and services are conceived, developed, produced and accessed. They are enabling businesses to faster develop and bring to market innovative products
and services that it was impossible to think about before. Digital technologies help to totally reshape value chains,
i e. looking horizontally, most European citizens are employed in‘knowledge intensive business services'.'Nevertheless, differences between Member States are significant,
People employed in‘knowledge-intensive business services'can be found in Central europe, with Belgium, France and the UK taking a leading position.‘
and opening opportunities for new companies and industries it could be Creative and cultural industries Knowledgeintensive business services Labourintensive industries Life science Tourism & Hospitality Transport & distribution Other Austria
i e. looking horizontally, most European citizens are employed in‘knowledge intensive business services'.'When comparing the different clusters it is clear that in particular Member States some clusters are more significant in terms of employment SMES highly depend on entrepreneurs.
and develop products and services. The impact of digitisation on marketing, sales and services is more obvious than on other business functions,
though impact on other business functions cannot be neglected. Nevertheless it can be said that a huge digital potential is far from fully exploited.
sales and services is more obvious than on other business functions, though impact on other business functions cannot be neglected 12 Figure 3-Business function classification based on value chain framework of Michael Porter Phonak:
& Logistics Business & Administrative Services Utilities Basic Manufacturing Chemicals Trade & Retail Equipment & Machinery Automotive Media & Telecommunications Computers & Electronics Financial services & Insurance Leading
0 1 2 3 Hotels & Restuarants 4 5 6 Computers & Electronics Real estate, Rental & Leasing Trade & Retail Business & Administrative Services Utilities Media
and services have moved forward more quickly in digitising their procurement processes, processing dimension, output contact with customers and infrastructure.
Players both old and new face real challenges in meeting the demand for new products and services in the age of digitisation,
& Logistics Business & Administrative Services Utilities Basic Manufacturing Chemicals Trade & Retail Equipment & Machinery Automotive Media & Telecommunications Computers & Electronics Financial services & Insurance-15
and that they develop new products and services from which the whole of society benefits.
This should encourage new, small and innovative digital entrepreneurs to offer new tools and services in the digital market.
'i e. taking initiative and developing new ways of working, products and services within existing enterprises,
'‘transportation and storage'and‘financial and insurance services',cooperating less with universities or other higher education bodies. 2 8 7 7 11 10 15 18 17 19 19 18 19 21 21 21 23
Deloitte analysis Column1 All NACE activities related to innovation Agriculture, forestry & fishing Mining & quarrying Manufacturing Utilities Water management Construction Business services
and support services targeted at the needs of adults too. 28 Figure 13 Entrepreneurship and the educational system:
Figure 15 illustrates clearly that it's not possible to speak about one digitally empowered single market in Europe as the European business landscape is a patchwork of national economies and Basic Manufacturing Utilities Business & Administrative Services Transportation & Logistics Consumer goods Real estate,
nowhere it is so easy to do business as in Singapore This is perhaps best illustrated by the Enterpriseone portal, bringing together a range of information, services and support from 30 different government ministries and public
energy and communication infrastructure and services to serve European industry. 6. A new strategy on raw materials creating the right framework conditions for sustainable supply and management of domestic primary raw materials. 7
both in terms of supply of new digital products and services and in terms of demand and smart use of these technologies by a o. launching the Digital Agenda and the Industrial policy flagship initiatives.
but also in better services to customers, new market opportunities and better time to market. In the actions completed already,
in order to stimulate the use of open public data for the creation of new business opportunities and services.
and transform it into innovative products or services. Feature best practices in order to attract more data, both from public authorities and the private sector.
Leverage the Service Directive to extend the scope of PSCS to other sectors (currently covers the services sector only.
or transform their business. 33 The Services Directive aims to improve the ease of doing business in the European union.
or perform temporary services in the EU/EEA area. The Directive obliges Member States to eliminate unnecessary bureaucracy,
Combine the collective monitoring of results and impacts of existing programmes with the preparation and implementation of new initiatives across domains and services.
Description Explore possibilities of support programmes for translation services for SMES (tax incentives, grants. Support multilingualism in campaigns, information sharing and platforms for (digital) entrepreneurs.
Support the development of standards for services and products for digital entrepreneurs in order to facilitate and strengthen the digital single market.
or obtain language services at low cost. The existent language barriers can be significant for small companies that need to hire people 5 Impact:
in order to stimulate the use of open public data for the creation of new business opportunities and services.
2%3. 8%2. 1%Knowledge-intensive business services 23.1%35.3%16.8%20.8%16.3%29.4%14.2%24 8%36.4%29.7
%17.7%25.9%24.2 18%18.7%22.1%9. 3%27.4%10.0%30.6%22.5%13.9%11.6%12.9%22.5%19.8%26.4%37.8%Business services
. 5%1. 4%1. 1%0. 1%0. 5%Building fixtures, equipment and services 2. 8%2. 4%2. 7%2
including customer support, repair services, spare parts management, etc. Firm infrastructure: includes general management, legal, finance,
and production and services management. External integration comprises such activities as electronic data interchange, including the electronic transmission of data with business partners, public authorities,
Services Transportation & Logistics Consumer goods Real estate Rental & Leasing Construction Hotel & Restaurants 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Eastern europe Southern Europe Central/Northern europe Benchmarking analysis Please double click on the Figure
/Richard Christie, Head of Design &commercialisation Services, Invest Northern ireland.//Gerry Finn, Director, Northern & Westernregional Assembly./
and developing related products or services quickly, at the right priceand fit for purpose is essential.
The ability to continuously transform knowledgeand ideas into new products, services, processes, and systems for the benefit of the firm and itsstakeholders or to possess‘innovation capability'is a key requisite for business success. The Design Process 11building an innovative capability requires a framework withvision
when businesses harness designer-like thinking across the entire business model they cultivate dynamic cultures, more desirable products and services, faster growth and passionatecustomers.
and services to support their businesses. The arguments for a strong indigenous business sector are compelling
Design in America isn't about form but innovation, in the guise of new products and services. 3the Design Process In-Company Supports (R&d Fund, HPSU R&d Equity Funds;
and in efforts to modify the appearance and perception of existing goods and services. Measuring the Level of Design Activity the Case of Denmark The report uses these dimensions to highlight the approach taken by Denmark in their application of supports to enhance design-driven innovation and the development of their understandingof the level of design activity (design ladder.
Creation of distinct and attractive products and services along witha higher price paid for them;
and services that have transformed existingmarkets or opened up new ones; and Establishing improved or new processes for product and servicedevelopment to more effectively support innovation activity. 15danish Design Centre (2007)‘ Facts and Insights about Design Motivations and Barriers',Copenhagen, P. 3
Forest Producecase Study Page 40the Returns Design capability isabout employing vision, process, creativityand technical skill todevelop products, services and brands that capturethe imagination
Firms must deliver product or services to customersat the right price, the right quality, at the right time and with the right service.
Theseofferings range from consulting or advisory services, on-site mentoring, matchmaking between designers and businesses, education and training anddissemination of information about the economic value of design.
in the casewhere the allocation of goods and services by the free market is not efficient and effective i e. low export performance of SMES (Market Failure);
04design Boost360°Coursedesign Workshopsinternational Conferenceone-On-One Meetingsinspiration Via Meetingsthe Design Ladder 63 Programmea programme was developed that offered a range of services to assist high-potential export companies to integrate design
and services has become the centrepiece of the government's policy for innovation and business assistance.
Backgroundin 2009, findings from an Engineering Employers'Federationreport 43 revealed that services account for between 15%and20%of total revenue earned by UK manufacturers (comparedwith 66%across UK industry as a whole.
The report also identified that these services tend to focus on fixing products, ongoingmaintenance, marketing and sales, for example,
This shift from products to services provides clear opportunities for service designers who can support manufacturers in realising their aims.
and impact indicators (new services launched, R&d investment induced and jobs created). Combined, these indicators have a significant impact on both behaviour and practice within a business.
The shift from products to services is as much about a change in management culture as it is about a change in business practice.
the programme involved five SMES across a range of sectors software, manufacturing and services based in the northwest of Ireland.
and services and to generate competitive advantage well beyond the end of their involvement in the programme.
and Development Services 04increase the Number of Design-Driven Innovation Courses across Higher Level Education Broaden the envisaged Strategyfor the Design Sector under the Government's Action Plan for Jobs to Include a Focus on Developing Design
Attendees at Expert Workshop ondesign-driven Innovation June 12th Wood Quay Venues, Dublin Civic Officesrichard Christie, Head of Design &commercialisation Services, Investnorthern Ireland
, Forest Produce/Gerald Craddock, Chief Officer, Centre for Excellence in Universal Design, National Disability Authority/Richard Christie, Head of Design &commercialisation Services, Investnorthern
in Ireland's health and social care services. The Authority's mandate extends across the quality and safety of the public, private (within its social care function) and voluntary sectors.
Setting Standards for Health and Social services Developing person-centred standards, based on evidence and best international practice, for health and social care services in Ireland (except mental health services) Social services
Inspecting children detention schools and foster care services. Monitoring Healthcare Quality Monitoring standards of quality and safety in our health services and investigating as necessary serious concerns about the health and welfare of service users Health Technology Assessment
Ensuring the best outcome for the service user by evaluating the clinical and economic effectiveness of drugs
and sharing of information across the services, evaluating information and publishing information about the delivery and performance of Ireland's health and social care services Overview of Health Information function Health is information-intensive,
generating huge volumes of data every day. It is estimated that up to 30%of the total health budget may be spent one way
Equally those responsible for planning our services experience great difficulty in bringing together information in order to make informed decisions.
planning and monitoring of services. One of the areas currently being addressed through this work programme is need the to set standards to enable information to be shared electronically commonly referred to as interoperability standards.
public health and business, referring to health services and information delivered or enhanced through the Internet
and communication technology'(1) ehealth can enhance the quality, accessibility and efficiency across all healthcare services through the secure, timely,
This approach also enables the provision of more cost-effective and timely services. Without the appropriate use of Information
and between healthcare providers is of fundamental importance to ensuring the delivery of safe, high quality care to patients and for the timely and accurate monitoring and planning of services.
sell and buy products and services. Standards enable a market. They are part of the infrastructure for innovation-led growth (47.
providing the patient with services in the most appropriate setting, which will increasingly be in the community for suppliers,
and ensure that there can be mutual understanding between software systems. 3. 2. 1 Messaging Standards One of the limitations of certain messaging standards is that they conflate process (services) and content (documents),
and hence poor interoperability no underlying information model to underpin the content may be difficult to exploit services-oriented architecture no terminology support does not support semantic interoperability HL7 v3 supports clinical terminology supports structured clinical documents
(CDA 2) integrated support for services (SOA) growing community support internationally increasing tool support available growing number of successful deployments lack of maturity skills deficit
19 may 2011.3) Department of health and human services-Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Medicare Program; E-Prescribing and the Prescription drug Program;
www. hse. ie/eng/services/Publications/corporate/transformation. pdf. Accessed on: 25 february 2011.5) Department of health and Children.
Report and Recommendations on Patient Referrals from General Practice to Outpatient and Radiology Services, including the National Standard for Patient Referral Information. 2011.
9 3. Promoting mobility and supporting new services...10 4. Harnessing the potential for health care...
18 1. Public sector digital services for citizens and companies...19 2. Government IT: protecting its autonomy
and logistics solutions and to enhance these with intelligent services to ensure sustainable growth and a consistently high level of employment.
purchase products and services on the Internet or do training courses online. Our home, learning and working environments are all becoming increasingly digitally networked.
Against the backdrop of our increasingly mobile society and the general expectation that sophisticated services should be accessible from any location
we will also put in place the necessary resources to expand mobile Internet services. The digital transformation has become a central challenge for industry, science, society and policymakers.
It is estimated that companies will improve their productivity by 30 percent with the transition to Industry 4. 0. The process that is to be set in motion with the Digital Agenda is intended to help Germany further exploit the opportunities presented in the areas of Industry 4. 0, 3d, smart services,
Where necessary, we will also offer our citizens services that enable safe use of the Internet.
Individuals play their part by using digital offerings and services both at work and as part of their daily lives.
making use of the latest digital administration services and insisting on innovative IT SECURITY and data protection,
and promote new digital services. We will work with our partners in industry and science to ensure early identifia.
I. DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE 9 Germany aims to become a global leader in the area of market penetration and use of digital services.
while intelligent mobile services are helping to expedite penetration rates. Government support is directed towards those areas where commercial development is not viable.
for rural areas The range of digital services available can help redress the technological shortcomings of rural areas in particular.
in order to provide services to a small number of households. Measures to preserve these regions'attractions
and supporting new services Frequency resources are an essential prerequisite for mobility. For planning purposes, all stakeholders need to know in advance which frequencies are available for which requirements.
resulting in new products and smart services. Meanwhile, business processes, which are being influenced by mobile Internet use
both in relation to new goods and services and the optimisation of business processes, by implementing and developing new digital technologies.
and promoting the digitisation of industry The Federal government is committed to supporting the forward-looking projects Industry 4. 0 and smart services outlined in the High-tech Strategy for Germany.
zzthe initiation of new business models and innovative services by fostering the development and distribution of big data and cloud applications that offer greater security and data privacy;
zzreinforcing security and confidence in relation to the use of digital services, including measures to strengthen the German digital security sector;
zzdeveloping centres of excellence to provide information and demonstrations of best practice for Industry 4. 0 and smart services to the SME and skilled craft sector and also supporting user-friendly applications
and services (usability; 14 II. THE DIGITAL ECONOMY AND DIGITAL WORKPLACE zzsupporting smart home applications; zzfacilitating ICT-based support for (electro-)mobility;
zzfostering entrepreneurship in Germany by continuing to develop the range of information and advisory services available to people starting new businesses,
This framework is intended to allow scope for the development of new and innovative services that can cater for new business segments.
as part of a range of support services to facilitate the integration of young people into the workforce,
Innovative public administration I I I. INNOVATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 19 The Federal government is committed to implementing a digital transformation within the public sector. We want citizens to be able to avail of digital services from public authorities as easily
As a major procurer of IT services, we will play a role in promoting innovation and security in IT.
and local authorities to help implement sustainable public administration across the board. 1. Public sector digital services for citizens and companies In order to offer attractive, user-friendly and secure digital services,
and local authorities and support the development of user-friendly local e-government services. zzcitizens must be able to rely on straightforward, secure communication with public administration.
and facilitate simple and secure use of the maximum possible number of administration services at local authority,
Länder and government level. zzthe provision of electronic services for public administration requires efficient interfaces between public administration, citizens and companies.
We are making all useful public administration services available online. zzit should be possible to contact public authorities via a range of channels, in a simple and secure manner.
or personal appearance at the office of an authority, are greatly hampering the further expansion of electronic services.
INNOVATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION zzbasic services for Federal government departments must only be developed once and in a single location.
and developing these services within the framework of the programme Sharing Government IT (Gemeinsame IT des Bundes
which is designed to support interesting, age-appropriate digital services for children. zzamong older social groups, many people remain sceptical of digital developments and their consequences.
Digital services play an important role in this regard by fostering enhanced dialogue in the democratic environment
citizens require equal access to information and services. We therefore demand accessibility in digital media.
therefore assessing how family support services contracted on the Internet can be targeted better towards helping parents reconcile family and working life on a partnership basis and how, in this process,
new and secure family support digital services can be enabled. As part of this examination we need to establish the extent to which qualifications
telecommunications law and competition law. zzwe are also advocating a review of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive. 30 PERSONALFÜHRUNG VI.
People will not trust new digital services and offerings unless their data is protected and they can operate with maximum security on the Internet.
email services and social networks unless their data is secure and not misused. Companies will not trust new business models
and software products and services that users can deploy to increase their online security. zzwe are providing secure infrastructures
we are strengthening consumer confidence in digital products and services. We support the establishment of an Internet arbitration board. zzin order to identify shortcomings in digital products and services at an early stage,
we are setting up a market watchdog to monitor the digital world (Digitale Welt). zzwe are introducing a right of associations to take legal action to improve data protection. zzhigh standards of data protection
and data security are essential to maintain trust in digital services and products. We are therefore supporting and demanding technology-based data protection (privacy by design)
To this end, we are expanding standardisation activities that apply in particular to the international context. zzwe are empowering the Federal Network Agency (BNETZA) to meet the needs of telecommunications security and the European regulation on electronic identification and trust services
Delivering innovation, productivity and happiness Anonymous Management Services; Summer 2014; 58,2; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 13 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
job matching services, entrepreneurship courses, contests, and even start-up funding. The private sector is behind many of these resources, with government and nonprofit organizations playing important roles as well.
13 3. 3 Offshore services...15 4 New employment and entrepreneurship opportunities Emerging sectors...17 4. 1 Online job services and job matching...
18 4. 2 Microwork and crowdsourcing...18 4. 3 Apps development...21 4. 3. 1 App demand in developing countries...
The nonstop proliferation of new applications and services makes concerted efforts to prepare youth with the appropriate skills all the more challenging.
the authors encountered a huge volume of job matching services, employability programs, contests and other programs for entrepreneurs, online learning platforms,
generating new opportunities, services, and products. It is possible to pilot a new curriculum, for instance,
and offshore services to demonstrate how ICTS have transformed and created new job opportunities in both traditional and new industries.
agriculture, health and offshore services. These sectors were chosen to illustrate the range of changes brought about by ICTS, from agriculture, a traditionally manual labour-intensive sector that employs the majority of the developing world, to health,
a sector that has witnessed some of the most profound changes as a result of ICT advances, to offshore services, a sector
it is easiest to quantify the opportunities in the offshore services sector where the majority of employees are youth. 3. 1 Agriculture The agriculture sector is becoming more knowledge intensive,
and services to smallholder farmers. Services include agricultural tips and advice, weather forecasts, a market platform,
and supplier directory, among others. The Grameen Foundation works with local agricultural research organizations and other experts to curate content
and administer the services. Currently there are 98 CKWS operating in Eastern Uganda with expansion plans underway for the coming three years.
Unequal access to affordable and high-quality health services continues to be a critical challenge in many low and middle income countries.
or both. 69 Text messaging services do not appear to be used widely. Programme implementers seem to prefer voice messages over text messages,
www. smsforlife. com 3. 3 Offshore services Over the past two decades the offshore services industry has turned into one of the most dynamic sectors,
and consumption of services and the possibility for emerging economies to contribute for the first time to the world's services industry,
These services include information technology outsourcing (ITO), business process outsourcing (BPO and knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) as well as industry specific services. 72 73 Offshore services are a potential vehicle for low-and middle-income countries to participate in the global knowledge economy
. 74 This industry offers a good salary, career development opportunities for graduates and professionals, and the opportunity to incorporate into the labour market marginalized groups like rural women or unemployed youth.
Offshore services can also be performed via microwork and crowdsourcing channels as described in the next chapter.
it is estimated that an additional four indirect jobs are created for every offshore services job that is created. 75 71 Ibid.,
Workforce Development and Global Value Chains in Developing Countries,"276.73 ITO is the basic building block for the offshore services value chain
KPO refers to specialized and high-value added activities that often require professional licensing, e g. legal services. 74 Gary Gereffi,
A common way through which an economy can enter the offshore services value chain is by establishing call centre operations.
like call centres, can develop new higher value services. For example, firms can expand their call centres to include CRM management. 3. Offering full package services:
Companies positioned in the ITO and KPO segments may opt to provide a more comprehensive range of activities
and include BPO services. 4. Expanding IT firms into KPO services: IT companies may engage customers to find solutions for unsolved business problems. 5. Industry specialization:
and KPO services for a wide range of industries can start specializing and focus on key high
A country aiming to enter the offshore services global value chain requires a workforce that has more than basic skills.
Guatemala, El salvador While countries such as India and the Philippines steal the headlines in the offshore services sector,
and the growing marketplace for digital goods and services, are creating opportunities for youth to find employment that transcend traditional paradigms.
Great potential for employment growth derives from a demand for services enabled by mobile phones. 81 Young people can now find
Mobile financial services such as M-PESA82 are making it easier for young people to receive payment for services rendered
First, the ways in which young people find work through digital job matching services is covered, followed by new opportunities for ICT enabled employment.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 18 4. 1 Online job services and job matching While it may be skilled common for,
educated workers to use existing web-based job-matching services to find job openings, many workers may not have access to job postings on the internet
Employers may find it hard to identify lower-skilled workers for entry-level jobs in developing countries as many of the job matching services target more qualified candidates.
and there are a number of job-matching services in the developing world that simplify the job search process.
These services are proving to be very beneficial for people with basic literacies but who may not possess the knowledge to create a résumé
offshore services have turned into one of the most dynamic sectors employing people around the world.
offering a range of services from product categorization and labelling for major online retail and auction sites like Amazon, ebay,
opportunities for sustainable employment as principal workers in business process outsourcing centres to provide high-quality, information-based services to domestic and international clients.
it has provided services to Linkedin and the U s. State department, to provide data entry, digitization, content moderation,
and other services. Component tasks (microwork) are distributed to the workforce, including 1 600 women and youth working with partner organizations in countries such as Haiti, Pakistan, and Uganda.
who provide app development as part of a larger suite of services. 4. 3. 1 App demand in developing countries
It should be noted that some of those mobile services have not been apps per se but aggregated services or lower tech solutions such as SMS or instant messaging. 4. 4 Accessibility Persons with disabilities number over one billion worldwide,
or 15 per cent of the world's population. Bolstered by the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Gaming platforms also rely on the outsourcing of small tasks through third-party gaming services like Crowdflower.
The gross revenues of the third-party gaming services industry were approximately USD3. 0 billion in 2009.
Third party gaming services have enabled thousands of young people from modest backgrounds to create employment for themselves as digital entrepreneurs.
low-skilled workers in China and Viet nam earn their primary income by outsourcing their services to gaming platforms. 102 The third-party online gaming services segment consists mainly of activities known as gold farming 103 and power
-leveling. 104 Both are essentially services where an online game player hires someone else to play the game on their behalf. 105 Players in more developed countries,
Making Mobile phones and Services Accessible, 2012 102 Lehdonvirta and Ernkvist. Knowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy, p51. 103 Gold Farming refers to
including forestry, agriculture, building, transport, services, administration and renewable energy. 109 106 International labour organization, Working Towards Sustainable Development Opportunities for Decent Work and Social Inclusion in a Green
and web-based collaborative services (e g. track changes, comments on a document or resource, tags, contribution to wikis, etc.)
Finally, many organizations that provide employability training have developed a range of complementary services aimed at improving the employment prospects of their clients.
These services include: 125 CV preparation; job counselling; employee connection services; information on local labour markets;
sector-specific training, often in collaboration with industry; language training, especially English. 6 Entrepreneurship skills and support It is recognized widely that entrepreneurship is a necessary ingredient for stimulating economic growth and employment opportunities around the world.
Services are provided to entrepreneurs, particularly those with low incomes and limited access to business resources, in the United states as well as Nicaragua and Haiti.
and pitch products and services. Mobile Monday is one of the most prominent examples, founded in 2000
today many services are helping small businesses, farmers, and others buy and sell over the internet,
www. 8villages. com/6. 6 Comprehensive programmes Many organizations and initiatives provide a suite of services,
These comprehensive programmes offer integrated services for young entrepreneurs with the aim of facilitating as much as possible the arduous process of starting a new business.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 48 Similar services continue to grow as universities and other educational institutions seize the power of ICTS
As such, they may offer programmes such as incubation services, hackathons, pitch fests, job boards, and contests that cater directly to the technology community.
though they also reported a desire for these places to institute services that would leverage their mobiles as well. 172 7. 5 Certification The certification process is a verification of competencies
health services. Representatives discussed and prioritized needs, and then launched hackathons (such as the Summer of code with support from Google) to develop apps for these two systems.
Use government procurement to purchase products and services from entrepreneurs and small companies. 9 Conclusion The transformations taking place around youth
and generating new opportunities for entrepreneurs developing ICT products and services for these sectors. Beyond these sectors, the internet itself is responsible for making possible new opportunities that have generated livelihoods for millions of people.
and new entrants are continuously introducing new products and services. Advances in mobile learning are opening new doors.
Making Mobile phones and Services Accessible, 2012 International Telecommunication Union (ITU. Measuring the Information Society 2012.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 69 Glossary Accelerators For-profit incubator that support start-ups with funding and other services in exchange for equity.
Incubators Programs that support start-ups through business support services and resources. Information technology Outsourcing (ITO) Refers to the outsourcing of computer or internet related work, such as programming.
Knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) Refers to the outsourcing of information-intensive activities such as market research, legal services, and patent applications.
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