Multiple data sources indicate that European conditions are far from ideal for entrepreneurs and fast-growing companies
putting at risk its outlook for productivity, growth, human capital development and job creation. This report, part of the World Economic Forum's Fostering Innovation-driven Entrepreneurship in Europe project, examines
In addition to extensive inputs from the Forum's Members, Global Shapers, Young Global Leaders, Network of Global Agenda Councils and leading policy-makers across Europe, the findings in the report have benefitted from data gathered from over 60 structured interviews
A more transparent, inclusive and Europe-wide database and network of initiatives would greatly assist in promoting innovation-driven entrepreneurship. 6 Enhancing Europe's Competitiveness Partner:
the Forum partnered with Research+Data Insights, Junior Achievement-Young Enterprise (JAYE) Europe, and the European Confederation of Young Entrepreneurs (YES) to survey a broad range of Europeans with experience
with additional responses coming from comparison regions such as North america (see Figure 5). Influenced by social media-driven outreach
Three core factors to foster entrepreneurial culture The decision to become an entrepreneur or join an innovative entrepreneurial venture is complex. 13 This analysis focuses on three categories of individual factors that were highlighted in interviews and workshops:
The skills (such as business intelligence and the capability for idea building) to start or join an entrepreneurial business and turn inspiration into reality.
and has charted 500 million downloads. Impact Attitude Perceived reward/status of entrepreneurship Perceived risk Personality type Determination 1 Skills Markets/business intelligence Management skills Social skills Creativity
Idea/concept building 2 Cultural framework Family Friends Peer entrepreneurs Role models, mentors 3 Regulatory framework 4 Market framework 5 Network
and operate a business is an important complement to the attitude of risktaking and perseverance that successful entrepreneurs display.
Le Web and Pioneers are leading international conferences gathering entrepreneurs and talent, promoting entrepreneurship by providing access to broad and dynamic networks
while working within a large organization) in consulting SMES in innovation management based on an extensive European benchmarking database.
with a focus on tech start-ups. 29 The European Digital Forum is a first-of-its kind think tank dedicated to empowering tech entrepreneurs and growing Europe's digital economy..
while data is hard to come by, in recent years the European venture capital segment has seen a number of notable successes such as Supercell and Spotify.
Many European venture capital experts say the sector is stronger than the long-term data indicate. Today
In software, you find Criteo, Unity and Openx. Since Skype, the speed at which Europe is generating billion-euro companies has been dramatically increasing.
Matthias Ummenhofer, Head, Venture capital, European Investment Fund Figure 13: New Venture Funds Raised in Europe by Investors,
Increased demand for collateral after the economic crisis restricts access to bank loans for entrepreneurs The European Small Business Finance Outlook 2013
A recent study by Telefonica indicates that over the past five years, the number of incubators and accelerators has increased at an annual rate of 29%to an overall number of 260 start-up programmes in Europe,
Salido, Sabás and Freixas (2013), The Accelerator and Incubator Ecosystem in Europe, Telefonica. Creating and aligning partnerships between companies,
Antony Jenkins, Chief executive officer, Barclays Microsoft is actively working to provide opportunities for European SMES and start-ups by providing access to digital tools,
Chairman, Europe, Microsoft Corporation Benefit for large corporates Benefit for entrepreneurs Risk to one or both partners Company shares in high-potential entrepreneurial ventures Access
and organization Foster a collaborative culture and organization Steer and monitor degree of openness Attract partners Develop brand for mutually beneficial collaborations Make systematic use of networks to create awareness for own offerings
considering their capacity to manage collaborations without compromising their core fields of work. Developing culture and organization Fostering a collaborative culture and organization Both a soft cultural and a hard organizational component need to be considered:
Phonebloks/Motorola: 56 Phonebloks'aim is to develop a modular cellular phone to provide the opportunity to change, for example,
the camera or the memory card without having to change the entire phone. The approach was made open-source,
and for the entire world; Phonebloks has more than 960,000 supporters. Motorola committed to open up its corporate R&d,
using a platform for exchange with the Phonebloks community. To retain independence, Phonebloks is financed by donations.
Motorola will provide a developer's kit to allow the community to contribute to product development.
Miles Kirby, Managing director of Qualcomm Ventures, responsible for investments in Western and Eastern europe To systematically foster collaboration between large companies and entrepreneurs we have to start with specific topics e g. 3d printing around
Young Global Leader Building a database and evaluating data with a clearly defined process Google Ventures uses algorithms with data from academic literature or from due diligences.
Jorge Fernandes, Vice-president, Innovation Program Office, DSM Telefonica Wayra is an accelerator programme with a strong brand and a global approach.
Managing director, Global Affairs and New Ventures, Telefonica; Young Global Leader Getting to a draft contract needs to be a question of days,
61 ABB delivers multi-standard 50 kw fast chargers for electric vehicles and industry-leading software solutions for remote servicing.
The growth outlook and ambitiousness of enterprises is expressed by entrepreneurs'expectations concerning the increase in employee numbers as well as their ambitions on the international market.
Innovation policies are at the core of this process. The government support system for enterprises is easy and simple to use,
The internet generally is a platform that has reduced massively barriers to being an entrepreneur. Governments that have worked to spread broadband,
keep the internet open and introduce net neutrality can take a good deal of the credit for that.
The Schengen agreement and the internet both help; poor links between universities and the labour market don't help.
Among the innovation-driven economies in the EU-28, The netherlands is the most entrepreneurial economy in terms of new and nascent entrepreneurship according to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor.
Developing a transparent, inclusive, Europe-wide database and network of initiatives for entrepreneurship Partner: Developing entrepreneurship initiatives that achieve both scale
and regions. 64 This section presents an overview of the core ideas within the focus,
Europe-wide database and network of initiatives for entrepreneurship Establishing a visible, inclusive network of public and private initiatives is considered to be somewhat important or very important by 89%of survey participants (Figure 23).
One important aspect of such a network would be a layer of data, not only on the initiatives themselves,
and outlook required to become a serial entrepreneur. Among Europeans, 45%have thought never of starting a business;
The best way of doing this is to align on a standard format to systematically publish search fields online to boost the development of platforms that can draw on the data.
and on identifying avenues for consensus with external partners on the protection of personal data? Indeed, if Europe's history can be of any value here,
Efforts to share governmentowned data intelligently can also help in this respect: the strategy initiated in countries like the United kingdom around datagov (in
which central and local governments offer access to their data on traffic, criminality or available services, for example) and opengov (in
and feedback on policies) have played a positive role in allowing ordinary citizens to regain ownership of their data,
The examples of what other countries (such as Singapore) are doing in new areas such as Big data
and a change of outlook among the top management. What might these changes look like over the next 20-30 years?
and economic opportunity interact with shifts such as cloud computing, social networking, the internet of things, synthetic biology, the makers movement and advanced manufacturing.
as the value web continues to displace linear value chains of merely one-directional value and money flows.
Fostering Innovation-driven Entrepreneurship in Europe 55 Conclusion Over the course of 2013 and 2014, the Forum's Fostering Innovation-driven Entrepreneurship in Europe project has drawn on survey data, structured interviews,
please email europeentrepreneurship@weforum. org. 56 Enhancing Europe's Competitiveness Endnotes 1. The entrepreneurial life cycle is defined here as including the factors influencing an individual to turn an idea into economic activity or join a start-up as an employee,
7. See Eurostat database. 8. Note: Slovakia is not part of the analysis because as of 2010 (and therefore during the assessed time interval) it has applied a new statistical methodology;
See Silicon valley Bank (2013), Start-up outlook report. 13. For a general and extensive assessment on entrepreneurs and business-building, see Tjan, Harrington and Hsieh (2012), Heart, Smarts, Guts, and Luck:
GEM Consortium (2013), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 15. Diedrichs, E. 2013), Do SMES lose their appetite for innovation during the economic crisis?
Blog on Innovationmanagement. se. 16. Stam, E. et al. 2012), Ambitious Entrepreneurship A Review of the academic literature and new directions for public policy, Report for the Advisory Council for Science and Technology Policy (AWT) and the Flemish Council for Science
European commission (2012), Entrepreneurship in the EU and beyond, Flash Barometer 354, http://ec. europa. eu/public opinion/flash/fl 354 en. pdf. 20. http://www. mentorsme. co
however, require stronger early seed-stage funding as pointed out in Salido, Sabás and Freixas (2013), The Accelerator and Incubator Ecosystem in Europe, Telefonica, p. 2. 41.
Central and Eastern europe (no EVCA data available on Turkey: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia;
See the policy recommendations of the recent report Salido, Sabás and Freixas (2013), The Accelerator and Incubator Ecosystem in Europe, Telefonica. 43.
New york times (2013), Google Ventures Stresses the Science of the Deal, not the Art of the Deal. 61.
European commission (2012), Flash Eurobarometer 354: Entrepreneurship in the EU and beyond. 66. Foster, G. et al.
Global Information technology Report 2013, Global Innovation Index 2013, Global Talent Competitiveness Index 2013.58 Enhancing Europe's Competitiveness Further Reading In recent years,
which provide insights on two core questions: 1) What do entrepreneurs perceive to be the difference between entrepreneurial ecosystems around the globe in terms of the availability of the various pillars that make up an ecosystem?
PDF Foundation for Entrepreneurship Young Enterprise Denmark (2013), Impact of Entrepreneurship Education in Denmark 2013 INSEAD, World Economic Forum (2013), The Global Information technology Report
-YE Europe Alumni Research+Data Insights, a Hill+Knowlton Strategies company David Iannelli, President Amber Ott, Senior Account Supervisor YES Dimitris Tsigos, President
Manager, International R&d Management, Laundry and Home Care The Lisbon Council Ann Mettler, Executive director Microsoft Jan Muehlfeit, Chairman, Microsoft Europe Royal DSM
Center Telefonica José María Álvarez-Pallete López, Chief operating officer Javier Santiso, Director, Innovation Funds, Venture and Growth Capital 60 Enhancing Europe's Competitiveness The World
Technology Pioneer Klaus Matzka, Partner, Pioneers Festival, Austria Frédéric Michel, Global Director of Public Engagement, Telefonica, Spain Jean-Yves Naouri, Chief operating officer
for Universities and Science of the United kingdom Karen E. Wilson, Senior Fellow, Bruegel and OECD, Switzerland Björn Woltermann, Vice-president, Emerging Technologies, Deutsche telekom, Germany Werner Wutscher
+41 (0) 22 869 1212 Fax:++41 (0) 22 786 2744 contact@weforum. org www. weforum. org The World Economic Forum is an international institution committed to improving the state of the world through public-private
and proposes a framework of how ICT can be used to enhance immunisation coverage. Keywords: ICT, Immunisation System;
Immunization coverage; System Dynamics modelling. INTRODUCTION The role Information Communication Technologies (ICTS) play in improving the efficiencies
Developing countries still lag behind in advances in information technologies although they are increasingly being used in the availability of healthcare in remote areas,(Musa, Meso and Mbarika, 2005).
Preventable childhood diseases such as measles, polio and premature deaths still occur particularly in the developing countries due to low immunization coverage (WHO, 1999.
Various approaches have been applied to understand immunization coverage problems, however, there are still acknowledged deficiencies in these approaches
Various approaches have been applied to understand immunization coverage problems, however, there are acknowledged deficiencies in these approaches.
the coverage rate in Uganda is generally still low (less than 60%)WHO, 2001. Figure 1:
Ugandan Immunization Rates by Different Vaccines 1981-2003 Figure 1, illustrates immunization coverage rates in Uganda over 22 years.
Immunisation coverage is very dynamic and can only be sustained by continuous campaigns. As the immunization coverage rates decline, campaigns and different forms of advertising are used as a quick fix to change the negative response towards immunization.
This results in high dependence on campaigns, word of mouth and advertising whose effect wares off with time
although most of the major hospitals and the medical schools use computers for administrative purposes. ICTS have impacted greatly the health sector
2. What kind of data and information may be collected to understand the extent of immunization system and immunisation coverage?
and transportation of textual information using stand-alone computers. Some of the healthcare systems that have been developed include billing, financial systems, patient registration, computer based record systems and pharmacy systems.
Most of lab equipment and radiology equipment are computerized now and linked through data networks. Telemedicine which uses telecommunication
and multimedia technologies is used now increasingly for remote consultation, diagnostics and examination of patients over the internet.
As far as improving education in health is concerned ICTS are being used for sharing documents, simulations of health scenario planning, training,
interactive environments and self managed e-learning. Healthnet one of the most widely implemented computer-based telecommunications systems in Sub-saharan africa, currently is being used in over 30 countries by around 10,000 healthcare workers to exchange ideas
and provide medical solutions to various problems (Mbarika, 2004). Healthnet uses low earth orbit satellites and phonelines to provide email access system of local telecommunications sites used to provide low cost access to healthcare information in developing countries through a link to basic
email (Kasozi and Nkuuhe, 2003. Users mainly physicians and medical workers connect to the network through Enhancing healthcare delivery through ICTS 147 local telephone nodes to access services such as physician collaborations (Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda.
Data collection (Gambia), healthcare delivery (Ethiopia), research (Ghana), medical databases, consultation and referral scheduling, epidemic alerts and medical libraries.
Mozambique a Sub-saharan africa country, launched its first Telemedicine project in 1998. This was mainly a link connecting two central hospitals was built based on existing terrestrial and satellite communications system using low cost equipment for transmission, exchange and visualization of images and radiographs (ITU, 1998.
In Uganda hand-helds (Epihandy) are being used by healthcare staff for communication (e-mail), demographic studies and surveys, consultations and treatment guidelines (Kasozi and Nkuuhe, 2003.
Across Sub-saharan africa, the Internet is used to report daily cases of meningitis to monitor emerging epidemics.
Satellife uses low orbit communication satellites to link up doctors via the internet through store and forward technology (Groves, 1996.
Satellife provides service to remote medical units through email and internet traffic as international telephone connections to capital cities in the developing world.
and the Internet is used to rapidly mobilize medical personnel and effectively coordinate laboratories and specialist services.
Effectiveness of monitoring of immunisation activities which involves the following monitoring systems for adverse events, documentation of immunisation activities, display of immunisation activities, reporting of immunisation activities and reviews of immunisation
illustrates the intricate and complex relationships among factors affecting immunization coverage from a healthcare system perspective and a number of feedback loops
which may help to explain different immunization coverage levels. The relationships between the variables are presented with a connector
shows the following as key issues as far as maintaining an effective healthcare system for improved immunization coverage:
The different ICT requirements and information systems that need to be developed for the improvement of immunization coverage can then be generated from a clear understanding of the system.
and be able to exchange data and information on service delivery. In order to improve the efficiency
Effective data collection and sharing of information can be enhanced through the application of information and communication technologies.
collecting and analysing disease spread data in a country, and educating the community about good healthy living (Wasukira, Somerwel and Wendt, 2003).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Research methodology In order to understand the health system as well as the factors that influence immunization coverage,
performance achievements) Out of the health facilities that were visited only two (2) private hospitals used computers for the registration of patients.
None of the health facilities used computers to process immunisation activities. Seven (7) out of the eight (8) health facilities had documented a well plan on immunisation activities
Internet connectivity and email usage in the health sector is still low compared to other sectors.
Medical personnel most commonly use computers like accountants and secretaries. Until 1993, Uganda had centralized a health information system (HIS)
which focussed on morbidity and mortality reporting, with data flowing only from individual health units to the district and national level.
A health management information system (HMIS) that emphasizes use of information at the point of collection is currently in use (Gladwin, Dixon and Wilson, 2003.
In a resource constrained economy like Uganda, the responsibilities for planning, resource mobilization and allocation, management immunization services, storage and distribution of vaccines, supplies and equipment to the units under their supervision
using and disseminating data, carrying out routine maintenance of cold chain, reporting and management of outbreaks.
The tally sheets are forwarded to the health district level for entry into a computerized database Health Management Information system (HMIS.
Districts that have a computer and resources to maintain it, are provided with an easy spreadsheet based system for compiling monthly and annual reports.
The reports from the districts are delivered to the headquarters either by hand, fax or by email.
The national office has a LAN at the headquarters to enable health offices gain access to the HMIS products such as the ministry of health website.
Future expansion includes development of a WAN, to provide connectivity to the rest of the districts.
1999), these capabilities require the complex combination of the technical infrastructure (cabling infrastructure, hardware platform, base software platform), ICT shared services (as communications services), ICT applications (as WEB
and level of service towards the improvement of immunization coverage: Child: In the proposed system, a SMART card will be prepared for each child born.
Photograph of the child Child's name, year of birth and sex Father's name, address, telephone number Mother's name, address, telephone number Location:
The data is uploaded then onto the handheld device and sent to the district database through a fixed wireless terminal.
and the data is uploaded then to the national database. Health workers will use the PDA to access immunization information (diseases, vaccines, side effects, immunization schedule, stock management) from the immunization content management system.
At the district level, data can be used to prepare forecasts, analysis and plans for the district.
The data from all the districts is compiled to obtain the national immunization performance. The data can then be used to generate national targets, imports of vaccines and supplies,
management of staff and equipment as well as enhance decision making process for long term plans. National level: An immunisation content management system that has all the information pertaining to immunisation (diseases, vaccines, schedules,
A Health Management Information system linking all the health facilities at all community, district levels should be used for support
third to create a public database that holds data at the community level, but is fed through the decision making structure to improve healthcare provision nationally and local level.
which the limited computing resources at several locations can be combined to undertake massive computing tasks as provide flexible use of resources for a variety of applications.
Clair, D. 1999),‘The implications of information technology infrastructure for business process redesign, MIS Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 2, pp159-82.
Managing information technology infrastructure: a new flexibility framework. Management Research News vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 632-651.
Information technology and telemedicine in Sub-saharan africa. British Medical Journal vol. 321, pp. 465-466. Gladwin, J.,Dixon, R. A. and Wilson, T. D. 2003.
Implementing a new health management information system. Health Policy and Planning. vol. 18, no. 2. Groves, T. 1996) Satellife:
Shaping computer mediated social relations, Routledge, London Kasozi, M. and Nkuuhe, J. 2003. Uganda Chartered Healthnet promotes healthcare using Handheld devices.
Communications of Associations for Information systems. Vol. 15, pp. 33. Nambaziira, S. 2006. An online tool for Monitoring and tracking vaccines and vaccine logistics utilization at district level in Uganda.
Enhancing Immunization Coverage through Health Information systems: A System Dynamics Approach. Stud Health Technol Inform. vol. 130, pp. 247-56.
Testing the use of handheld computers for heathcare in Ghana, Uganda, and Kenya. Report published:
http://ijedict. dec. uwi. edu//viewarticle. php? id=465
NON CLASSIFIE UNCLASSIFIED Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques 2000 ENHANCING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF SMES IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY:
11 The Information technology Strategy...12 The Niche Strategy...13 The Network and Flexible Production Strategies...
Clustering is particularly important to gain access to new ideas and tacit knowledge, especially in young industries.
which information can be transmitted across geographic space via the Internet, fax machines and electronic communication superhighways,
While the telecommunications revolution has brought the cost of transmitting information across geographic space to virtually zero,
For example, the Gellman (1976,1982) data base identified SMES as contributing 2. 45 times more innovations per employee than do large firms.
For example, Audretsch (1995) has demonstrated that SMES contribute more to innovative activity in electronic computing equipment
1) high tech, potentially high growth firms and research oriented consultancies which include engineering services, technology consultants,
and research labs R&d ACTIVITIES Invest significantly in research (75%invest more than 20%of Invest on average about 11%of their turnover in R&d Invest less than 5%of their turnover in R&d 8 Biotechnology, electronics and telecommunication, industrial software applications, new
-The information technology strategy, which makes innovative uses of information technology in order to reduce SME costs and increase productivity.
-The niche strategy, in which SMES choose to become sophisticated global players in a narrow product line.
The most innovative industries, such as computers, instruments and pharmaceuticals also tend to be the most R&d intensive (Audretsch, 1995.
yet contribute considerably to innovation in newly emerging industries like biotechnology and computer software (Audretsch, 1995).
The Information technology Strategy 37. A second strategy SMES can use to improve their competitiveness in global markets involves the application
which include the Internet and the microprocessor, help mitigate economies of scale and the gains traditionally associated with large-scale production.
New web-based information technologies are enabling SMES to attain global marketing capabilities at very low costs.
and internet-based access to products like financial and accounting management software systems that enhance organisational and management capabilities,
while at the same time reduce the high costs associated with managing SMES. Such products enable SMES to create virtual warehouses,
But to properly take advantage of such internet-based financial and accounting systems SMES typically need to modify
An important strategy deployed by SMES to create competitiveness in global markets is to use the digital technology to develop core competencies
On the high-tech front, they make parallel-processing computers for Japan and satellite receivers for Germany.""12 41.
Diversification is considered generally to be anathema to focusing upon the core product. But because of their specialisation and small size, Mittelstand companies are often at a disadvantage in terms of economies of scale.
individuals move easily from semiconductor to disk drive firms or from computer to network makers. They move from established firms to start-ups (or vice versa) and even to market research or consulting firms,
In a clustering strategy, firms take advantage of linkages with other enterprises afforded by geographic proximity
It may seem paradoxical to claim that geography matters for innovative activity in a world of E-mail, fax machines, and cyberspace
While the marginal cost of transmitting information across geographic space has been reduced drastically with the telecommunications revolution, the marginal cost of transmitting knowledge,
Data constraints can be overcome to study the extent of knowledge spillovers and their link to the geography of innovative activity using proxies like patenting activity, patent citations,
Clusters of firms have experienced high levels of investment into process technologies, particularly in manufacturing automation, NC, CAD-CAM,
Several studies have shown that public funding in the form of R&d grants plays a decisive role as seed financing for high tech and potentially high growth SMES.
These organisations are typically technical consultants and count R&d as a non-core activity. Looking at firm growth rates during the three-year period preceding the study,
Public R&d grants were the only viable source of seed capital in Europe during most of the eighties and early nineties, a period during which high tech,
Close to 80%of all new technology startups are in information technologies--software, Internet, and telecommunication software.
Because these firms are focused more on providing a service and face much shorter development times,
Therefore comparability of the data in this table is guaranteed not fully. 21 Year founded. 22 Not included:
Examples include a producer of environment-friendly products who used ecommerce as a new way to promote his products;
business advice Information technology Grant advice Direct access Access via business review%Source: Ernst & young Evaluation Report (1996),
the core competencies scan (which lasts 3 hours and is used to define SME core competencies);
the network scan (which lasts 3 hours and identifies the network needs); and the innovation scan (to measure the innovative capability of the SME.
Since SMES have difficulty finding the most appropriate public programme given the complex web of public initiatives,
and Han Zhang, 1999, Small Business in the Digital economy: Digital Company of the Future, paper presented at the conference, Understanding the Digital economy:
Data, Tools, and Research, Washington, D c.,25-26,may 1999. Berman, Eli, John Bound and Stephen Machin, 1997,‘Implications of Skill-Biased Technological Change:
International Evidence, working paper 6166, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge, MA. Bessant, J.,1999, The Rise and Fall of Supernet:
OECD. OECD, 1999, Cluster analysis and Cluster-based Policy in OECD countries, Paris: OECD. Porter, M. 1990), The Comparative Advantage of Nations, New york:
Prevenzer, Martha, 1997,‘The Dynamics of Industrial Clustering in Biotechnology,'Small Business Economics, 9 (3), 255-271.
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