however, the automotive industry shows a very attractive outlook 3 Sources: Reuters, FT, IHS Global Insight Growth driven mainly by developing regions
While travelling, you use the in-car wireless network to send an important email. You indicate you want to take the quickest, most expensive route.
Location aware smartphone detects 10 o'clock meeting and calls driverless car to pick you up.
and say that social media give them the access to their world that would once have been associated with cars.
Applications and automotive app stores Improved onboard diagnostics & extended vehicle life In-car data services Increased safety (V2i, V2v,)
and maintained including having the latest driving software Help car owners earn extra money by renting their unused cars out to strangers Capture new
14 Formal languages that Evolve and Proliferate Social Constructivism Multiple and Subjective Descriptions Open source in Digital Ecosystems 17 Open Knowledge, Open Governance and Community 18 References 20 Table of contents 6introductionthis introductory paper summarises the needs and the processes that have led to the concept of digital
business ecosystem (DBE), the impact that this area of research aims to achieve, and the scientific and conceptual perspectives that have been uncovered by this approach.
by leveraging an evolutionary and open knowledge approach we have been able to engage diverse communities of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) in several regions of Europe in the adoption of state-of-the-art business modelling, software development,
and its frequent forays into very theoretical research as well as very applied and action-oriented research (Lewin, 946) through direct engagement with the software industry and socioeconomic stakeholders,
knowledge Open governance Natural and formal languages Economic outputs: Economic empowerment Production capacity Open source tools and processes for the collective representation and formalisation of knowledge Economic developmentict s Systems theory 2nd-order cybernetics Structural determinism
Structure and function Structural coupling Autopoiesis Digital Business Ecosystem Knowledge creation outputs: formalised knowledge, services, training modules, skills, business and licencing models, laws, digital contracts...
however, SMES are networked heavily in a web of business and social links with their suppliers, clients,
the technical infrastructure, based on a P2p distributed software technology that transports, finds, and connects services
and information over Internet links enabling networked transactions, and the distribution of all the digital‘objects'present within the infrastructure.
and processed (by computer software and/or humans), e g. software applications, services, knowledge, taxonomies, folksonomies, ontologies, descriptions of skills, reputation and trust relationships, training modules, contractual frameworks, laws.
Also, in the case of Digital Business Ecosystem, an isomorphic model between biological behaviour and the behaviour of the software, based on theoretical computer science implications and leading to an evolutionary, self-organising,
5) Now Networked Enterprise and RFID Unit, Directorate General information Society and Media. 6) Inspired by work of Thomas Kurz,
business models, training modules, skill descriptions, digital contracts, software services, ontologies, dynamic semantic networks and taxonomies, folksonomies, tag clouds...
For example research conducted in the context of the DBE IP has highlighted the importance of Regional Catalysts and other intermediary actors such as professional associations or volunteer open source communities.
ICT networks, social networks, and knowledge networks. The networked connections enabled by the Internet and the World wide web grew along the links of the preexisting
and underlying social, professional, collaboration, and business networks between governments, researchers, businesses, companies, and friends.
Computing environments likewise spilled over from the single computer to the local area network (LAN) at first, and eventually to the global Internet.
Networked computers motivated the development of distributed architectures and shared resources, culminating in the peer-to-peer (P2p) model.
The faster and more pervasive communications enabled by the technology reinforced the already existing trend from a material economy based on manufacturing toward a service economy based on knowledge production and distributed value chains.
and ideas in order to understand how we could succeed in developing practical software technologies that reflect the social and economic relationships between people and economic actors,
to identify ICT adoption and social networking with a process rather than an event. This required the integration of the technological approach with a social science perspective,
It tries to find a balance between old theories of stagnation brought by oligopolies (Steindl, 990) on the one hand and Open Innovation (Chesbrough, 2003) and Crowdsourcing 0 on the other.
It asks questions about Open source and the Linux phenomenon in the same breath as Schumpeter's (942) oversubscribed creative destruction from IBM to Microsoft to Google.
0) Crowdsourcing is defined as new business model in which a company or institution takes a job traditionally performed by a designated agent (usually an employee) and outsources it to an undefined, generally large group of people in the form of an open call over the Internet.
Crowdsourcing has been used the first time by (Howe 2006. http://www. openmoney. org. Work currently being done in the OPAALS project:
www. opaals. org. 2) In the private sector this refers to fewer IPR restrictions, in adademia it refers to initiatives such as Open Access Publishing
combining an open source shared middleware infrastructure with software services, models and information that compete on the revenue models
An open source ecosystem-oriented architecture provides, indeed, a distributed middleware that acts as a new ICT commons,
and the tactic of using Regional Catalysts) as an effective methodology to achieve sustainable socioeconomic development at the regional scale.
‘Software engineering is a social process'.'Systems theory, Second-order Cybernetics, and Radical Constructivismepistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge.
In Digital Ecosystems research autopoiesis is used as the ultimate model of interactive computation, but it is used also as a metaphor for a generalised form of organisation.
and therefore also to the Internet and its applications/services. It was remarked by Lessig when he observed that the code is the law of cyberspace (999).
The Internet's structure determines how the Internet is regulated. The Internet's role in innovation, based on the‘spontaneous'creation and implementation of new protocols and services, would not be possible with a different structure characterised by a centralised instead of an end-to-end and layered‘intelligence'.
'The change of basic structural principles could fundamentally alter the fabulously successful end-to-end Internet: The remarkable social impact and economic success of the Internet is in many ways directly attributable to the architectural characteristics that were part of its design.
The Internet was designed with no gatekeepers over new content or services. The Internet is layered based on a,
end-to-end model that allows people at each level of the network to innovate free of any central control.
By placing intelligence at the edges rather than control in the middle of the network, the Internet has created a platform for innovation.
Cerf, 2005) In a similar way, the effort in developing the architectural principles upon which to base the digital ecosystem were to regulate indirectly its functionalities by defining a structure that determines some behaviours
and prevents others. These are the same values and behaviours that were at the base of the Internet's growth and evolution.
This is best understood through the concept of structural coupling. Structural Coupling between the Business and Digital Ecosystemsan important aspect of autopoiesis is its radical relativism,
and processed (by computer software and/or humans); potentially any description of the economic and social actors, their capacities, skills and the relationships between them (EC 2005a.
The open source initial implementation is freely available (http://swallow. sourceforge. net/,http://dbestudio. sourceforege. net,
http://evenet. sourceforge. net) and has been adopted by SMES in pilot regions. 8 Such networks do resemble the behaviours of social networks where node formation
or database and there is no node/actor that has privileged a or full view of the ecosystem.
and the software services where there is a greater probability of their use. From the organisational perspective these principles imply the need for balanced
and formal languages and protocols. the architectural infrastructure that enables the desired autopoietic mechanisms and manages the distributed and pervasive storage of such knowledge,
This approach is fundamentally an extension and a conceptualisation of the evolution of the Internet and of the Web.
Computer science is concerned with the construction of new languages and algorithms in order to produce novel desired computer behaviours.
The Web is engineered an space created through formally specified languages and protocols (Berners-Lee, 2006.
Formal languages that Evolve and Proliferatethe issue of how distributed knowledge should be represented -and created-is one of the main research topics related to semantics of today. 2) The business ecosystem includes the socioeconomic players, the material transactions,
whether computer processes, humans, or a mixture thereof. 18 In the Web, due to the pressure of user needs, we see a continuous evolution of the protocols and artificial languages.
The evolution operates at the level of the specific languages/protocols: some languages are initially rudimental,
The focus of many scientists in recent years has in fact been to develop formal languages that have the expressive power to define more abstracts aspects of reality,
and of the layers of the semantic web stack of W3c. 23 In the ecosystem metaphor this research activity can be described as the phylogenetic tree24 of formal languages:
The cathedral of the Semantic web is replaced by a bazaar of descriptions and formalisms. The Digital Ecosystem can support such a bazaar of fragments of knowledge at different levels of formalisation and abstraction.
A good example of this evolution could be illustrated by the recent debate about the integration of the rules in the Semantic web Stack
what exists in the media or on the Internet. The information, or the digital representations of the ecosystem, shapes the user perception of the business ecosystem.
and we apply these insights to the digital world and to formal languages, we gain powerful instruments for development.
In other words, having embraced a holistic approach that highlights the dependence of the business models and interactions and of their formalisation into software services on their socioeconomic and cultural context,
Technology here is meant in a wider sense that encompasses the distributed infrastructure and middleware, the software services and applications, all the attendant web technologies,
and all the software development, requirements capture, and business modelling tools up to the boundary with natural language.
automating the generation of the software to interface to the underlying mediating technology through appropriate transformations.
Multiple and Subjective Descriptionsthe software engineering approach and the Semantic web approach are based on the description of some aspect of reality through formal ontologies
The formal languages used have a high expressive power but due to their complexity the codification requires mediation by experts.
The descriptions made by the users through collaborative tagging are less expressive and detailed than the descriptions made with formal languages;
or simply strange in most technological fields, is actually rather obviously the basis of the Web 2. 0 phenomenon.
The translation of this power into a mode of economic production is the central question of open source research. 20 Open source in Digital Ecosystemstwo of the three26 deep trends due to which, according to Dalle et al.
The access to the infosphere created by the digital ecosystem commons represents one of the most promising strategies to reduce the digital divide between SMES and large enterprises.
The Open source approach has thus been the only possible choice for the Digital Ecosystem infrastructure,
Access to code allows the growth of social networks able to build and transform their business/economic environment according to their shared description of the world.
There are many factors that influence the uptake of open source by companies, such as their connections in the open source community,
or the know-how of the way the open source process works and the implications of different types of licences.
Digital Ecosystems can then be seen as the structure that connects and mobilises such knowledge and that facilitates such processes.
and hence of real space then open source systems become capable of alleviating some of the fears that arise
Open source communities are epistemic communities28 (Edwards, 200) organised as a distributed network of agents that are not just based on altruism, reputation or hacker ethics.
The key actors in the development of an open source product are the individual contributors companies (for profit and nonprofit) and researchers.
All sets of actors respond to the legal incentives embodied in open source production. Up to now economic theory suggests that long-term incentives are stronger under three conditions:
'programmers will want to work on software projects that will attract a large number of other programmers. Lerner, 2006) 26) The third reason is simply the very large amount of empirical data on open source communities and software production,
which is certainly important for social scientists but less relevant to this discussion. 27) The acronym FLOSS stands For free/Libre/Open-source Software 28) An‘epistemic community'is a network of knowledge-based experts or groups with an authoritative claim to policy
-relevant knowledge within the domain of their expertise. Members hold a common set of causal beliefs and share notions of validity based on internally defined criteria for evaluation, common policy projects
and process view of a Digital Ecosystem that is compatible with the latest software and web technologies, with social systems and social processes,
and economically viable freestanding business model for free and open source software, one uncoupled to any complementary commercial activity,
the apparent willingness of profit-seeking producers of complementary goods and services to source software (Dalle 2005). 22 also express a process.
or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm, Yale Law Journal, Vol 2, pp 369-446.30) REDEN:
Regional Digital Ecosystem Network, http://reden. opaals. org Process Digital Ecosystems Structure Function Evolution Self-organisation Design Software Technology Model Community
Language Organisational Structure P2p Open source Power Mediation Open Governance & Institutional Innovation Equilibrium, Institutionalisation Collective Intelligence Memory Trust Transparency & Accountability Open
Creating a Science of the Web, Science, August 2006: Vol. 3 3. no. 5788, pp. 769-77 Berners-Lee, T;
A Framework for Web Science, Foundations and trends in Web Science, Vol..No (2006. -30bessen, J (2002.
Open source Software: Free Provision of Complex Public Goods, SSRN-id588763. http://citeseer. ist. psu. edu/bessen02open. html, last accessed/7/07.
Advancing Economic Research on the Free and Open-source Software Mode of Production, in How Open is the Future?
Towards a Critique of the Political economy of Free/Open source Software and Peer-to-peer File sharing Networks, Cornell University. http://www. shaydavid. info/indexpapers. html, last accessed/7/07.
Epistemic Communities, Situated Learning and Open source Software Development, Working Paper, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark.
The Hard Problem for Artificial life, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. Halpin, H (2006b.
Principia Cybernetica Web (Principia Cybernetica, Brussels), http://cleamc. vub. ac. be/SECORCYB. html last visited/5/2007.24 Howe, J (2006.
The Rise of Crowdsourcing, Wired, June. Iansiti, M and R Levien (2004. The Keystone Advantage:
Nature-inspired computing technology and applications, BT Technol J, Vol 8 No 4 october. Maturana, H and F Varela (998.
Articulos y Conferences Diez Años de Post-Racionalismo en Chile (Instituto de Terapia Cognitiva Web, Santiago) http://www. inteco. cl
An Introduction, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard Law school. http://cyber. law. harvard. edu/bold/devel03/modules/episodeii. html Nachira, F (2002.
The Economic and Social Implications of Information technology, Edited by William H. Dutton, Boston: MIT Press.
Rethinking the European ICT Agenda-Ten ICT Breakthroughs for Reaching Lisbon, The netherlands (EU presidency 2004), Ministry of Economic Affairs, Directorate-General for Telecommunications and Post, The hague, August.
Extremadura and the Revolution of Free Software, in How Open is the Future? M Wynants and J Cornelis Eds.
Understanding Computers and Cognition, A new foundation for Design, Noorwood, Newyersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation
A provisional framework for analysing relationships between social innovation and digital technologies Title: A provisional framework for analysing relationships between social innovation
2013) identify six types of online social networking platforms with the potential to enable social innovation.
and exchange data using discrete representations. A provisional framework Having developed conceptualisations of social innovation and digital technologies,
and energy efficient technologies (including digital technologies such as open source energy management systems). Conversely digital technologies can be viewed as integral components of the social innovative configurations that work.
For example, social innovations, such as Wikipedia, can democratise the processes of developing and managing technology and knowledge.
first, communities developing open source technologies to support more sustainable consumption practices (e g. Open Energy Monitor;
and secondly, online free reuse communities (e g. Freecycle and A provisional framework for analysing relationships between social innovation
The Young Foundation and the Web: Digital Social Innovation. The Young Foundation 2012. Social Innovation Overview:
20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www. worldbank. org All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 17 16 15 14 This work is a product of the staff of The World bank with external contributions.
The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World bank, its Board of Executive directors,
The World bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations,
fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank. org. ISBN (paper: 978-1-4648-0351-2 ISBN (electronic:
88 Resources on the Doing Business website...91 Doing Business 2015 Spain 4 INTRODUCTION Doing Business sheds light on how easy
The data set covers 47 economies in Sub-saharan africa, 32 in Latin america and the Caribbean, 25 in East asia and the Pacific, 26 in Eastern europe and Central asia, 20 in the middle East and North africa and 8 in South Asia
it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2014 (except for the paying taxes indicators,
which cover the period January December 2013). The Doing Business methodology has limitations. Other areas important to business such as an economy's proximity to large markets, the quality of its infrastructure services (other than those related to trading across borders
Because standard assumptions are used in the data collection, comparisons and benchmarks are valid across economies.
The data not only highlight the extent of obstacles to doing business; they also help identify the source of those obstacles, supporting policy makers in designing regulatory reform.
The data, along with information on ordering Doing Business 2015, are available on the Doing Business website at http://www. doingbusiness. org.
Doing Business 2015 Spain 5 CHANGES IN DOING BUSINESS 2015 As part of a 2-year update in methodology,
Second, for the 11 economies with a population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added to the data set and the ranking calculation.
and their coverage has been expanded to include regulations on labor disputes and on benefits provided to workers.
In addition, this indicator set no longer includes the procedures for obtaining a landline telephone connection. For more details on the changes, see the What is changing in Doing Business?
For more details on the data and methodology, please see the Data Notes chapter starting on page 114 of the Doing Business 2015 report.
but the data are presented in this year's economy profile. The aggregate ranking on the ease of doing business benchmarks each economy's performance on the indicators against that of all other economies in the Doing Business sample (figure 1. 1)
0. 93*DB2014 ranking shown is not last year's published ranking but a comparable ranking for DB2014 that captures the effects of such factors as data corrections and the changes in methodology.
See the data notes starting on page 114 of the Doing Business 2015 report for sources and definitions.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT For policy makers, knowing where their economy stands in the aggregate ranking on the ease of doing business is useful.
For the economies for which the data cover 2 cities, scores are weighted a population average for the 2 cities.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 9 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Figure 1. 3 Rankings on Doing Business topics-Spain (Scale:
For the economies for which the data cover 2 cities, scores are weighted a population average for the 2 cities.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 10 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTJUST as the overall ranking on the ease of doing business tells only part of the story,
See the data notes starting on page 114 of the Doing Business 2015 report for more details on the distance to frontier score.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 11 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTTHE absolute values of the indicators tell another part of the story (table 1. 1). The indicators,
Depth of credit information index (0-8) 7 7 6 8 7 7 6 8 23 Economies (8)* Credit registry coverage
(%of adults) 50.0 51 9 44.5 1. 3 24.6 100.0 0. 0 0. 0 Portugal (100.0) Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 15.3 15.6
DB2014 rankings shown are not last year's published rankings but comparable rankings for DB2014 that capture the effects of such factors as data corrections and changes to the methodology.
For a list of these economies, see the Doing Business website (http://www. doingbusiness. org.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 16 STARTING A BUSINESS Formal registration of companies has many immediate benefits for the companies and for business owners and employees.
To make the data comparable across economies, Doing Business uses several assumptions about the business and the procedures.
data for a second city have been added. Doing Business 2015 Spain 17 STARTING A BUSINESS Where does the economy stand today?
According to data collected by Doing Business, starting a business there requires 6. 0 procedures, takes 13.0 days,
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities.
For more information on the methodology of the starting a business indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www. doingbusiness. org.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 18 STARTING A BUSINESS Globally, Spain stands at 74 in the ranking of 189 economies on the ease of starting a business (figure 2. 2). The rankings for comparator economies
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 19 STARTING A BUSINESS Economies around the world have taken steps making it easier to start a business streamlining procedures by setting up a one-stop shop,
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 20 STARTING A BUSINESS What are the details?
These procedures are those that apply to a company matching the standard assumptions (the standardized company) used by Doing Business in collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators measure.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 23 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS Regulation of construction is critical to protect the public.
To make the data comparable across economies Doing Business uses several assumptions about the business
For the 11 economies with a population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added.
According to data collected by Doing Business, dealing with construction permits there requires 7. 0 procedures,
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities.
For more information on the methodology of the dealing with construction permits indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www. doingbusiness. org.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 25 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS Globally, Spain stands at 105 in the ranking of 189 economies on the ease of dealing with construction permits (figure 3. 2). The rankings for comparator economies and the regional average ranking provide other useful
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 26 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS What are the details?
and structure matching the standard assumptions used by Doing Business in collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators cover).
if necessary Declaration of the promoter that a signboard has been posted at the site to inform the public that a building license has been applied for
if required Project design of installation of telecommunications infrastructure Real Decreto 346/2011 Project design of the use of solar energy for heating (either as an independent project design or as part of the general project design),
and receive final inspection is provided on the official website of the Municipality of Madrid, www. munimadrid. es.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 30 GETTING ELECTRICITY Access to reliable and affordable electricity is vital for businesses.
To make the data comparable across economies several assumptions are used. The warehouse: is owned by a local entrepreneur, located in the economy's largest business city,
For the 11 economies with a population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added.
According to data collected by Doing Business, getting electricity there requires 5. 0 procedures, takes 85.0 days
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities.
For more information on the methodology of the getting electricity indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www. doingbusiness. org.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 32 GETTING ELECTRICITY Globally, Spain stands at 74 in the ranking of 189 economies on the ease of getting electricity (figure 4. 2). The rankings for comparator economies and the regional average ranking provide another perspective in assessing how easy
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 33 GETTING ELECTRICITY What are the details? The indicators reported here for Spain are based on a set of specific procedures the steps that an entrepreneur must complete to get a warehouse connected to electricity by the local distribution utility identified by Doing Business.
Data are collected from the distribution utility, then completed and verified by electricity regulatory agencies and independent professionals such as electrical engineers, electrical contractors and construction companies.
and electricity connection matching the standard assumptions used by Doing Business in collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators cover).
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 36 REGISTERING PROPERTY Ensuring formal property rights is fundamental.
To make the data comparable across economies several assumptions about the parties to the transaction, the property and the procedures are used.
data for a second city have been added. Doing Business 2015 Spain 37 REGISTERING PROPERTY Where does the economy stand today?
According to data collected by Doing Business, registering property there requires 5. 0 procedures, takes 12.0 days
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities.
see the Doing Business website (http://www. doingbusiness. org). For details on the procedures reflected here,
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 38 REGISTERING PROPERTY Globally, Spain stands at 66 in the ranking of 189 economies on the ease of registering property (figure 5. 2). The rankings for comparator economies
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 39 REGISTERING PROPERTY Economies worldwide have been making it easier for entrepreneurs to register
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 40 REGISTERING PROPERTY What are the details? The indicators reported here are based on a set of specific procedures the steps that a buyer
These procedures are those that apply to a transaction matching the standard assumptions used by Doing Business in collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators cover.
and the printout from the internet is valid. This document is an Informative Land Registry Extract containing the same information as an Ownership and encumbrances Certificate,
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 43 GETTING CREDIT Two types of frameworks can facilitate access to credit
credit information systems and borrowers and lenders in collateral and bankruptcy laws. Credit information systems enable lenders'rights to view a potential borrower's financial history (positive
or negative) valuable information to consider when assessing risk. And they permit borrowers to establish a good credit history that will allow easier access to credit.
and practices affecting the coverage, scope and accessibility of credit information available through a credit registry or a credit bureau.
see the Data Notes section of the Doing Business 2015 report. These scenarios assume that the borrower:
For the 11 economies with a population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added.
and credit registries Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) Number of individuals and firms listed in largest credit bureau as percentage of adult population Credit registry coverage(%of adults) Number of individuals
2 new points are added in Doing Business 2015 for new data collected to assess the overall legal framework for secured transactions and the functioning of the collateral registry. 4 For the credit information index,
2 new points are added in Doing Business 2015 for new data collected on accessing borrowers'credit information online and availability of credit scores.
How well do the credit information system and collateral and bankruptcy laws in Spain facilitate access to credit?
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 45 GETTING CREDITONE way to put an economy's score on the getting credit indicators into context is to see where the economy stands in the distribution of scores across economies.
Doing Business database. Economy scores on depth of credit information index Note: Higher scores indicate the availability of more credit information, from either a credit registry or a credit bureau,
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 46 GETTING CREDIT What are the details? The getting credit indicators reported here for Spain are based on detailed information collected in that economy.
The data on credit information sharing are collected through a survey of a credit registry and/or credit bureau (if one exists).
The data on the legal rights of borrowers and lenders are gathered through a survey of financial lawyers
7 Are data on both firms and individuals distributed? Yes Yes 1 Are both positive and negative credit data distributed?
No Yes 1 Are data from retailers or utility companies-in addition to data from banks and financial institutions-distributed?
Yes No 1 Are at least 2 years of historical data distributed?(Credit bureaus and registries that distribute more than 10 years of negative data
or erase data on defaults as soon as they are repaid obtain a score of 0 for this component.)
No No 0 Are data on loan amounts below 1%of income per capita distributed? Yes No 1 By law, do borrowers have the right to access their data in the credit bureau or credit registry?
Yes Yes 1 Can banks and financial institutions access borrowers'credit information online (for example, through an online platform, a system-to-system connection or both?
Yes Yes 1 Are bureau or registry credit scores offered as a value-added service to help banks
and financial institutions assess the creditworthiness of borrowers? Yes No 1 Note: Prior to Doing Business 2015,
the total score on the depth of credit information index is 0. Coverage Credit bureau(%of adults) Credit registry(%of adults) Number of firms 380,000 888,232 Number of individuals 4, 400,000
593,552 Doing Business 2015 Spain 48 Coverage Credit bureau(%of adults) Credit registry(%of adults) Total percentage of adult population 15.3 50.0 Source:
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 49 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Protecting minority investors matters for the ability of companies to raise the capital they need to grow,
To make the data comparable across economies, a case study uses several assumptions about the business and the transaction.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 51 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS One way to put an economy's scores on the protecting minority investors indicators into context is to see where the economy stands in the distribution of scores
Doing Business database. Figure 7. 3 How extensive is the liability regime for directors? Extent of director liability index (0-10) Note:
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 52 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Figure 7. 4 How easy is accessing internal corporate documents?
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 53 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Figure 7. 5 How extensive are shareholder rights?
Doing Business database. Figure 7. 6 How strong is the governance structure? Strength of governance structure index (0-10.5) Note:
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 54 Figure 7. 7 How extensive is corporate transparency?
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 55 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS What are the details?
governance structure and corporate transparency in a standard case study (for more details, see the Data Notes section of the Doing Business 2015 report).
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 58 Doing Business 2015 Spain 59 PAYING TAXES Taxes are essential.
To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions are used. Taxpayerco is a medium-size business that started operations on January 1, 2012.
and frequency of filing and payment Time required to comply with 3 major taxes (hours per year) Collecting information and computing the tax payable Completing tax return forms,
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 61 PAYING TAXES Economies around the world have made paying taxes faster and easier for businesses such as by consolidating filings,
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 62 PAYING TAXES What are the details? The indicators reported here for Spain are based on the taxes
and contributions that would be paid by a standardized case study company used by Doing Business in collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators cover).
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 64 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS In today's globalized world,
To make the data comparable across economies, Doing Business uses several assumptions about the business and the traded goods. The business:
For the 11 economies with a population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added.
According to data collected by Doing Business, exporting a standard container of goods requires 4 documents,
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities.
and comparator economies rank on the ease of trading across borders Source Doing Business database.
Governments have introduced tools to facilitate trade including single windows, risk-based inspections and electronic data interchange systems.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 67 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS What are the details?
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 69 ENFORCING CONTRACTS Effective commercial dispute resolution has many benefits.
Following the step-by-step evolution of a standardized case study, it collects data relating to the time,
To make the data comparable across economies, Doing Business uses several assumptions about the case:
For the 11 economies with a population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added.
According to data collected by Doing Business, contract enforcement takes 510.0 days, costs 18.5%of the value of the claim and requires 40.0 procedures (see the summary at the end of this chapter for details).
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 71 ENFORCING CONTRACTS What are the details? The indicators reported here for Spain are based on a set of specific procedural steps required to resolve a standardized commercial dispute through the courts (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators cover.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 76 RESOLVING INSOLVENCY A robust bankruptcy system functions as a filter,
supplemented with data from central banks and the Economist Intelligence Unit. In addition, Doing Business evaluates the adequacy and integrity of the existing legal framework applicable to liquidation and reorganization proceedings through the strength of insolvency framework index.
The data are derived from survey responses by local insolvency practitioners and verified through a study of laws and regulations as well as public information on bankruptcy systems.
According to data collected by Doing Business, resolving insolvency takes 1. 5 years on average and costs 11.0%of the debtor's estate,
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities.
According to data collected by Doing Business Spain scores 3. 0 out of 3 points on the commencement of proceedings index, 6. 0 out of 6 points on the management of debtor's assets index, 2
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 79 Figure 11.2 Recovery Rate (0-100)- Spain Source:
Doing Business database. Figure 11.3 Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16)- Spain Source: Doing Business database.
Doing Business 2015 Spain 80 RESOLVING INSOLVENCY A well-balanced bankruptcy system distinguishes companies that are distressed financially
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 81 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Doing Business measures flexibility in the regulation of employment,
Also new is that Doing Business collects data on regulations applying to employees hired through temporary-work agencies as well as on those applying to permanent employees
Doing Business 2015 presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex. The report does not present rankings of economies on these indicators nor include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score
Detailed data collected on labor market regulations are available on the Doing Business website (http://www. doingbusiness. org.
The data on labor market regulations are based on a detailed survey of employment regulations that is completed by local lawyers and public officials.
Employment laws and regulations as well as secondary sources are reviewed to ensure accuracy. To make the data comparable across economies,
several assumptions about the worker and the business are used. The worker: Is a cashier in a supermarket
For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city. Is subject to collective bargaining agreements
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 83 LABOR MARKET REGULATION What are the details? The data reported here for Spain are based on a detailed survey of labor market regulation that is completed by local lawyers and public officials.
Employment laws and regulations as well as secondary sources are reviewed to ensure accuracy. Difficulty of hiring index Difficulty of hiring covers 4 areas:(
i) whether fixed-term contracts are prohibited for permanent tasks;(ii) the maximum cumulative duration of fixed-term contracts;(
Difficulty of hiring index Data Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? Yes Maximum length of a single fixed-term contract (months) It depends on the type of fixed-term contract:(
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 84 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Rigidity of hours index Rigidity of hours covers 7 areas:(
Rigidity of hours index Data 50-hour workweek allowed for 2 months a year in case of a seasonal increase in workload?
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 85 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Difficulty of redundancy index Difficulty of redundancy index looks at 9 questions:(
Difficulty of redundancy index Data Maximum length of probationary period (months) 2. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law?
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 86 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Redundancy cost Redundancy cost measures the cost of advance notice requirements,
Redundancy cost indicator (in salary weeks) Data Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 2. 1 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker
Doing Business database. Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes Doing Business collects data on the existence of unemployment protection schemes as well as data on
whether employers are required legally to provide health insurance for employees with permanent contracts. Doing Business also assesses the mechanisms available to resolve labor disputes.
More specifically, it collects data on what courts would be competent to hear labor disputes
Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes indicator Data Availability of unemployment protection scheme?
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 87 Doing Business 2015 Spain 88 DISTANCE TO FRONTIER
since 2005 or the third year after data for the indicator were collected for the first time. For legal indicators such as those on getting credit or protecting minority investors, the frontier is set at the highest possible value.
In the same formulation, to mitigate the effects of extreme outliers in the distributions of the rescaled data for most component indicators (very few economies need 700 days to complete the procedures to start a business
and the United arab emirates. Second, Doing Business sorts these economies on the increase in their distance to frontier score from the previous year using comparable data.
Doing Business 2015 Spain 91 RESOURCES ON THE DOING BUSINESS WEBSITE Current features News on the Doing Business project http://www. doingbusiness. org Rankings How economies rank from 1 to 189
http://www. doingbusiness. org/rankings Data All the data for 189 economies topic rankings, indicator values,
lists of regulatory procedures and details underlying indicators http://www. doingbusiness. org/data Reports Access to Doing Business reports as well as subnational
, lists of reforms since DB2008 and a ranking simulation tool http://www. doingbusiness. org/reforms Historical data Customized data sets
-library Contributors More than 10,700 specialists in 189 economies who participate in Doing Business http://www. doingbusiness. org/contributors/doing-business Entrepreneurship data Data on business density (number of newly registered
000 working-age people) for 139 economies http://www. doingbusiness. org/data/exploretopics/entrepreneurship Distance to frontier Data benchmarking 189 economies to the frontier in regulatory
practice http://www. doingbusiness. org/data/distance-to-frontier Information on good practices Showing where the many good practices identified by Doing Business have been adopted http://www. doingbusiness. org
/data/good-practice Doing Business Iphone app Doing Business at a Glance presenting the full report, rankings and highlights for each topic for the iphone,
ipad and ipod touch http://www. doingbusiness. org/specialfeatures/iphone Doing Business 2015 Spain 92
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