic and innovation structures is weak
investment and cost 20 2. 3. Number of people employed in R&d 23 2. 4. Regional distribution of ICT research and development personnel 24
At the same time, if we take a look at its R&d expenditure or investment and resource requirement, we find that all those indicators are far more modest than in other sectors,
consequently the ICT sector is capable of generating high added value even at relatively low levels of investment.
In most OECD member countries under review, ICT investments generate more economic growth than investments made by all other sectors combined.
Based on 2000-2009 data, the OECD also evaluated the contribution of ICT investments to economic growth.
In the United kingdom, the US, Germany, Japan, Denmark, New zealand, Belgium, The netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria and Finland ICT investments made a bigger contribution to economic growth than investments in all other
In other countries under review (Australia, Canada, Spain, France, South korea, Portugal, Ireland, Italy and Germany) the growth impact of ICT investments is weaker
investment and cost In 2010 8. 7%of the total national R&d expenditure was spent in ICT industry and services,
National Innovation Office RDI Observatory's survey, 2012 9 According to the Hungarian Central Statistical Office's definition, R&d investment means‘the cost of purchasing new and used fixed assets
Within R&d expenditure in the ICT sector, the relative proportion of R&d investment is below the national average.
Within gross domestic R&d expenditure, R&d investment averaged 11.4%for the national economy as a whole, compared to 7. 9%in ICT;
sum of R&d investments and R&d costs Figure 16: Gross domestic expenditure on R&d by sector (with a separate detailed breakdown for the manufacturing industry) in 2010.
National Innovation Office RDI MIRROR-1. Review on the ICT Sector other words ICT had a relatively higher share of R&d costs and a relatively lower share of investments.
with the ICT industry representing no more than 2%of all R&d investments in 2010. Capital expenditure in ICT services is dominated by professional and technical activities and education,
Distribution of R&d investments by sectors of the national economy (with a separate detailed breakdown for the manufacturing industry) in 2010;
The distribution of R&d costs within the manufacturing industry is different from the distribution of R&d investment:
and the machine industry) in IT relatively low investment can generate very high returns. EU grants have paramount importance among available forms of funding,
ICT investments make a greater contribution to economic growth than the investments of all other sectors combined.
Distribution of R&d investments by sectors of the national economy (with a separate detailed breakdown for the manufacturing industry) in 2010;
u attract foreign investment to Hungary u harmonise international and EU RDI policies u coordinate bilateral scientific and technological cooperation SME-support activities:
Investment in the future: National Research, Development and Innovation Strategy (2013 2020) 4 w w w. n i h. g o v. h u/e n g l
and facilitates international RDI cooperation attracts foreign investments to Hungary harmonises international and EU RDI policies coordinates bilateral scientiic and technological cooperation provides SME-support activities provides easier access to domestic RDI results for market players supports research-related cooperation
Investment subsidies required per customer for each geographic cluster 46 Figure 19: The traditional one-way cable TV network 50 Figure 20:
Impacts of high speed broadband investment in Europe 2012-2020 26 Table 4: Typical maximum achievable speeds for various wireless solutions 33 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The goals of the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE),
The recently published study by J. Hätönen of the European Investment Bank (EIB), represents one of the few studies of the costs of achieving DAE goals that explicitly considers technologies other than FTTX.
it connects multiple costumer digital subscriber lines to the network EIB European Investment Bank EU European union FTTX Fibre to the x;
an architecture based on a single dedicated fibre strand (or a fibre pair) for each end user between an Optical Street Distribution Frame and the end user ROI Return on Investment RSPG Radio spectrum Policy
See also European Investment Bank (2011), Productivity and growth in Europe; ICT and the e-economy. 4 Costa Elias, H. 2011:
A series of studies by the European Investment Bank appropriately raised the question: What do the bandwidth targets in the DAE signify?
2009) 22 find that an additional £5 billion investment in broadband networks would create or retain an estimated 280,500 UK jobs for a year.
however, preliminary results have been presented publicly. 30 One part of the Analysys Mason study deals with an empirical assessment of the socioeconomic impact of high-speed broadband investment in Europe.
Input-output impact, Return on investment (ROI), and Cumulative impact on GDP. Table 3: Impacts of high speed broadband investment in Europe 2012-2020 Expenditure (EUR bn) Expenditure per head (EUR) I/O benefit (EUR bn) ROI Cumulative
impact on GDP EU27 220 436 485 2. 2 2. 0%Source: Yardley et al. 2012a);
which takes into account the respective investment expenditures for electronic equipment, construction and telecoms. 30 Intermediate results were presented at a public workshop in Brussels in February 2012.
thus corresponding to a return on investment (ROI) of 2. 2. The cumulative impact on GDP is estimated to be 2. 0%.The study has addressed also the issue of consumer surplus,
The economic impact of fixed and mobile high-speed networks, European Investment Bank (EIB. 45 See Feijóo, C,
In conclusion, the graph shows a pattern of investment relatively close to the distribution of the proportion of the total population among the different geotypes. 52 See Feijoo
520 540 560 580 600 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IV X%of the total investment Average price per subscriber EUR
Investment subsidies required per customer for each geographic cluster Source: WIK. 57 57 See Jay, S,
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Cluster Investment subsidy per customer (at 70%penetration) AFTER CROSS SUBSIDIES Investment per customer (at 70%penetration
) Investment per customer EUR Profitable clusters profitable through cross subsidy additional invest subsidies required 47.
or else an investment subsidy of up to €2, 500 per access would appear to be required. 58 It is worth noting that these results are very sensitive to profit,
and economic (costs of additional investments) considerations. 56 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) The latter option can be implemented in various ways.
The recently published study by J. Hätönen of the European Investment Bank (EIB), represents one of the few studies of the costs of achieving DAE goals that explicitly considers technologies other than FTTX.
Investment Bank (EIB), 76 based in part on earlier nonpublic work by Pantelis Koutroumpis, represents one of the few studies of the costs of achieving DAE goals that explicitly considers technologies other than FTTX.
The DAE speaks of the need for providing the right incentives to stimulate private investment,
complemented by carefully targeted public investments, without remonopolising our networks; however, it seems to disregard any concerns that a European network environment where only a single medium provides last mile access is a European network environment where detailed SMP-based regulation is needed forever.
reference=SPEECH/12/124.82 Enhancing the broadband investment environment, 12 july 2012, at: http://europa. eu/rapid/pressreleasesaction. do?
6 Increase efforts and investment in ICT infrastructure of appropriate performance and interoperability;(Re) design and/or (re) arrange physical space
political commitment and sustained effort over time including (i) a significant level of financial investment,(
Policy should increase efforts and investment in infrastructure developments (e g. broadband, cloud computing, creative learning spaces etc.)
and furniture) and high investment in school infrastructure to support the longstanding innovation history of the school (Kampylis,
In conclusion, policy should increase efforts and investment in infrastructure developments (e g. broadband, cloud computing, creative learning spaces etc.)
Increasing efforts and investment in ICT infrastructure (e g. broadband, cloud computing) of appropriate performance and interoperability (any device, anywhere, any system, any time) to support effective implementation and evolution of innovation for learning. 120
while for teachers/trainers increased efforts and investments in ICT infrastructure to support effective implementation and evolution of innovation for learning is more important. 3. 8 Interrelation between the seven areas
it is recommended highly that more investment be made into teachers'Continuous Professional Development and Initial Training and that knowledge exchange is encouraged to ensure that they acquire the key competences (including digital competence) required to apply
Policy should increase efforts and investment in infrastructure developments (e g. broadband, cloud computing, creative learning spaces etc.)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Increasing efforts and investment in ICT infrastructure (e g. broadband, cloud computing) of appropriate performance and interoperability (any device, anywhere, any system, any time
Infrastructure policy recommendations-frequency distribution(%)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cumulative (6 and 7) Increasing efforts and investment in ICT infrastructure (e g.,
Increasing efforts and investment in ICT infrastructure (e g.,, broadband, cloud computing) of appropriate performance and interoperability (any device, anywhere, any system, any time) to support effective implementation and evolution of innovation for learning. 5. 98 (1. 38) 53 5
these require significant investments for their successful implementation. In fact, these systems require abundant resources including skilled labour, technological,
implementation, and evaluation of their ehealth strategies. 11 4. 2 Framework for action Both the survey and literature reveal the pressing need for investment in human resources and ICT infrastructure.
The use of free open-source software to develop sustainable health informatics capacity may leverage the investment in developing such systems.
Further, it can leverage the investment in trained human resources for maximum benefit. A major and well recognized obstacle to the adoption of patient information systems, particularly in developing countries, is the lack of skilled health informatics professionals.
as well as the Member States and institutions such as the European Investment Bank and the European Investment Fund, consistency in policies aimed at SMES is ensured.
3%of the EU's GDP should go to investments in R&d. 3. Climate/Energy, the 20/20/20 targets in the fields of climate and energy have to be met.
cheaper and simpler procedure for protecting intellectual property rights and ensure a fair return on investment for your business.
SMES face a competitive disadvantage compared to larger companies in the participation in public procurement due to the difficult application procedures, a lack of awareness and the greater risk of investment in SMES.
A budget of 1. 1 billion euro is allocated to the programme with the specific aim of facilitating access to finance for SMES and for investment in innovative activities.
The European commission entrusts the CIP funds to the European Investment Fund (EIF. The EIF, a first link in the risk-sharing chain, shares some of the risk with financial intermediaries in the participating countries.
A) The High Growth and Innovative SME Facility The ambition of the High Growth and Innovative SME Facility is to improve access to finance for the start-up and growth of SMES and for the investment in innovation,
The facility covers investment into venture capital funds which have an early stage focus (GIF1) and funds with a focus on SMES with high growth potential in their expansion stage (GIF2).
A high risk of lending to SMES can emerge from the uncertainty of their investments in certain knowledge-related activities,
and they focus on investment financing. Microcredit guarantees help financial institutions to provide financing to micro enterprises, especially start-ups.
Equity and quasi-equity guarantees warrant investments in SMES in the seed and start-up phases.
Investment Fund. Its aim is to improve access to finance for SMES. Regional/national authorities have the ability to finance SMES through the use of EU Structural Funds.
This can be done via the means of loans/guarantees, equity, venture capital, Business Angel Matching funds and investments in Technology Transfer Funds under the umbrella of a Holding Fund.
which is intended to inform future investment and development and ensure that maximum regional benefits are obtained from future R&i developments.
Much of the EU funding is now contingent upon compliance with a precondition called‘Smart Specialisation/RIS3'for supporting investments (ex-ante conditionality.
competitive advantage and potential for excellence and will focus policy supports and investment on key national/regional priorities.
Smart specialisation focuses investment and supports on these identifi ed regional strengths thus ensuring value for money in times of tighter budgets and scarce public resources while at the same time supporting the creation of knowledge-based
The following sectors have been identifi ed in this Strategy as most likely to benefi t from smart specialisation policies and investment in the Midwest:
and monitoring to evaluate the impacts of investments. 7 Research & Innovation Strategy for the Midwest Region of Ireland 2014-2018 Cluster Development Cluster development involves identifying the Region's core competence
This Strategy sets out a series of support structures that are necessary to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship such as knowledge transfer, technology transfer, investment forums,
The scoreboard bases the assessment on indicators such as firm investments, finance & support, intellectual assets and outputs and employment in knowledge-intensive activities5.
and firm investments. Furthermore, the IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2014 puts Ireland at number 15 in an overall global competitiveness ranking and Ireland achieved top ranking position in:
Availability of skilled Labour flexibility and adaptability of workforce Attitudes to globalisation Investment incentives These global and European rankings present a snapshot of the current economic and social climate
The EU has recommended also the preparation of national/regional smart specialisation strategies (RIS3 strategies) that will build on each country's strengths and focus policy supports and investment on key national/regional priorities.
which will inform future investment and development and will ensure that maximum regional benefits are obtained from future R&i developments.
thereby ensuring maximum benefi t from future investments in the Region. Research, innovation & smart specialisation are recognised widely to be central elements in the creation of a robust
Ireland will have access to funding under a number of European Structural Investment (ESI) funds such as the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF
competitive advantage and potential for excellence and will focus policy supports and investment on key national/regional priorities. 2. 0 Introduction In order for the EU,
and investment decisions are focused on emerging global growth areas. Research innovation and smart specialisation are recognised widely to be central elements in the creation of a robust and dynamic economy.
-2020 The EU Cohesion Policy will be the EU's principal investment tool for delivering the goals of Europe 2020.
Progression will be assisted by the targeted investment of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in key priorities such as support for small and medium-sized enterprises. 7 2. 1. 4 HORIZON
and create jobs through investment in research. The goal is to ensure Europe produces world-class science,
which future investment in publicly-performed research should be based. The report informs the National Smart Specialisation Strategy/RIS3
maximising the amount of foreign direct investment secured, supporting innovation, enterprise and start-ups, and developing and diversifying the skills and knowledge of the population.
and innovation investment and growth are testament to the importance of R&i development to our national and regional economic future.
and targeted fi nancial investment, with funding becoming increasingly dependent on evidence-based strategies that demonstrate the strengths of a region
Large enterprises and foreign direct investment (FDI) are both a significant economic contributor and employer in the Midwest Region. 21 Research & Innovation Strategy for the Midwest Region of Ireland
which is a significant resource in the progression of regional research and innovation. 3. 5 Current level of innovation in the Midwest Region National and regional investment in research,
and a significant level of investment has been made in the Region in recent years, albeit at a lower level than that of our regional and European counterparts.
A number of performance indicators for the Midwest Region in terms of research, development and innovation have been examined to establish the current level of investment
& Innovation Strategy for the Midwest Region of Ireland 2014-2018 15 Figure 3. 3 illustrates the number of companies in the Region than participated in the Programme rather than the amount of investment made in the Region due to the implementation
the figures outlined in Table 3. 5 indicate the investments made by Enterprise Ireland companies. 27 Research
Industrial Development Agency (IDA) The IDA is responsible for the attraction and development of foreign investment in Ireland.
and research and development capabilities are in place. 4. 4. 3 Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) SFI is the national foundation for investment in scientific and engineering research.
Smart specialisation is based on the premise that spreading investment too thinly across several frontier technology fields risks limiting the impact in any one area. 5. 1. 2 Potential Regional Benefits Developing
Smart specialisation focuses investment and supports on identified regional strengths thus ensuring value for money in times of tighter budgets and scarce public resources while at the same time supporting the creation of knowledge-based jobs
which it would be most benefi cial to focus investment in the coming years. Based upon:
and investment in the Midwest. 38 5. 1. 4 Actions Required to Progress Smart Specialisation
and investment the following actions are recommended: To carry out further detailed analysis of the identified industries to establish their research needs, their potential for innovation,
To monitor the impact of analysis and investment, particularly in the areas of employment, productivity, the commercialisation of research outputs and the establishment of new related industries,
in order to establish the impacts of the investments made. 5. 2 Cluster Development 5. 2. 1
which investment and development should be focused. Clustering is the next stage in the process, identifying the Region's core competences
so that the benefi ts of investment can be demonstrated. Company investment in the cluster is one of the key indicators of the success of any cluster initiative.
Also, in order to be considered successful there must be benefi ts for the wider region and not just for the companies directly involved in the cluster. 42 5. 2. 4 Actions Required to Progress Cluster Development in the Midwest There are significant potential regional benefits of cluster development.
Investment Forums Investment forums make a valuable contribution to innovation and business growth by providing an opportunity for entrepreneurs
They perform a valuable role in attracting private sector investment to a region but there are currently limited opportunities for businesses
and a formal investment forum is required. Start-up and Commercialisation Support there are a wide range of agencies in the region providing invaluable support to entrepreneurs and business owners.
including investment in research and development capacity, technology transfer, up-skilling and re-skilling. The remit of the LECPS will be primarily local in context
It will also allow an assessment of the return that has been achieved in relation to investments made and allow for the identification of areas that are underperforming relative to their potential
and capabilities and where further focus and investment of resources are required. 54 Appendix 1 Stakeholder Engagement Stakeholder Engagement
ICT/Electronics High tech Manufacturing/Engineering Logistics/Distribution High Value Food & Drink Life sciences Business and Professional Services Tourism, Sport & Leisure Secure investment
and Michael Minges to the compilation of data on international bandwidth, revenue and investment. Helpful inputs and suggestions were received from Joan Calzada Aymerich from the University of Barcelona (Chapter 4), Jake Kendall from the Gates Foundation, Anoush Tatevossian and Alex Rutherford from UN Global Pulse,
4 1. 4 Revenue and investment in the telecommunication sector...13 1. 5 Use of ICTS...
13 1. 14 Annual investment by telecommunication operators, world and by level of development, 2007-2012, total in USD (left) and annual growth (right...
This will be followed by a presentation of the latest trends in terms of investment and revenue in the telecom sector.
reflecting the strong investment in backbone infrastructure in all parts Chart 1. 7: Fibre and microwave routes, share of route kilometres (left)
and there are still a number of countries reporting low rates of public access. 1. 4 Revenue and investment in the telecommunication sector In 2012,
Chart 1. 14 shows the evolution of investment in telecommunications, which is fundamental to supporting ICT uptake and innovation.
In 2012, investment grew by 4 per cent to USD 307 billion globally. Despite the progression seen in global investment since 2010 (6 per cent compound annual growth rate),
the 2008 investment levels have not been restored. The recovery of investment levels has been hampered by the situation in developed countries,
where the downturn experienced in 2008 was strongest(-16 per cent) and the reduction in telecommunication investment persisted in 2009(-2 per cent).
The overall economic environment of restricted access to capital markets and the efforts of some operators to reduce debt exposure explain the sluggish investment levels seen in 2011 and particularly in 2012.13 In developing countries,
investment in telecommunication infrastructure and services has been more stable, with a smaller drop in 2008(-4 per cent) and moderate growth in the following years (4 per cent compound annual growth rate between 2009 and 2012).
This led to the 2008 investment levels being restored by 2011, and an all-time high of USD 121 billion at end 2012.
The developing countries'share of total investment was almost 40 per cent in 2012, which is compared relatively high with the share of global telecommunication revenues generated in developing countries (32 per cent).
The investment-to-revenue ratio in the telecommunication sector stood at 17 per Chart 1. 14:
Annual investment by telecommunication operators, world and by level of development, 2007-2012, total in USD (left) and annual growth (right) Note:‘
‘World'includes countries accounting for 91 per cent of world GDP.‘‘Developed'includes 35 developed countries accounting for 98 per cent of total GDP in the developed world.‘
‘Developing'includes 45 developing countries accounting for 80 per cent of total GDP in the developing world.
The investment-to-revenue ratio was somewhat lower in developed countries (15 per cent) than in developing countries (22 per cent.
In other words, the investments made in developing countries were larger relative to the revenues they generated.
and part of the capital investments are delivered by global equipment providers, resulting in only limited investment cost reductions across countries. 14 On the other hand,
revenue per user in several developing countries is constrained by low income levels, which limit the margin for revenue growth. 15 These constraints call for innovative approaches in the developing world,
in order to provide incentives for operators to make the investments necessary to bridge the infrastructure gap between developing and developed countries. 1. 5 Use of ICTS Internet users ITU estimates that, by end 2014,
in this regard, traditional statistical processes should be made more efficient Sustained investment in national statistical capacity,
and also include investment in the development of concepts, measurement frameworks, classifications and standards New,
The Danish Internet service provider (ISP) TDC is making investments to provide access to ultra-fast speeds for over half a million households. 9 Denmark enjoys abundant international Internet bandwidth of more than 260 000 bit
with EUR 700 million coming from the European commission and the private sector set to match this investment by up to five times. 13 European top performers stand out
Given the large investments that are required when deploying ICT infrastructure, private operators assess the profitability of providing their service depending on the demand and the specific business case in each geographic area.
with the result that operators are not sure of obtaining a return on their investment.
which suggests the need for more investment in broadband network equipment and network roll out to enable the take-off of fixed-broadband services in Kuwait.
which are important drivers for investment and competition. In addition, regulation can promote efficiency, e g. infrastructure and spectrum efficiency,
Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) data sourced from Informa. competition and the openness of the market to private and foreign investment.
The deployment of telecommunication networks requires large investments that operators evaluate depending on the demand for the service and the specific business case in each geographic area.
and disruptive players, such as MVNOS, may enter a market with relatively low upfront capital investments,
Wind turbines represent a major investment and have a typical lifespan of 20 to 30 years.
while increasing the accuracy of the customer's return-on-investment estimates. Source: ITU, based on IBM (2012.
whose preparation requires major investments of time. All the parties to such agreements have to address the necessary parameters as to how data are to be used,
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