Community research E u RO P E A n COMMISSION European Technology Platform Smartgrids EUR 22040 Vision and Strategy for Europe's Electricity Networks of the Future
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research@cec. eu. int Internet: http://europa. eu. int/comm/research/rtdinfo/index en. html European Technology Platform Smartgrids Vision and Strategy for Europe's Electricity Networks of the Future 2006
EUR 22040 Directorate-General for Research Sustainable Energy Systems A great deal of additional information on the European union is available on the Internet.
It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa. eu. int). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Developing information, computing and telecommunication systems that enable businesses to utilise innovative service arrangements to improve their efficiency
Delivering the benefits The projects resulting from the Smartgrids vision will stimulate innovation in new network and associated information technologies.
Common technical rules and tools need to be adopted by the different players regarding data exchange, modelling grids, ancillary services and their users.
computing and telecommunication systems that enable businesses to utilise innovative service arrangements to improve their efficiency
As the powers of computers advance rapidly, new technologies will be tested, evaluated and modified on-line before physical equipment is constructed.
An interactive grid Just like the internet, the electricity grid will be interactive for both power generation sources
For this reason, electronic meters, automated meter management systems and telecommunications together with other communications systems that use electricity supply networks as their delivery infrastructure will serve as enabling technologies.
Wide area monitoring and protection (WAM & WAP) systems will be applied to manage the congestions in the transmission systems in a way that improves the security and reliability of grid operation.
controlled power flows supported by advanced information technology. 23 VISION AND STRATEGY I ELECTRICITY NETWORKS OF THE FUTURE 24 E u R O P E A n T E
This type of exchange has characterised the popularity of the internet-how is Smartgrids preparing for success?
It will address confidentiality constraints with insufficient data transparency; Since grids are highly complex with multiple connection points,
AND STRATEGY I ELECTRICITY NETWORKS OF THE FUTURE Internet-style inspiration One possible model for the electricity network of the future would be analogous to the internet,
Such a system would require advanced hardware and management protocols for connections, whether for suppliers of power, for consumers or for network operators.
Keeping it real It is important to emphasise the role of ICT in particular telecommunications in adapting electricity networks to the real time actions
which may not be supported fully by the present internet generation. Even if the internet protocol is universal,
a serious effort is needed to effectively use communications equipment for a distributed real-time control of electricity networks.
The real time performance of the internet as communication means is known to be very difficult to assess
It is possible to conceive such a network but the real hardware, protocols, standards and markets at all levels are more difficult to realise.
I D S A period of transition In managing the transition to the internet-like model,
voltage control and protection require cost-competitive technologies as well as new communication systems with more sensors and actuators than presently in the distribution system.
The increase in required control leads to a dramatic rise in information traffic derived from status and ancillary data.
means that the active network represents a step towards the internet-like model. Active management The evolution of active management, summarised in the next figure, can be described as follows:
Virtual utilities (or virtual electricity market) adopt the structure of the internet-like model and its information and trading capability, rather than any hardware.
The system is enabled by modern information technology, advanced power electronic components and efficient storage. 28 E u R O P E A n T E C H N O L O
Multidisciplinary curricula should include not only power engineering and information technologies, but also economics & market, regulatory & legal and environmental aspects.
stimulates initiatives and monitors progress; Mirror Group: enables the involvement of Member States, candidate countries and associate states;
You can find the list of sales agents on the Publications Office website (http://publications. eu. int)
and communication technology ISP internet service provider MOOC Massive open online courses (MOOCS) NBIC nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science SCENIHR Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks 4
14 2. 1. Social computing is transforming communications, but the extent of global interconnectedness may be expected less than...
Percentage of active internet users using microblogging...17 Figure E. 1. 3: Intranational Twitter followers outweigh their countries'share of the overall global Twitter population...
18 Figure E. 2. 1: Projections for progress from traditional towards rational-secular values in scenarios with different governance, openness and market structures...
Internet censorship scores for political reasons, 2012.28 Figure E. 4. 3: Google user data requests...
29 Figure E. 4. 4: Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at least some of the data requested...
30 9 Introduction 1. 1. The context for this study and the European Strategy and Policy Analysis System effort Over recent years, the European union has experienced a number of challenges.
and analysis of the quantitative data available. Our approach is designed to identify the consensus as well as the disagreement on a given trend within a specific theme,
The convergence of the so-called NBIC disciplines (nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science) has led to promising innovations in fields including intelligent and new materials,
human enhancement and personalised healthcare, accompanied by advances in the visualisation and modelling of super-complex interactions through computing and emerging technologies such as 3-D printing.
and returning manufacturing capabilities to developed national contexts (United states, Canada, Northern europe) in the case of 3-D printing (Desmoulin-Canselier 2012;
'13 exercise conducted for this study suggested that divides are not likely to be determined by access to the internet
(although the question of whether it will still be possible for governments to restrict citizens'access to the internet in 2030 arose,
‘Leapfrogging'has taken place in some ICT-related areas (e g. mobile phone adoption), but it is plausible that,
new applications (e g. related to consumer uses of ubiquitous computing) will see the emergence of new inequalities and policy challenges.
The tables below show that there is a correlation between levels of digitisation and composite well-being proxy indicators such as the United nations Human Development Index (HDI) and the indices compiled by Gallup and the OECD. In addition,
. 1. Social computing is transforming communications, but the extent of global interconnectedness may be expected less than The presumption of sustained technological progress
and expansion of broadband coverage globally underpins beliefs about the sustained growth in the use of platforms for creating and sharing usergenerated content.
Assumptions about rising profits from progress in the fields of cloud computing and new business models associated with data analytics sustain the presumption of increased use of these technologies by the private
and public sector. This trend is underpinned further by the fast growth of smartphones, tablets and other devices enabling mobile internet access,
although the perception of the magnitude of the trend may exceed that of reported data.
In fact, 24%of Europeans reported having accessed the internet through a mobile phone and 6%reported using a tablet.
Similarly the fact that only 17%of the population reported using the internet for looking for jobs
and 5%reported having participated in an online course also suggests that there is potential to be captured easily.
Despite the gradual decrease in digital divides, the potential is even clearer if we keep in mind the differences in technology access
Percentage of active internet users using microblogging3 Source: Unimccann 2013 2. 2. Limited global connectedness Although there appears to be a quasi-univocal consensus on the sustained pace of the growth in connectivity at a global scale through social computing,
a closer look at the evidence for connectedness through these applications reveals that most platforms are used in a national or local context (Ghemawat & Altman 2012).
While the majority of the global population is projected to be connected to the web in the forthcoming decades,
internet traffic remains mainly domestic (Ghemawat & Altman 2012). Although social network 3 The term‘active internet users'refers to individuals who use the internet every day or every other day (Unimccann 2012.
Microblogging is the use of social network services specifically created for the sharing of brief entries and content,
such as Jaiku or Twitter. 18 services are perceived as global platforms, 84.2%of Facebook relationships and a large percentage of Twitter relationships were found to be clustered along country lines (Gonzalez et al. 2011;
Kulshrestha et al. 2012; Ugander et al. 2011), as illustrated in Figure E. 1. 3. Consequently, the future may be potentially less globalised
and more determined by local and national cultures and preferences as opposed to a rising global value system based on the deepening and broadening of global networks.
Although the level of globalisation of connected technologies is uncertain, there is some evidence that the use of these technologies may have significant impacts on the online and offline behaviour of users.
This influence, merging online and offline spheres, is exerted mainly through the potential to connect individuals,
facilitate the flow of information and change the options for self-expression and exerting influence over others.
Ultimately, it is likely that the growing population of individuals using social networks will disclose increasing quantities of personal information online,
and taken into account by policymakers in certain areas (e g. data protection) but may be leveraged in the formulation of specific initiatives across all areas for example,
by exploiting social media to encourage healthy behaviour in adolescents (WHO 2012). Figure E. 1. 3:
Intranational Twitter followers outweigh their countries'share of the overall global Twitter population Source: Kulshresta et al.
and personal characteristics made possible by Internet of things technologies and Big data analytics. Therefore, it may be possible that as an effect of technological change the significance of mental categories,
At the same time, there is potential for a global culture to develop around the internet, in which users worldwide share similar attitudes related to certain values online freedom of expression, privacy,
implying that increased global access to information technologies will lead to a diffusion of‘Western'secular (as opposed to traditional) values.
questions arise over the future balance of cultures on the web (Dutton, Dutta and Law, 2011;
the same study also found a lack of correlation between levels of connectivity (here represented by the degree of access to the internet) and rational secular values.
Governments are likely to make increasing use of technology-related applications in particular e-services, Big data analytics and network-based open policymaking in decisionmaking and providing services to the citizen.
but trends in censoring and limiting internet use by individuals will continue to be present (Cave et al. 2009;
Furthermore, the projected growth in the potential of organisations to leverage Big data analytics (from location-based health data to engaging with public opinion) is likely to have an impact on the evidence base that informs policymaking in governments that can access these tools (Johns 2013;
At the same time, big (and open) data policies will create a need for policies that make sure there is no discrimination between more and less digitally savvy parts of society (Lerman 2013;
which assesses the technical features of national websites as well as e-government policies and strategies applied in general and by specific sectors for delivery of essential services (United nations, 2012). 27 Figure E. 4. 1:
UNEP (2012) According to the literature, a positive relationship between internet penetration and democracy exists, although the scale of the influence is not uniform.
For instance, although analysis found that internet penetration significantly increased democracy ratings, this relationship varied significantly by region.
These findings suggest that the internet is not by itself sufficient to promote regime changes,
As extensions of the effects potentially exerted by offline networks, online social networks have been found to be an effective influencing tool for political participation in some cases,
such as the 2010 elections for the US Congress (Bond 2012), but the effect of these tools and the awareness created by‘weak ties'for mobilising individuals that would otherwise not participate in traditional political processes in unclear.
empirical studies have not found a clear indication of the translation of online participation into offline activism (Christensen 2011).
Similarly, the evidence suggests that the use of social network services may be a tool for the empowerment of minorities.
which assesses the technical features of national websites as well as e-government policies and strategies applied in general and by specific sectors for delivery of essential services (United nations, 2012). 28 institutions in the coming decades.
Internet censorship scores for political reasons, 20128 Source: ONI (2012) Governments and public actors also engage in social media,
using it both as a tool for interaction with citizens and as a pool of data for surveillance purposes.
Since the beginning of the 2000s analysis by Opennet and Freedom House has found that development turned towards continuous increase in forms of control
of filtering is determined empirically, based on access tests on two (global and local) sample lists of websites cutting across a range of topics (e g. political, social and internet tools, such as Skype).
For political reasons the web censorship category is focused primarily on websites that express views in opposition to those of the current government.
Opennet Initiative Data FAQ https://opennet. net/oni-faq. 29 political actor. The future role of corporate actors in enabling democratic movements is controversial (Anderson 2012.
Google user data requests9 Source: Google transparency reports 9 The category includes the following countries, from
which Google reported having received requests (not all countries are reported to have filed requests in all years covered):
Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, The netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United kingdom. It comprises user-data requests,
which may specify any users or accounts used to store or provide information on Google's services. 30 Figure E. 4. 4:
Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at least some of the data requested10 Source:
Google transparency reports However, it has to be kept in mind that data mining is not only a tool for the surveillance of citizens and the limitation of freedom of speech.
Several governments have shared their databases with the public to spark innovation through data analytics and seek answers to societal problems. 11 10 For EU countries,
see footnote 10 above. Governments ask companies to remove or review content for many different reasons.
http://open-data. europa. eu/open-data 31 Matrix for key trends in connectivity Trend Drivers Indicators Evidence-base (0/+/Time horizon
will continue to grow in importance for policymaking Technological progress and growing degree of interconnectedness, fiscal constraints, technological progress Digitisation indices, HDI, wellness indicators, evaluation indicators for individual programmes
demand for services e-government benchmarking data (EU, UN)+ Short to medium term Unequal accessibility and ubiquity of services and citizen engagement across Member States and between strata of society,
(low/medium/high) Growing surveillance and data mining create tensions between citizens and governments Technological progress and growing degree of interconnectedness,
growing security concerns connected to cyberspace Government data requests revealed by ISPS, composite indicators such as Opennet Initiative data, anecdotal evidence, sentiment analysis outputs+Short to medium term Social acceptance, social conflicts, wildcards such as
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