and at doubling the share of e-commerce in retail sales (3. 4%in 2010) and that of the Internet sector in European GDP (less than 3%in 2010) by 2015.
adopted by the Commission on 3 october 20124, the digital economy and the realization of the Digital Single Market for Europe are one of the four main drivers of a more prosperous and competitive Europe.
for building trust in the Digital Single Market for ecommerce and online services COM (2011) 942 Final, Here after the Communication;
The European parliament calls for solutions to overcome the remaining barriers in the Digital Single Market (in the areas of delivery, VAT, payments, consumer rights, data protection, copyright), in line with proposals from the Commission.
meeting, Brussels, 30 and 31 may 2012 6 (2012/2030 (INI)) 3 by inter alia, improved administrative cooperation with the Member States, in particular through the extension of the Internal Market Information system (IMI),
the Consumer Protection Cooperation network (CPC) and an in depth evaluation study of the transposition and implementation of the Directive (2012) 7. Internal Market Information system:
and (last-instance) national case-law with the Ecommerce Directive. The conformity assessment concerns all 27 Member States
and of the Council of 25 october 2012 on administrative cooperation through the Internal Market Information system and repealing Commission Decision 2008/49/EC http://eur-lex. europa. eu/Lexuriserv/Lexuriserv. do?
which generate the highest number of consumers'complaints, namely tourism, on-line retail and digital downloads.
The recentlyadopted (October 2012) Directive on Orphan works15 sets out common rules on the digitisation
and online display of orphan works and introduces a new exception to copyright (one of the few ones to be fully harmonised at EU level).
The Memorandum of Understanding (Mou) on Out-of-Commerce Books sets out a broad framework for the mass digitisation of books and scientific journals.
and text and data mining. As part of this exercise, a report will be published on the outcome of the consultation launched by the Green Paper on the online distribution of audiovisual works in early 2013.
In December 2011, the Body of European Regulators for Electronic communications (BEREC), jointly with the Commission services, launched a Europe-wide data 21 For further info see IP/12/1367 http://europa
and published it on its website. According to the data gathered by BEREC the majority of ISPS offer unrestricted Internet access.
However, certain restrictions affect a significant number and portion of users, especially in the mobile sector.
More than 21%of subscribers are affected by peerto-peer (P2p) restrictions on fixed networks and Voice over internet Protocol (Voip) restrictions on mobile networks.
Additionally more than 36%of users are experiencing restrictions regarding P2p on mobile networks. Such restrictions affect access to several legal services that use P2p technology
Moreover, a recent Commission in depth market study on internet services provision from a consumer perspective showed that very little information was provided to consumers on internet providers'websites on issues such as blocking/slowing down of services
and download limits (94%and 56%respectively of websites assessed by mystery shoppers provided no information on the aforementioned issues) 23.
Following BEREC's work in this field, the Commission services launched a public consultation on"specific aspects of transparency, traffic management and switching in an Open Internet"on between 23 july and 15 october 2012.
or download limits. 24 COM (2011) 851 final COM (2011) 851 final http://ec. europa. eu/taxation customs/resources/documents/taxation/vat/key documents
pricing and the impact on VAT rules and notably a possible alignment of offline and online VAT rates.
which determines the necessary technical details for exchanges of data under the mini OSS was adopted under the Comitology procedure.
The revision of the Public sector Information (PSI) Directive is a part of a wider Open Data Strategy, adopted by the Commission on 12 december 2011,
which includes support to R&d on data along with the development of European dataportals and other actions designed to facilitate EU-wide access to PSI
It seeks to provide an updated legal framework 26 Proposal for a Council Regulation amending Implementing Regulation (EU) No 282/2011 as regards the special schemes for non-established taxable persons supplying telecommunications services. http
as regards special schemes for non established taxable persons supplying telecommunications, broadcasting or electronic services to non taxable persons (OJ L 249,14. 9. 2012
and interaction between all the stakeholders involved in comparison websites, retailers, regulators, consumer organisations; map best practices in the comparison of products and services across different sectors and identify potential areas of improvement.
Private operators of comparison websites have also been invited as speakers. The initiative is horizontal in scope, covering various sectors such as retail, travel, energy and electronic communications.
In order to increase internet enforcement capability in the EU, the latter co-funds a large cooperation project involving a partnership of 16 national consumer protection and enforcement authorities.
the CPC network performed an EU-wide investigation (sweep) into web-sites offering digital products, such as games, videos or music downloads,
in order to verify compliance of such websites with EU consumer protection legislation. Of the 333 websites checked, 76%were flagged for further investigation
and will be followed-up by the competent national authorities in 2012 and 201335. Main action 7:
websites (see above at page 11. Main action 8: present a European action plan for online gambling
which will in turn dissuade consumers from using unregulated sites. Main action 9: Via the implementation of the Directive on falsified medicinal products,
14 identify sites providing the public with legal offers of medicinal products through distance sales (2013-2014) and,
This Directive will strengthen consumers'rights when buying on the Internet. Consumers will have to be provided with essential information before they order goods
internet cost traps and charges of which the consumer was informed not in advance. The further harmonisation of the rules on distance contracts provided in the Directive means a single set of core rules across the EU that will not only promote consumers'trust
but also lower the compliance and administrative burden for businesses in cross-border e-commerce. To assist Member States in their transposition work
Data protection reform: As regards the protection of personal data, the European commission adopted on 25 january 2012 a comprehensive reform of data protection rules,
aiming in particular at strengthened online privacy rights and boosting Europe's digital economy. The Commission's proposals update and modernise the principles enshrined in the Data protection Directive 95/46/EC,
to guarantee privacy rights in the future. They include a policy Communication setting out the Commission's objectives and two legislative proposals:
a General Data protection Regulation proposing a general EU framework for data protection41 and a Directive on protecting personal data processed for the purposes of the prevention, detection, investigation or prosecution of criminal offences and related judicial activities42.
The proposed General Data protection Regulation, by providing a single law, will substantially reduce the current fragmentation and costly administrative burdens, leading to savings for businesses of around €2. 3 billion a year,
and will help reinforce consumer confidence in online services, thus providing a much needed boost to growth, jobs and innovation in Europe.
The reform proposals are currently being discussed by the European parliament and the Council43. Electronic identification and signatures:
On 4 june 2012, the Commission adopted a proposal on a regulation on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market44.
service and website authentication. The legislative process is ongoing. 3. 3 RELIABLE AND EFFICIENT PAYMENT AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS Main Action 10:
develop a strategy for the integration of the markets for payments by card, internet or mobile phone,
PDF 43 For further info, see http://ec. europa. eu/justice/data protection/index en. htm 44 COM (2012) 238/2 http://ec. europa. eu
(ii) making sure that these payment services are transparent for consumers and sellers,(iii) improving and accelerating the standardisation and interoperability of payments by card, internet or mobile phone,
and (iv) increasing the level of security of payments and data protection. The Commission will present the conclusions of this exercise and the next stages by mid-2012.
internet and mobile payments45, the Commission is working to promote an integrated European market for card, internet and mobile payments for the benefits of consumers and merchants.
which helped identifying a number of key hurdles on the path towards the market integration of card, internet and mobile payments most
of which are relevant in the context of ecommerce and online services. These include: Restricted market access for new, card or online-banking based, payment service providers;
Obstacles for (web) merchants who wish to benefit from the cross-border or central acquiring of card payments;
Standardisation and inter-operability gaps for the provision of card, internet and mobile payments across the EU;
http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/consultations/docs/2010/ecommerce/summary report en. pdfhttp://ec. europa. eu/internal market/consultations/docs/2010/ecommerce/summary report en
According to that provision, online intermediaries providing"storage of information supplied by a recipient of the service"(hosting services such as social networks,
web hosting or e-commerce platforms), cannot be held liable for illegal content that they store if they fulfil one of the following two conditions:
In the L'oréal/ebay case (July 2011) the Court clarified that"awareness"of illegal content can in particular be obtained by a notice that is"sufficiently detailed and adequately substantiated".
by using the internet to offer goods and services which are infringing IPRS. An extensive consultation was carried out on the application of Directive 2004/48 on civil IPR enforcement in 2012 culminating with a conference on 26 june 2012.
the Memorandum of Understanding on the sale of counterfeit goods via the Internet concluded between 33 companies and trade associations and covering 39 different internet sites in Europe,
and data as regards ADR systems for disputes between businesses (B2b ADR) via a SME-panel survey and a Eurobarometer survey.
updating the Framework Decision on attacks against information systems, in order to deal with the growing number of large-scale cyber attacks against businesses but also increasingly against governments as for example, the cyber attacks against Estonia in 2007.
and sale of tools (widely known as'botnets')to carry out attacks against information systems. The Council and the European parliament reached a political agreement on a compromise text in early June 2012
The Centre acts as the focal point in the fight against cybercrime in the Union and will have four core functions:
Specific actions are aimed at enhancing cyber resilience of information systems, reducing cybercrime and strenghthening EU international cyber-securtiry policy
and promoting core EU values, including by proposing norms for responsible behaviour, and encouraging the application of existing international cyberspace laws in accordance with the EU acquis
Consistent infrastructure access pricing is key to effective competition and investments in the EU telecoms markets.
Regulatory consistency across Europe ensures that telecoms operators benefit from regulatory predictability and clarity which are necessary for, in particular,
In practice, however, national telecoms regulators use diverging costing methodologies to set copper-and fibre-based wholesale access prices in their countries.
individual national telecoms regulators, market players as well as investors. The Commission services have in addition, commissioned three independent studies.
High speed broadband Internet is the backbone of the digital single market. Hence the broadband targets of the Digital Agenda for Europe,
access to high speed broadband (30 Megabits per second or more) for all Europeans by 2020, with at least 50%of European households having high speed subscriptions above 100 Megabits per second.
adopt an overall strategy on cloud computing in order to stimulate that sector and provide the legal certainty which economic operators need (2012).
The Communication"Unleashing the Potential of Cloud computing in Europe"57 was adopted and published by the Commission on 27 of September 2012.
The overall goal of the recently adopted EU cloud computing strategy is to make Europe cloud-active
Cutting through the jungle of standards so that cloud users enjoy interoperability, data portability and reversibility.
which enable users to evaluate and compare, in a simple manner, the level of conformity with standards, interoperability and data portability.
Certification would also encompass the verification that the provider has implemented the appropriate IT SECURITY and data protection measures,
as well as technical and organisational measures and the appropriate safeguards for data transfers. The development of model contract terms to cover issues not covered by the Common European Sales Law such as:
data preservation after termination of the contract, data disclosure and integrity, data location and transfer, ownership of the data or direct and indirect liability.
and conditions is a way of encouraging the wide take up of cloud computing services by increasing consumer trust. 57 COM (2012) 529 http://ec. europa. eu/information society/activities/cloudcomputing/docs/com
and growth in the public sector. The European Cloud Partnership is driven an alliance by key IT services procurers from European public bodies in cooperation with CEOS of the IT and telecom industry.
The Radio spectrum Policy Programme (RSPP) 58 was adopted on 14 march 2012. The Decision contains a number of provisions fostering the availability of spectrum for wireless broadband services,
which are crucial for access to high-speed Internet services such as E-commerce services. As a first milestone of the RSPP implementation, the Commission adopted a Communication on the shared use of spectrum59 on 3 september 2012 to ensure additional flexibility in spectrum authorisation and usage as well as to foster innovation in wireless networks and services.
The RSPP aims at a target of 1200 MHZ available spectrum for wireless broadband by 2015
and imposes the obligation on Member States to make available the 800 MHZ band for wireless broadband by 1 january 2013.
The 800 MHZ band is crucial for the economic roll out of nationwide wireless broadband services.
The Commission services are closely monitoring the deadlines for making this spectrum available and administrative procedures will be launched where appropriate.
In order to step up its efforts to achieve the goals of the Radio spectrum Policy Programme, in particular in the area of wireless broadband,
and thereby the rollout and usage of high speed wireless communication networks and services. 4. CONCLUSION Many actions included in the action plan have been completed already,
and of the European parliament of 14 march 2012 http://ec. europa. eu/information society/policy/ecomm/radio spectrum/rspp/index en. htm 59 COM (2012) 478 final http
Consumers themselves, with their increased use of the computer and of mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones, are changing dramatically in terms of behaviour and expectations as shoppers.
For traders, e-commerce offers new ways to interact with their customers and to serve them through different channels and platforms.
I e-COMMERCE, M-COMMERCE AND OMNI-CHANNEL RETAIL The growth of the internet and the power of the digital economy have opened new ways for consumers to shop.
New businesses have developed which specialise in offering and taking orders via the internet and through distance selling.
The term electronic commerce or e-commerce was coined. For the last 15 years the three key dimensions of retail presence have been physical stores, mail or telephone order via call centres,
and online via web stores. More recently, with the growth and universal spread of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, a fourth and rapidly expanding channel has been added:
m-commerce, for mobile commerce. Although each channel retains the unique characteristics that compel customers to engage with it be specialized that a or expanded merchandise assortment, a compelling and informative visual presentation,
Significant development of digital commerce, including multi-channel and mobile; More sophisticated and personalised communication with the consumer;
with clarity on how the data they leave behind is being used; with clear guarantees; with easy access to an opportunity for mediation, arbitration, and redress;
that to be fully compliant one retailer needs 28 different websites with 28 terms and conditions.
There is a lack of implementation of new technologies such as 3g and 4g and a lack of new competitors (mobile virtual network operators, parcel operators, etc..
It is no longer in line with the current and future business environment and the digital economy. Or it creates a bias and competitive advantage for one channel over another.
labour conditions and employment, privacy and data protection, product return, sales conditions, parcel delivery, labelling and information requirements online,
Think of electronic signature and authentication or return policies for deliveries thousands of miles away from the store.
such as unfair contract terms and guarantees, on a fully harmonised but reasonable and balanced basis. 1. 2. Data protection and privacy a balance between the citizens'right to privacy and the rights of businesses to capture data to optimally serve consumers. 1
and unbiased review sites, accurate comparison websites, effective and robust trustmarks). 1. 5. Fair and safe payment systems payment systems that are cheaper
or channel restrictions. 3. IMPROVING ICT INFRASTRUCTURE AND E-SKILLS 3. 1. Roll out of 4g
and broadband-a single telecoms market-harmonise ICT standards. 3. 2. Ensure people have the right e-skills to use the internet (social inclusion)
or adapting to the digital economy; such (digital) one-stop shops should contain user-friendly knowledge about EU and national:
At present the diverse regimes on the legal guarantees in the 28 Member states is a major disincentive to cross-border online and offline selling.
and obligations of both consumers and businesses. 1. 2. DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY Privacy is valued a highly right in Europe.
over the years, developed very sophisticated systems to manage data about products, stocks, logistics, and consumers.
With the advent of the internet, the capture of data has become easier but also more sophisticated.
With the internet, some data are given with explicit consent, others are gathered with less obvious consent.
The existing Data protection Directive has been implemented differently in different Member States. The proposed Data protection Regulation12 aims to remedy this.
It should strike the right balance between the respective interests of consumers and businesses. It should not prohibit businesses'legitimate commercial
and trade to continue being able to use data to deliver efficient value chains and meet consumers'expectations. 1. 3. ACCESS TO BALANCED REDRESS Customer satisfaction is the most important driver of retailers'and wholesalers'success. Therefore,
and wholesalers should also play their part in this awareness-raising. 1. 4. MARKET-BASED INSTRUMENTS With the digitisation of the economy and the gathering of data,
comparison websites/tools, trustmarks, review tools. 1 Also see the Commissions communication on the proposed Data protection Package:
http://ec. europa. eu/justice/newsroom/data protection/news/120125 en. htm 2 http://www. eurocommerce. be/media/11042/briefing-cons-data protection. pdf
On the other hand, comparison websites should be clear about what and how they compare from the start.
New media offers consumers an easy way to post online reviews about their experiences whether the buying occurs offline or online.
The EU should consider measures such as introduction of postcodes everywhere, centralised access to population data, address verification services, 3dsecure,
Firstly, to complete the Digital Single Market, those ICT systems sitting with internet providers, telecom providers, banks, postal operators, retailers, public authorities,
in order to increase compatibility. 3. 2. SKILLS In the offline world, we take the way we buy
Consumers need a computer or mobile device and access to high-speed internet for shopping online. If a consumer wants to buy online he often needs to make an account, needs an e-mail address, needs an online payment method etc.;
Older consumers in some countries do not use the internet. On the other hand, for people with low mobility, the internet is provided a blessing they have the opportunity to learn how to use it.
Digital inclusion is an important societal objective. To develop online capabilities, businesses need to be able to tap into a wide pool of people with the right of e-skills.
where relevant, integrate it with the offline world. It is striking that, in many Member States, there is a lack of specific education on all levels for e-learning, e-literacy and e-skills.
It would not make sense to move at accelerated speed towards a digital economy, if public administrations still function with papers and a physical infrastructure only.
The EU could help close this digital divide. Recommendation 16: The EU needs to help close the digital divide between Member States with high-level of digital literacy and digital administrative processes and those with low-levels
eco-innovation observatory Eco-innovate! A guide to eco-innovation for SMES and business coaches Editors Michal Miedzinski, Technopolis Group Belgium Martin Charter, The Centre for Sustainable Design, University for the Creative Arts
questions and lessons learnt for SMES based on the existing resources, notably specific assessment tools, checklists and databases,
At its core, eco-innovation is about creating business models that are both competitive and respect the environment by reducing resource intensity of products and services.
Pathways to a resource-efficient Europe, www. eco-innovation. eu/index. php? option=com content&view=article&id=200&itemid=258 Eco-innovate!
and improving the data management of the chemicals2. www. aga. com CAR2GO: selling new forms mobility The next step for carsharing models may be the concept of CAR2GO.
Carbon Trust guide to carbon footprinting for organisations and products. www. carbontrust. com/resources/guides/carbon-footprinting-andreporting/carbon-footprinting EC's LCA database
including carbon footprint data of over 300 materials, energy carriers, and delivery of waste treatment and transport lca. jrc. ec. europa. eu/lcainfohub/datasetarea. vm Guide to PAS 2050 How to assess the carbon footprint of goods and services shop
if Hazadous Reduced Regulatory Requirement Requires County License Hazardous Flourescent Tubes Batteries Computers Electronics Silver Wastes Oil Antifreeze Special Wastes Solvents Electroplating Manufacture Process PCB,
and agreements with several household/commercial waste sites to take away their waste paint and retreat it.
625 m3 per year. www. environmental-savings. com/megtakaritas. php Genan: turning tyres into new products The Danish company Genan is recycling 80%of all Danish tyres.
a step-by-step start-up Guide and a Web portal where technical guidance on measurement and relevant links are provided. www. oecd. org/innovation/green/toolkit/aboutsustainablemanufacturing andthetoolkit. htm PRE-SME
USA) website contains a wide range of resources that could be useful for ecoinnovators. www4. shwec. uwm. edu/shwec The Money back through the window initiative of the KÖVET Association for Sustainable Economies
Energy productivity expresses the amount of economic value generated by one unit of energy input or consumption. 5 SERI 2011, Global Material Flow Database. 2011 Version. www. materialflows
State and Outlook 2010. Material resources and Waste. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen. Eco-innovations focused on improving material
Eco-Innovation Observatory Annual Report 2011, Closing the eco-innovation gap, an economic opportunity for business, p. 17, www. eco-innovation. eu/index. php?
EIO 2012 based on data from Demea (N=92) Figure 6: Yearly savings potential in SMES introducing material efficiency solutions Eco-innovate production processes Eco-innovate!
and energy consumption and leads to cost savings and longer life performances of solar panels. www. lisec. com/LPS/Glas-Vorspannanlagenspeziell-fuer-Duennglas www. eco-innovation. eu/index. php?
closed-loop energy system Electroself (Italy) is an enabling technology for distributed energy that selfgenerates its own fuel and guarantees backup power in remote areas.
Ecococon in Lithuania is a small company that has started reaping the benefits of building houses out of straw panels,
and have increased the speed of assembling houses at the construction site. Ecococon houses rely on a wood frame,
and fire. www. ecococon. lt www. eco-innovation. eu/index. php? option=com content&view=article&id=344%3astraw-panels& catid=65%3alithuania&itemid=65 Eco-innovate production processes Eco-innovate!
software tool for Energy-using products and processes for SMES in this sector. www. limas-eup. eu/en/eupeco profiler?
The most in demand information includes data on the origin of resources used in products and evidence on the social and environmental impacts of resource use across the supply chain. 3. 3 Supply chains Supply chain management includes coordination and collaboration with suppliers,
Develop indicators to monitor performance. Develop clear indicators based on the code of conduct to monitor progress. Internal and external communication is also very important at all stages.
Develop collaborative practices and strong relationships with clients and suppliers Foster collaborative practices, e g. mutualised supply management systems, collabortive planning, forecasting and replenishment.
Foster the use of IT and information systems in supply chain management. Eco-innovate production processes Eco-innovate!
TRI-VIZOR's Cross Supply Chain Methodology software makes it possible to maximise in real-time the total community gains in cost and CO2. www. trivizor. com Shields Environment:
recycling and remarketing Shields Environmental is based a UK company that provides support services to the telecommunication sector, mainly accompanying companies with environmental management solutions and recycling.
The Fonebak initiative was the world's first mobile phone recycling scheme. The company saw an increase in turnover of 254
It developed Footprint Chronicles, an interactive web-based map that provides information on the supplier policy towards sustainability and results of Patagonia's audits in terms of social and environmental indicators. www. patagonia. com/us/footprint
www. accenture. com/us-en/outlook/Pages/outlookjournal-2012-why-sustainable-supply-chain-is-good-business. aspx Eco-innovate production processes Eco-innovate!
Do we have systems in place to monitor ecoinnovation trends related to our core business? Key challenges for your business Developing eco-innovative products,
Regularly scan websites, join groups and network proactively to identify emerging eco-innovative technologies, materials and processes.
A guide to eco-innovation for SMES and business coaches. 41 eco-innovation observatory MATREC materials database showcases developments in new,
page 44) What data and tools are available to assess the (quantified) environmental impacts in Key challenges for your business Design may be performed by product designers, design engineers,
Communicating data or information on a product's environmental impacts is not always a strong motivator for customers
Orangebox has set up a recycling centre at their site in Wales achieving a significant return on investment
involving all the company's personnel from shop floor through to senior management. www. orangebox. com www. ecodesigncentrewales. org/sites/default/files/EDC ORANGEBOX ENABLINGECODESIGNINWELSHINDUSTRY. pdf Crawford Hansford & Kimber:
a cleaner printed cicruit board Crawford Hansford & Kimber developed a cleaner printed circuit board (PCB) that is incorporated into equipment that interfaces with data loggers that is now in use in higher education around the world.
and properties of materials including biodegradable, recyclable, renewable. mtrl. com/portal/site/mtrl/Home Information Inspiration supports ecodesign through combining information (materials, life extension etc.)
ecodesign. lboro. ac. uk/index. php? section=1¤tsection=1& sectionname=Home Learning Resources Figure 7:
and others issues through engaging customers in meaningful conversations through a variety of media, especially via websites and online social networks, rather than by simply talking at customers through traditional media.
What are the characteristics of our core customer groups (e g. mass, niche, segmented? What type of relationship does each customer type expect from us?
How do we incorporate environmental performance related data in communications? What is the product's Unique Selling Proposition (USP) relative to competitive offers?
What added value environmental benefits can be attached to the core concept and? How can stakeholders be rewarded for adopting
Use social neworks (Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin etc. selectively and carefully to promote product-related environmental messages.
and websites and communicate good new. Eco-innovate! A guide to eco-innovation for SMES and business coaches. 51 eco-innovation observatory SIGMA Sustainability Marketing Guide contains four steps towards sustainability marketing as well as some practical lessons. www. projectsigma
Have you got evidence to backup your claims? Greenwashing must be avoided! How are you going to create noise in the market and amongst your customers?
These tips come from Dutch foundation Enviu that specialises in crowdsourcing ideas and crowdfunded €100 000 for their entrepreneurs in a three month period.
crowdsourcing. org/directory Choose the category as Crowdfunding and then country. Results can be filtered by sub-category for donations, equity or lending.
Crowdcube articles www. crowdcube. com/pg/press-29 Seedrs blog blog. seedrs. com Funding Circle articles www. fundingcircle. com/about-us/in-the-news
a repository of good practices and online database. www. eco-innovation. eu INNOWATER is a public-private partnership of public innovation agencies, water associations and technology specialists
including reduction greenhouse gas emission across the life cycle of bio-based products. www. biochem-project. eu The European commission has funded a range of projects collecting data and good practice examples
www. environmental-savings. com/megtakaritas. php; Newlife Paints Source: www. newlifepaints. com p. 27: Source:
EIO 2012 based on data from Demea (N=92) p. 28: Source: www. lisec. com/LPS/Glas-Vorspannanlagen-speziell-fuer-Duennglas p. 29:
en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green dot %28symbol%29 p. 34: The Footprint Chronicles source: www. patagonia. com/us/footprint;
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