Dacia, 41, Bucharest ROMANIA anamarinoiu@yahoo. com http://www. rei. ase. ro Abstract: -The paper presents the results of a qualitative research on the perception and implementation of ecoinnovation in Romanian SMES.
1 Abrahamson E.,Rosenkopf L. 1997), Social network Effects on the Extent of Innovation Diffusion: A Computer simulation, Organization Science, Vol. 8, No.
3 may-Jun.,1997), pp. 289-309 2 Andersen, M m.,(,(1999) Trajectory Change through Interorganisational Learning.
and interpreting innovation data. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Statistical Office of the European communities, Paris. 33 OECD (2009) Eco-Innovation in Industry:
Position Paper e-Regulation Ecommerce Europe's Proposal for Sustainable Growth of E-commerce in Europe www. ecommerce-europe. eu POSITION PAPER 3table of contents1 Introduction
42 General e-commerce regulation 52.1 The position of Ecommerce Europe 52.1.1 Stimulating trust in e-commerce 52.1.2 Country of origin vs Country of Destination 52.1.3 Tax obligations
52.1.4 Knowledge of legal obligations 62.1.5 Relevant areas outside the scope of the E-commerce Directive 63 Online contracts and consumer protection 63.1 Position of Ecommerce Europe 63.1.1
Harmonisation 63.1.2 Information requirements 73.1.3 Right to withdrawal 73.1.4 Common European Sales Law 73.2 Ecommerce Europe's additional proposals 73.1.5 Education and knowledge
dissemination 73.1.6 Self-regulation 74 Alternative and online dispute resolution 74.1 The position of Ecommerce Europe 84.1.1 (Self-)Regulation 84.1.2 Checks and balances 84.1.3 Voluntary
by default 84.1.4 ODR 84.2 Ecommerce Europe's additional proposals 84.2.1 Knowledge and Education 84.2.2 Stimulate education accessibility 84.2.3 Self-regulation 85 Data protection
and e-privacy 85.1 The position of Ecommerce Europe 95.1.1 General 95.1.2 Personal data and consent 95.1.3 Marketing, profiling
administrative burdens and sanctions 105.1.6 Data subject rights and consent 105.1.7 Regulation and enforcement 105.2 Ecommerce Europe's additional proposals 105.2.1 Knowledge and education 105.2.2
Self-regulation 106 Electronic signatures and e-identification 116.1 The position of Ecommerce Europe 116.1.1 Electronic signatures and e-Identification 116.1.2 Interoperability 116.2 Ecommerce Europe's additional
But while e commerce has grown spectacularly over these past two decades, the EU has taken not yet full advantage of the benefits provided by the Single Market.
Important topics for discussion include the general rules governing e-commerce transactions, consumer protection, alternative (online) dispute resolution, electronic signatures, diverging VAT systems, diverging distribution
'Ecommerce Europe welcomes the efforts of the European commission in this area and wishes to contribute to this important effort.
In this position paper, Ecommerce Europe sets out its ideas on the steps that need to be taken to create an uniform, effective,
Ecommerce Europe: Seeks harmonisation and simplification of e-commerce and consumer protection law. Seeks a fair balance between consumer
In many cases, self-regulation is preferable to formal legislation. 2. 1 The position of Ecommerce Europethe positions of Ecommerce Europe in the area of general e-commerce regulation are summarised
Although Ecommerce Europe acknowledges the importance of trust between consumers and merchants in the e-commerce sector,
Ecommerce Europe notes that the two most important challenges to cross border e-commerce are the lack of a coherent policy towards e-privacy
The right of consumers to apply the law of their home country is different to the obligation for web merchants to apply all requirements in the national law of the country of destination.
Ecommerce Europe therefore supports the conclusions of the European parliament report on the simplification and modernisation of the EU VAT system. 3 Steps should be taken to ensure a more uniform
POSITION PAPER 51 Summary of the responses to the Ecommerce directive evaluation2 http://www. retailresearch. org/onlineretailing. php3 European parliament's Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection, Simplifying
This is likely caused by the lack of legal harmonisation across the EU. Ecommerce Europe welcomes the initiative of the European commission of an‘EU code of online rights
Ecommerce Europe supports the conclusions and recommendations of the Copenhagen Economics study into the Pricing Behaviour of postal operators. 4 Cross border parcel-delivery should be improved, without disproportionally affecting e-commerce businesses. 53.
and common terms for online sales. 3. 1 Position of Ecommerce Europethe key positions of Ecommerce Europe in the area of online contracts and consumer protection are summarised below. 3
Copenhagen Economics5 GREEN PAPER An integrated parcel delivery market for the growth of e-commerce in the EU 6 Ecommerce Europe supports the action of the European commission to remove all remaining restrictions to cross-border
Information requirements should not lead to extra processing of personal data for evidence purposes. Online comparison tools should be transparent and reliable.
The inclusion of cross-border offers by comparison websites is important for consumers to be able to take full advantage of the Single Market. 3. 1. 3 Right to withdrawal The extension of the right to withdrawal places
A better definition of the consumers'rights and obligations with regard to the right of withdrawal is necessary. 3. 1. 4 Common European Sales Law Ecommerce Europe opposes the notion of a non
Ecommerce Europe seeks full harmonization of European e-commerce legislation. However Ecommerce Europe opposes the proposal for a Common European Sales Law.
Even though such a proposal could potentially be helpful in achieving the objectives of the internal market, the current proposal lacks simplicity, legal clarity and the stability of contracts.
which are bound to national law only. 3. 2 Ecommerce Europe's additional proposals3. 1. 5 Education
Questions and Answers, Brussels, 18 december 2012 POSITION PAPER 84.1 The position of Ecommerce Europefor Ecommerce Europe, ADR is an important part of the trust framework for e-commerce.
The key positions of Ecommerce Europe in the area of ADR and ODR are summarised below. 4. 1. 1 (Self-)regulation
therefore, Ecommerce Europe supports a multi-stakeholder approach to ADR and ODR. 8 4. 1. 2 Checks and balances Include the core principles for ADR in a binding instrument,
but keep rules to a minimum as to ensure maximum flexibility. Regular assessment of ADR compliance with those principles. 4. 1. 3 Voluntary by default Ecommerce Europe stresses that ADR/ODR must be a voluntary alternative to court settlement,
and access to a formal court procedure should always be open. The outcome of any ADR/ODR procedure should be binding,
submission of evidence and the proceedings itself. 4. 2 Ecommerce Europe's additional proposals 4. 2. 1 Knowledge and Education Improve knowledge amongst both merchants
ADR/ODR mechanisms could be introduced as part of (European) trustmark schemes. 5. Data protection and e-Privacythe responsible use of personal data is a key element for trust in e-commerce.
Therefore, a comprehensive and effective data protection framework is of great importance. A coherent and comprehensive EU framework for personal data protection not only protects the privacy of European consumers;
it also facilitates the cross-border flow of personal data, thereby strengthening the single digital market and cross-border e-commerce.
As such, Ecommerce Europe welcomes the revision of the EU data protection framework and the proposal for a general data protection Regulation.
While data protection legislation may strengthen privacy and stimulate the single digital market, there are also concerns that the legal framework will be too strict and inflexible,
raising the cost of business through administrative burdens and slowing down innovation. For this reason, Ecommerce Europe calls on the EU, national authorities, operators and consumers to further reflect with relevant stakeholders (i e. data controllers
processors and data subjects) on the proposal in order to achieve a harmonised framework based on a balanced approach in this important legislative step. 8 Del Duca, L.,Rule, C.,Loebl,
Z. 2011), Facilitating Expansion of Cross-Border E-commerce-Developing a Global Online Dispute Resolution System (Lessons Derived from Existing ODR Systems Work of the United nations Commission on International
Trade Law), 1penn. St. J. L. & Int'l Aff. 59. p. 282 5. 1 The position of Ecommerce Europefor Ecommerce Europe, privacy is an integral part of a sustainable relationship with the consumer.
The key positions of Ecommerce Europe in the area of data protection and e-Privacy are summarised below. 5. 1. 1 General European rules applicable to the processing of personal data must meet the dual objective of both
ensuring an adequate level of protection for personal data and ensuring the free movement of data within the EU. Ecommerce Europe stresses the need for general principles applicable to all processing of data,
but flexibility is needed to achieve the necessary context sensitivity. Ecommerce Europe welcomes the instrument of a Regulation for data protection as it will ensure a harmonised approach to data protection in Europe.
Ecommerce Europe underlines the importance of the‘legitimate interests of the data controller'as a ground for processing personal data.
This ground for processing ensures a fair balancing of interests and allows for necessary flexibility in processing personal data. 5. 1. 2 Personal data
and consent The broad definition of personal data in the new Regulation may lead to unnecessarily high compliance costs and additional administrative burdens for merchants.
Ecommerce Europe feels a more limited definition of personal data is necessary. Ecommerce Europe opposes the strict requirements for explicit consent proposed in the new Data protection Regulation
as it places an unnecessary burden on both consumers and merchants. An approach to consent requirements based on the sensitivity of the data processing activities is preferable.
Ecommerce Europe stresses that the balance between data protection and business interests as mentioned in Directive 95/46/EC-should be kept in place.
Article 6 of the new general data protection regulation-which lays down the need for one consent from the data subject
in order to process data is vital but over-emphasised by the Commission. The draft of the new definition however, increases the formality of obtaining consent.
This could introduce a significant imbalance for businesses in terms of security requirements and additional costs. It is also doubtful
whether consumers welcome this excessive formalism. 5 1. 3 Marketing, profiling and targeting Direct marketing has become an important part of European businesses.
The new Data protection Regulation should aim to strike a fair balance between protecting individuals'rights to data privacy
and preserving the commercial freedoms of companies to engage with consumers. 9 Controllers use personal data
and‘cookies'for behavioural targeting and profiling. Ecommerce Europe emphasises the importance of profiling and states that profiling is a fundamental component of trade relations.
It allows web merchants to provide customers with relevant information. To limit the negative effects of Directive 2009/136/EC (the‘Cookie Directive')on both consumers and merchants
a light-touch approach towards consent should be timulated throughout Europe. Both browser-based solutions and collective opt-mechanisms such as‘Your online choices'are preferable.
these data should be readily available and accessible. The right balance as laid down in Directive 95/46/EC-between the protection of consumers'data
and the merchants'innovative legitimate business interests has to be respected in order to get consent to process data. 5. 1. 4 Harmonisation
and international consistency Ecommerce Europe emphasizes the need for harmonisation and a level playing field within the EU and its Member States.
Article 29wp/EU DPB should focus on harmonisation throughout Europe. Too strict requirements for the EU should be avoided
Ecommerce Europe opposes the financial penalties laid down in the Regulation. The proposed sanctions-which can run up to 2%of an enterprise's annual worldwide turnover-are disproportionate. 5. 1. 6 Data subject rights and consent Where possible,
data subjects should be in control of their personal data. It will be important to strike a balance between individual rights, consumer trust, the public interest and the right of free access to (and collection of) information.
Ecommerce Europe warns that a‘right to be forgotten'is technically not possible for web merchants.
Besides that, Ecommerce Europe would like to stress that the ability to withdraw personal information is laid already down in Directive 95/46/EC.
The rule that private data may only be stored for a limited time, supplemented by the right of individuals to have deleted their data
and/or withdraw their consent already forms, strictly speaking, a‘right to be forgotten'.'Therefore, creating a general‘right to be forgotten,
'as proposed in the draft regulation is neither necessary nor appropriate. Ecommerce Europe questions the usefulness of the‘right to data portability,
'which has been introduced in the new draft regulation. Ecommerce Europe thinks that the creation of such a right will discourage companies from implementing innovative services
because client information has to be transmitted to competitors. Imposing such a right can also lead to additional costs for businesses
since companies have to develop new systems for data management. For this reason, Ecommerce Europe challenges the impact assessment that has been carried out by the Commission.
The requirement for plain language adapted to the data subject when it comes to information
and transparency, will lead to legal uncertainty for merchants because of its subjective nature. 5. 1. 7 Regulation
and Enforcement National Data protection Authorities/Supervisory Authorities and Article 29wp/EU data protection board must focus on enforcing the law,
and must not form part of the budget of the Data protection Authorities. An independent judge must have a more prominent role in the interpretation of the data protection law.
Any data protection regulation should be technology-neutral considering the emergence of new technologies such as mobile e-commerce (m-commerce.
5. 2 Ecommerce Europe's additional proposals5. 2. 1 Knowledge and education Both consumers and merchants need to be educated on (new) data protection requirements.
Merchants must be provided with tools for compliance (e g. standard PIA, privacy policies. These tools must be voluntary,
Rather than strengthening the rights of data subjects and thereby providing them with a false sense of security,
data subjects should be educated on how they can protect their personal data. 5. 2. 2 Self-regulation Data protection requirements should be included in (national) e-commerce trustmark schemes. 6. Electronic signatures and e-Identificationsecure, reliable,
Ecommerce Europe recognizes the need for mutual recognition and acceptance of electronic identities given by Member States to their citizens by other Member States and thus welcomes the proposed e-Identification Regulation. 6. 1 The position of Ecommerce Europethe key
positions of Ecommerce Europe in the area of electronic signatures and e-Identification are summarised below. 6. 1. 1 Electronic signatures and e-Identification For merchants,
it is important to verify the identity of the customer. For consumers, e-Identification can help secure their online identities.
Electronic signatures and e-identification mechanisms increase trust in electronic commerce. Electronic signatures are less relevant in B2c e-commerce;
e-Identification is more important. E-Identification schemes based on real IDS verified by the government
(or another trusted party) would help to reduce cybercrime and fraud. E-Identification-based schemes would allow effective age verification,
New e-Identification methods should not put a disproportionate burden on online merchants. 6. 1. 2 Interoperability Interoperability of electronic signatures
and e-Identification schemes is necessary to achieve the required economies of scale. 6. 2 Ecommerce Europe's additional proposals6. 2. 1 Knowledge
POSITION PAPER 11 POSITION PAPER Ecommerce Europe Rue d'Accolay 15 box 6b-1000 Brussels-Belgiumtel:+
www. ecommerce-europe. eucontact us at publicaffairs@ecommerce-europe. eutwitter:@
Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe's productivity challenge A report from the Economist Intelligence Unit sponsored by Microsoft The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 1 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe's productivity challenge Acknowledgements
3 Executive Summary 4 Introduction 7 Part I The economic impact of ICT 8 Part II
sponsored by Microsoft. The Economist Intelligence Unit bears sole editorial responsibility for the content of the report.
This time the challenge is not about adopting a revolutionary technology in the mould of the Internet or mobile telephony.
SMES fare poorly compared with large firms in access to capital, the fruits of research and development (R&d), high quality networks and information technology (IT) systems,
Governments must maintain the assault on barriers to competition, particularly in telecommunications markets. This is particularly critical for the growth of broadband access.
Moreover, the benefits of enhanced telecoms competition must be extended to businesses and consumers in the EU accession countries.
For the purposes of the report, ICT is defined as IT hardware, software and services, and telecommunications equipment and services.
Part I of the report assesses the economic impact of ICT, and is primarily based on empirical research conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit.
the famous observation of Robert Solow that You can see the computer age everywhere but in the productivity statistics*.
Another major problem is that many growth accounting studies assume that buying a new computer instantly has a positive impact on productivity a notion that seems at odds with most organisations'experience.
Cross-section analysis looks at data for a set of different countries at a single point in time,
Countries with high penetration levels for fixed telephone lines, mobile phones, personal computers (PCS) and the Internet appear to achieve the greatest economic benefit from ICT.
The positioning of countries in the matrix is based on a combination of data and qualitative assessments that reflect each country's level of development of ICT infrastructure and ICT enablers in 2002-03.
Economist Intelligence Unit The ICT infrastructure index used here combines six connectivity variables penetration of traditional fixed lines, broadband access lines, mobile phones, PCS, Internet users and Internet servers
quality of Internet connections and levels of e-business development, of online commerce, and of Internet/web literacy.
The ICT enablers index takes into account affordability of Internet access, telecoms market competition, security of the Internet infrastructure, government support for ICT development,
laws governing the Internet, ICT skills of the workforce and quality of ICT supporting services.
When combined, these indices provide a good measure of a country's readiness to reap the benefits of technology.
Groningen Growth and Development Centre, 2003.0 100 200 300 400 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Software Communication equipment IT equipment The Economist
which manufacture large quantities of ICT hardware and software. Total factor productivity (TFP) growth an important measure of ICT's impact on productivity, has accelerated also in each of these countries4.
Germany, for example long the continent's economic powerhouse, a leader in broadband adoption and home of some of its software giants currently ranks in the middle of EU countries in our ICT development and enabler indices,
The importance of software in the ICT Mix in the US, software has attracted the largest share of ICT investment
since the technology boom began in the early 1990s. By 2000, it accounted for about 14%of total nonresidential capital investment in the US,
Software nonetheless accounted for onethird or more of ICT investment in the UK France and The netherlands in 2000,
Software investment tends to lag purchases of hardware. This may explain the more rapid growth of software investment relative to total investment in the US,
where firms made an early start in deploying IT and networking infrastructure. Assuming that Europe is playing catch up to the US in overall ICT investment
and has invested heavily in hardware since the late 1990s, software vendors can probably look to good times ahead in their European markets.
Software markets in Western europe proved relatively resilient during the technology slump of 2000-02 continuing to expand at moderate rates,
whereas hardware sales declined. IDC, a technology consultancy, projects that the west European software market will expand at a respectable 6. 6%compound annual growth rate over the 2003-07 period to a volume of €57. 5bn
. 1colecchia and Schreyer, 2002; Ahmad, et al, 2004 2ahmad, et al, 2004 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 15 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe's productivity challenge To reap the benefits of ICT we must invest in the parallel areas of organisational capital
in skills, innovation and R&d. Erkki Liikanen, EU commissioner for enterprise and the information society.
Europe's shining achievement in developing the Global system for mobile communications (GSM) standard, a breakthrough that enabled the growth of the region's highly competitive mobile services and equipment industry.
Europe's liberalisation of its telecoms markets, although patchily implemented, has encouraged also competition and made voice, Internet and data communications more affordable to many businesses and households.
Boldness and imagination in other key areas will be crucial to Europe's attempts to win further economic rewards from ICT in the future.
Wanted: an innovation culture Europe has no shortage of technology, but is said often to lack the entrepreneurial spirit that makes US companies more likely to innovate,
According to Tarek Ghouri, director of government practice for Nokia Enterprise Solutions, the technology is available today to create compelling solutions that grow productivity;
Schools and universities produce a steady flow of graduates trained in software programming, network design and other technical aptitudes,
The implication is that it is not enough to deploy new enterprise software or a
and harness data effectively 23 Flawed project planning or implementation 23 Lack of ICT skills in workforce 22 Employee resistance to change 22 Other 3 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 17 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe
R&d and skills training for Finnish SMES data network and ensure that it operates properly.
Erkki Ormala, Nokia's director of technology policy, also acknowledges the skills gap among Europe's managers,
and competitive telecoms sector 37 33 19 8 3 2. Government policies to promote diffusion of technology among consumers 29 33 26 10 2 3
A clear example of the benefits of open competition can be seen in Europe's liberalisation of its telecoms markets
and secondary schools 33 Availability of specialist high tech qualifications in further and higher education 10 Policies to redress under-representation of women in ICT jobs 2 Financing schemes for ICT-related investment
and Internet 41 Development of e-democracy 15 Government innovation in providing online services to citizens 44 Policies to promote competition in the ICT sector 34 Regulation to protect consumer interests
ensured restriction-free entry by providers big and small to Internet service markets; and embarked on initiatives to give alternative operators access to incumbents'last-mile networks.
these actions have resulted usually in significantly lower costs of telephony and data services for end-users,
Elie Simon, president EMEA of Sun microsystems, believes regulators must seek to develop unified security standards to protect Europe's network infrastructure.
Europeans fondly recall the development of the GSM standard, and the rewards that accrued to consumers
In many cases, uniformity of standard on the GSM model will not be feasible, but a technology's ability to connect seamlessly with others remains crucial.
the European parliament, industry groups, entrepreneurs and software developers around the ability to patent software. Many large ICT companies (including Microsoft,
the sponsor of this report) favour the extension of patents to cover software as a way to strengthen IP protection across Europe
and thereby create greater incentive for innovation. For their part, independent software developers view software patents as a weakening of copyright protection,
and thus no less of a threat to innovative activity in this field. At the time of writing, the revised European commission directive appeared to weaken the applicability of patents to software.
The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 23 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe's productivity challenge Europe's challenge is to create a business environment where innovation can thrive
We've highlighted the benefits that telecoms market liberalisation has brought to European businesses and consumers in the form of reduced costs and better services.
But policymakers must continue to promote competition in the telecoms industry for two main reasons.
Csaba Csapodi, director-general in Hungary's Ministry of Informatics, stresses that connectivity and cost of IT systems as well as telecoms services remain barriers to productive ICT use in accession countries.
Patrick de Smedt, chairman of Microsoft EMEA, puts leading by example at the top of his prescriptions for policymakers.
and vote online using flat-screen computer terminals. Digital documentation has replaced paper in preparations for cabinet sessions,
and an Internet-based system has been launched to enable cabinet meetings to be conducted online. Meanwhile, an e-democracy website (dubbed Today,
I'm Deciding) has been in place for citizens for several years. The portal allows Estonians to comment on draft bills
and firms to complete and digitally sign government forms, such as passport applications, over the web.
Elie Simon, president EMEA for Sun microsystems, places great store in the concept of niche ecosystems.
Also, large firms such as Nokia, Ericsson and Philips have been extremely supportive of community-based pilot projects and often play prominent roles in them.
such as Internet use, are not relevant or available for earlier periods. The dependent variable in all our regressions is average annual growth in real GDP per head during this timeframe.
Stat Coefficients t Stat Constant 1. 7204 0. 6386 2. 8405 1. 4070 11.0409 3. 5639 Ln GDP pc-0
. 783 N 60 60 60 Ln GDP pc natural logarithm of GDP per head in 1995 at PPP, US$.
%2) average quota and licensing coverage of imports of less than 40%;(%3) a black-market exchange-rate premium that averaged less than 20%;
It is constructed on the basis of data for: 1. Fixed telephone lines penetration (lines per 100 population.
2. Mobile phones penetration (per 100 population. 3. Personal computers (number per 100 population. 4. Internet users (per 100 population.
Each indicator is transformed into an index scaled 1-10 (using minimum and maximum values of the indicator in our country sample.
The composite ICT infrastructure/use index, on a 1-10 scale, is a simple average of the 4 component indexes. 30 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Appendix A:
3. 4749 24.9549 5. 1393 Ln GDP pc-2. 1840-3. 6787-2. 6461-4. 0388-2. 1148-3. 9894
France, Italy), 1995-2002 Initial GDP pc-0. 62 INV-0. 24 DEMOGRAPHY 0. 08 BUSENV 0. 47 SCHOOL 0
the number of Internet servers per million population, broadband penetration and four qualitative variables from the e-readiness rankings, based on a 1-5 scoring system.
The four qualitative indicators assess the quality of Internet connections, the development of ebusiness, the development of online commerce and the exposure of the population to the Internet("Internet literacy".
as of national income A qualitative indicator of competition in the telecoms market. A qualitative indicator of the security of the Internet infrastructure.
An indicator of the government's role (government encouragement and financing for ICT, and extent of censorship).
An indicator of laws covering the use of the Internet. An indicator of the ICT skills of the workforce.
Or, Does Information technology Explain Why Productivity Accelerated in the US but not the UK? NBER Working Paper, No. 10010.
Brynjolfsson, Erik and Lorin Hitt, 2000, Beyond Computation: Information technology, Organizational Transformation and Business Performance, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14, p. 23-48.
Colecchia, Alessandra and Paul Schreyer, 2002, The Contribution of Information and Communication Technologies to Economic growth in Nine OECD Countries, OECD Economic Studies, No. 34.
Daveri, Francesco, 2001, Is Growth an Information technology Story in Europe Too? IGIER Working Paper No. 168.
The Role of Information technology and Regulatory Practices, International Finance Discussion Papers, No. 727, Board of Governors of the Federal reserve system.
and sponsored by Microsoft, seeks to answer these crucial questions. Demographics Which of the following job titles describes your role best?(%
%respondents) Financial services 16 Telecoms, software and computer services 14 Professional services 12 Construction and real estate 8 Healthcare, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology 8 Automotive 4
and competitive telecoms sector 37 33 19 8 3 2. Government policies to promote diffusion of technology among consumers 29 33 26 10 2 3
and harness data effectively 23 Flawed project planning or implementation 23 Lack of ICT skills in workforce 22 Employee resistance to change 22 Other 3
Availability of specialist high tech qualifications in further and higher education 10 Policies to attract ICT skilled immigrants 10 Policies to promote labour mobility 9 Policies to redress under-representation of women in ICT jobs 2 Other 1
and Internet 41 Schemes to promote access to higher bandwidth services 36 Policies to promote competition in the ICT sector 34 Promotion of common technology standards 32 Development of e
%respondents) Improved management information 51 Communication and collaboration between employees 48 Customer relationship management 33 Integration of existing data/technologies 33 Remote/mobile working 23
%respondents) Improved management information 47 Customer relationship management 41 Communication and collaboration between employees 32 Supply chain integration 31 Integration of existing data/technologies 29
Technologies for knowledge capture and dissemination 25 Remote/mobile working 23 Online sales and marketing channels 21 Enterprise resource planning 16 Outsourcing of IT services 14 On average how long does it take your company to achieve return on investment from ICT projects?(%
Whilst every effort has been taken to verify the accuracy of this information, neither The Economist Intelligence Unit Ltd. nor the sponsors of this report can accept any responsibility or liability for reliance by any person on this white paper or any of the information,
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