Laura CORAS Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania eliza. paicu@yahoo. com Professor Phd Adrian Dumitru TANTAU Bucharest University of Economic Studies
, Romania ad tantau@yahoo. com Abstract: Given the limited amount of research written about the open innovation practices of companies located in Romania,
As technology investor Bill Joy of Sun microsystems explains, a fundamental premise of open innovation is not all the smart people work for you,
the mobile phone industry, the digital amplifier industry, the open source software industry, the mobile operating system Android, the biopharmaceutical industry, Procter&gamble, Italcementi, Deutsche telekom, Innocentive, Roche or the Dutch special
In IBM's recent CEO study, more than three quarters of the 765 CEOS queried cited collaboration
The technology has had the greatest contribution to facilitating the new communication and collaboration techniques, especially by the growth of the Internet, through social networking, Web conferencing and instant messaging.
and geographical diversity, of relevant knowledge sites, forcing firms to access external knowledge to support their value chain activities (Rothaermel and Hess, 2007) and,
The external knowledge is generated by the employees, business partner, customers, consultants, competitors, business associations, internet sales and service units, internal research and development units and academia.
Lichtenthaler (2011) argues that external knowledge sharing has the potential to expose organization's core competencies to its rival organizations.
and disclosure of core competencies to cooperation partners may alter the aim and ethic of the open innovation process.
Collaboration among partners, the core process of open innovation, entails a variety of risks that alter the purpose.
three core process archetypes, Proceedings of the R&d Management Conference (RADMA), Lisbon. 13. Hess, A m.,Rothaermel, F. T. 2011.
A great deal of additional information on the European union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa. eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of the publication.
LEGAL NOTICE By the European commission Directorate General for Communications networks, Content and Technology (DG CONNECT. Neither the European commission nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use
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Innovation 2. 0 Creates New Innovation Space 21 The New Era of Crowdsourcing Industrial Crowdsourcing 25 Research and Innovation Programmes Shaping Ecosystems for Open Innovation
Clouds, the Internet of things (Iot), Open/Big data and fast mobile communications are all creating opportunities for major changes in business models, in societal behaviour and in value-creation models in general.
How to fully take advantage of the simultaneous technological and societal development can be answered by making Open Innovation 2. 0 increasingly mainstream.
@tue. nl Cakir Yilmaz Basaksehir Living Lab y. cakir@superonline. com Curley Martin Intel. Labs Europe & National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Innovation Value Institute martin. g. curley@intel. com den Ouden Elke Eindhoven University of Technology
, Intelligent Lighting Institute E d. Ouden@tue. nl Erkinheimo Pia DIGILE Finnish Centre for Science and Innovation in the Internet Economy pia. erkinheimo@digile. fi
Holzmann Thomas Strascheg Centre for Entrepreneurship Thomas. Holzmann@sce. de Huuskonen Mikko Lappeenranta University of Technology & the Ministry of Employment and the Economy, Finland Mikko.
Institute for Regional Development and Structural Planning Schmidts@irs-net. de Schofield Tatiana Synergy lab tatianaschofield@yahoo. co. uk Schreurs Mary Ann
and interlinked to the core processes of OI2. In the article by Markkula and Kune the focus is on orchestration,
The following article by Karkkainen, Jussila and Erkinheimo looks at industrial crowdsourcing from a very practical, evidence-based angle.
and extends that to crowdsourcing, and even crowdworking. Engagement platforms and processes seem to be very important
Work builds on the very deep experience of the authors on crowdsourcing in various environments.
The article also builds on the experience from European Public-Private Partnership (PPP) instruments and the Future Internet PPP (FI PPP) in particular.
The FI PPP opening up to various application areas is a very interesting example on how new engagement platforms could be designed in the technology transition we are in, towards the cloud, Iot and big/open data.
connectivity and computation? How should all that influence our choices when we seek the impact?
and software substitution may soon make more than 50%of current jobs obsolete. Knowledge workers especially will be under pressure
'4 It is a process at the core of renewing Europe's capacity for renewal.
when their core processes are understood, respected and orchestrated. Actualising the Dublin Declaration The Dublin Declaration was an output of the first Open Innovation 2. 0 Conference
purposeful conversations and working with virtual worlds to explore what RIS3 collaboration could mean for their regions, the importance of Open Innovation 2. 0, the role of universities in entrepreneurial discovery,
Is crowdsourcing in its different forms the right way to progress? In this article, it is suggested that the power of crowds together with experimentation
One of the new trends is crowdsourcing (beyond crowdfunding. Crowd processes can bring good, disruptive ideas or reinforce some solutions when used properly.
E A r C H 25 The New Era of Crowdsourcing Industrial Crowdsourcing Introduction The open innovation paradigm emphasises the importance of the efficient use of all available
Crowdsourcing is a phenomenon which is not a fully new one, but quite clearly, its significance for different industries has increased strongly during the last few years.
Howe 1 defines crowdsourcing as an‘act of taking a job traditionally performed by a designated agent (usually an employee) and outsourcing it to an undefined, generally large group of people in the form of an open call'.
'Generally, crowdsourcing has been used mainly by consumer-sector companies, and the main applications have been the outsourcing of relatively simple tasks, such as marketing videos, photographs and simple design tasks,
The idea of crowdsourcing by business-to-business companies and companies developing complex industrial products for other companies has been considered irrelevant and even absurd.
or existing crowdsourcing approaches and competences that would allow the crowdsourcing to be extended to their proper use,
So, while previous crowdsourcing activities and crowdsourcing research has focused strongly on crowdsourcing related to the consumer sector companies using it,
and the use of consumertypes of crowds in the crowdsourcing of simple and relatively little in depth or specialised expertise requiring tasks, such as t-shirt design,
quite recently during recent years crowdsourcing has been discovered see e g. 2 to have significant potential also in the sourcing of highly professional tasks, the development of quite complex products,
and thus increasingly, also industrial manufacturing companies and business-to-business companies have found crowdsourcing useful. Therefore
it is well-grounded to state that crowdsourcing has entered recently a new phase which could be called the new era or new wave of crowdsourcing the era of Industrial Crowdsourcing.
Many pioneering companies have shown quite recently that even innovation-related tasks that require very in depth
In the present report, we focus strongly on this new era of Industrial Crowdsourcing by focusing on crowdsourcing activities of the above type in companies that manufacture industrial products and services.
we focus on crowdsourcing in the business-to-business sector companies, which were thought earlier commonly to be a very challenging or even impossible target for crowdsourcing activities.
We argue that the use of crowdsourcing in the development of complex products requires novel types of skills and competences from the crowdsourcing company and the potential crowdsourcing intermediary,
as well as dedicated crowdsourcing platforms and crowds themselves. New era of industrial crowdsourcing The crowdsourcing of industrial companies and companies manufacturing industrial products for other companies,
Industrial Crowdsourcing, can be described as the new era for crowdsourcing for several reasons. During the last few years
many things have taken place simultaneously to make crowdsourcing possible, on a large scale, for industrial companies.
First, many crowdsourcing platforms have been founded that are dedicated to the crowdsourcing of industrial companies: for instance, Grabcad, Atizo, Top-Coder, utest and Solved are all platforms that did not exist a few years ago,
and have been designed and dedicated to specific, even very complex and expertise-intensive tasks related to industrial crowdsourcing.
Such platforms have matured also only recently to the point, regarding their operational processes, technologies and competences that large scale crowdsourcing can be carried out feasibly
and in a competitive way also from the viewpoint of industrial manufacturing companies e g. 3. The crowds of the above crowdsourcing platforms consist of very professionally operating industry experts from various industries
and representing various areas of expertise, with world-class in depth and specialised expertise on various topics that enable industrial crowdsourcing,
including design and CAD expertise and manufacturing expertise, etc 4. In addition, good 26 O P E N I N N O V A t
I O N y E A r B o O k 2 0 1 5 and well-reported examples of pioneering industrial companies from many industries having successfully used crowdsourcing to their benefit
in the sourcing of the development of even very complex products, services and systems have been reported in the last couple of years.
Furthermore the value creation approaches, models and success factors of industrial crowdsourcing have recently been studied academically
and are at least somewhat well understood, and these have been adopted and exploited as models by other companies, as well.
Accordingly, some of the leading consultancies such as Gartner and Accenture that have investigated crowdsourcing have recently come to the conclusion that crowdsourcing is now a phenomenon
5. General electric is an example of a large multinational industrial company that has noticed clearly the business potential for crowdsourcing,
and claims even that‘A Third Industrial revolution'will be essentially based on crowdsourcing and digitalisation 6. Several new crowdsourcing platforms feasible for industrial crowdsourcing have emerged that have gained rather recently a critical amount of crowds with in depth expertise for the benefit of industrial crowdsourcing.
Innocentive is the most widely-known general-purpose crowdsourcing platform, but unlike the other presented crowdsourcing platforms below, it is designed not specifically for the needs of industrial companies.
Other crowdsourcing platforms more focused for the purpose have been targeted e g. to match the specific needs of industrial companies in software development (e g.
Topcoder mechanical engineering (e g. Grab-CAD), cleantech expertise (e g. Solved), testing of software and hardware products (e g. utest), ideation and concepting (e g.
Atizo) or pre-purchase crowdfunding (e g. Kickstarter), see Table 1. From some platforms, industrial companies can reach a vast number of experts in specific field (e g. more than 1. 5 million mechanical engineers in Grabcad),
while others provide access to a smaller crowd of world-class experts (experts e g. in the area of environment, energy, mobility, construction and design related to cleantech in Solved).
Table 1. Examples of industrial crowdsourcing platforms, crowds and industrial case companies 7, 8, 4, 9 Crowdsourcing platform Crowd Industrial case companies
Innocentive (http://www. innocentive. com/)>300 000 registered users, additionally a network of 13 000 000 experts EMC, Flextegrity Grabcad (http://grabcad. com
Technology utest (http://www. utest. com)> 150 000 software testers Numerex Topcoder (http://www. topcoder. com>600 000 software developers Praxis
Formlabs, Autonomous Marine Systems Atizo (https://www. atizo. com/)Thousands of concept builders Pago AG The Ferris wheel of crowdsourcing Next, we present the Ferris wheel of crowdsourcing
and give examples of current interesting pioneering outlier companies 10 and applications of industrial crowdsourcing.
In Figure 1, crowdsourcing is presented as a Ferris wheel. The Ferris wheel describes the major approaches where crowds can be used to create value (innermost sphere 2) for the various business development needs of industrial companies.
and manufacturing companies consists of three main crowdsourcing-related concepts:(1) crowdsourcing,(2) crowdfunding 11 and (3) crowdworking.
These concepts are referred to by numbers 1-3. These concepts are interrelated partly and intersecting. We will describe in more detail the major crowdsourcing-based functions related to the above concepts,
using examples from various industrial companies. R E g I O N A l I N N O V A t I O N,
to clarify the current potential of crowd-based value creation for industrial crowdsourcing. We shall also dismantle the crowd-based major functions of the Ferris wheel shown in Figure 1. Market research
Crowds are expressing their needs and aspirations on many levels, all the time on the Internet, e g. via social media.
All the new knowledge published on the Internet in digital format is there for anyone to discover
and are nowadays using crowdsourcing as a way to produce findings while simultaneously protecting their old-school offerings.
As an example of new type of highly complex crowdworking in the construction industry, the company YIT, the largest residential construction company in Finland, used Solved (https://solved. fi/),a crowdsourcing intermediary
The Ferris wheel of crowdsourcing 28 O P E N I N N O V A t I O N y E A r B o O k 2 0
The focal point of the act is crowdsourcing and start-up community-related new rules and regulations;
Ideation and concepting the typical concepts in engaging the crowd Ideation is one of the most common application areas for crowdsourcing;
If idea crowdsourcing is part of company's true innovation and renewal endeavours, the company needs to know what to do with the ideas how to embed them into the core of its business development and innovation practices.
E g. Atizo (http://www. atizo. com) is an example in EU for idea crowdsourcing where multiple consumer brands
but also manufacturing companies (e g. Pago AG) are ideating together with the audience. Using crowdsourcing for concepting can be organised for example as engineering competitions
or be a continuation of engaging the crowd i e. potential users to the next phase in the innovation process.
Estonian-founded crowdsourcing start-up Grabcad (http://grabcad. com//which was acquired by Stratasys, is a an example of a crowdsourcing platform
and community that has been used by several manufacturing companies (e g. Konecranes, Sovella, Lürssen Werft) in Europe to crowdsource conceptualisation of even quite complex industrial products.
As an example, Konecranes, a globally leading overhead crane manufacturer and provider of lifting solutions and service networks,
used Grab-CAD to crowdsource concepts for an indicator for detecting chain wear in their chain hoist.
making a design for a website, or getting photos or audio as content. Usually these communities have tens (e g.
When continuing towards marketing efforts in digital media (especially in social media) and understanding the quest for authenticity that the audience demands nowadays,
why wouldn't the organisation ask marketing-like content e g. goodenough social media marketing videos, audio and other content to be produced by the crowd it has earned'?
as the costs to enter to the markets in the Internet economy are marginal. While pre-purchase crowdsourcing has been popular in consumer markets already for years,
manufacturing companies in different industrial sectors have begun also making use of pre-purchasing in both early phases of product development as well as ramping up their production.
pre-purchasing has been used to fund the development of industrial products such as a modular desktop CNC machine 19, drone (autonomous robotboat) 20 and 3d printer 21.
Nowadays, many software and consumer electronics companies say openly that they are not the experts in the usage of their products and services,
when making Internet search enquiries for a specific (software or electric device usage related) problem, the users do not end up at the official brand Q&a sites as the first hit,
as the companies promote those sites rather than their own brand site. Examples vary from Microsoft to hardware
and special hobby groups like the ones actually run by the brand itself, Suunto, a Finnish origin global manufacturer and marketer of sport watches,
dive computers and precision instruments. Suunto is facilitating a sports community Movescount, where active, like-minded,
Recently, also industrial companies have started making use of communities and services for crowdsourcing testing of their products.
Numerex a company focused on the machine-tomachine (M2m), business-to-business market made use of utest (http://www. utest. com/;
/a professional network of 150 000+testers and QA professionals in a crowdsourcing complex testing of both software and also hardware of their product for tracking vehicles and assets.
Completing volunteer-based crowdsourcing, a paying crowdwork industry is now quickly growing in scope and ambition:‘
and argued here that crowdsourcing has entered a new era quite recently the era of Industrial Crowdsourcing.
and crowdsourcing platforms that have come up within the very last few years. The examples and many others have demonstrated that even tasks related to the development of very demanding business-to-business products
however, successful crowdsourcing usually requires several new types of competences, which can be achieved partly via intermediaries,
The examples also show that crowdsourcing can help to achieve significant results and benefits in the case of industrial manufacturing companies,
Quite often, the crowdsourcing approaches have resulted in very innovative and out-of-the-box types of solutions that very probably would not have been reached by traditional approaches.
which crowdsourcing platforms enable with much more ease than the traditional methods. The various outlined crowdsourcing approaches and industrial company examples described in this paper have several significant implications for the renewal and competitiveness of manufacturing companies in Europe and elsewhere.
As we are dealing with a new and potentially a disruptive change phenomenon, industrial manufacturing companies should certainly no less than follow carefully the developments in the area of industrial crowdsourcing,
and try to be aware of how the new trends in crowdsourcing impact their industry and
what the competitors are doing with crowdsourcing. But they should also be aware that the bold companies that start early to experiment with
and adopt crowdsourcing practices themselves in their business may be the ones that gain an edge,
which could be tough to catch up with by the latecomers. References (1) Howe J.,Crowdsourcing: How the power of the crowd is driving the future of business, New york, Crown Publishing Group, 2008.2) Jussila J, Laine T, Rautiainen M, Kärkkäinen H, Ruohisto J, Erkinheimo
P, et al, Future of crowdsourcing and value creation in different media environments, Academicmindtrek‘13 Proceedings of International Conference on Making Sense of Converging Media, Tampere, 2013, p
. 339. doi: 10.1145/2523429.2532331.3) Daugherty P, Biltz MJ, Banerjee P.,Accenture Technology Vision 2014, Every Business Is a Digital Business, 2014.4) Helander N, Jussila
J, Kärkkäinen H.,Value Creation in Business-to-business Crowdsourcing, International Journal of Knowledge Society Research (IJKSR) 2013;
Multasuo J.,Can crowdsourcing really be used in B2b innovation?,Proceedings of the 16th International Academic Mindtrek Conference, ACM;
10.1145/2393132.2393159.8) Jussila J, Kärkkäinen H, Multasuo J.,Social media Roles in Crowdsourcing Innovation Tasks in B2b-Relationships, Proceedings of The XXIV ISPIM Conference, Helsinki, Finland:
P.,Crowdsourcing and Open Innovation for Enterprises, 2013. R E g I O N A l I N N O V A t I O N,
E A r C H 31 16) Ketonen-Oksi S, Multasuo J, Jussila J, Kärkkäinen H.,Social media-Based Value Creation in Innovation
Community in Mechanical engineering Industry, Rospigliosi A, Greener S, editors, Proceedings of the European Conference on Social media ECSM 2014, Brighton, UK:
Modular Desktop CNC Machine. An Open Hardware project in Minneapolis, MN by AJ Quick 2011. http://www. kickstarter. com/projects/ajquick/modular-desktop-cncmachine?
ref=category (accessed 4 june 2012).(20) Kickstarter. Robotboat Mark VI by Eamon Carrig, Kickstarter 2012. https://www. kickstarter. com/projects/robotboat/robotboat-mark-vi (accessed January 16, 2015).(21) Kickstarter.
An affordable, professional 3d printer. Kickstarter 2012. http://www. kickstarter. com/projects/formlabs/form-1-an-affordable-professional-3d printer (accessed 10 december 2012).(22) Kittur A, Nickerson JV, Bernstein
M, Gerber E, Shaw A, Zimmerman J, et al. The future of crowd work. Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work, ACM;
2013, pp. 1301-18.23) Trifu A, Croitoru I, A SWOT Analysis of Today's Crowdsourcing Process, International Journal of Management Sciences, 2014;
2: 487 93. Contact: Hannu Kärkkäinen Professor Tampere University of Technology hannu. karkkainen@tut. fi Jari Jussila Researcher Tampere University of Technology jari. j. jussila@tut
and Innovation in the Internet Economy pia. erkinheimo@digile. fi 32 O P E N I N N O V A t I O N y E
Based on cases taken from the European commission programmes in the domain of Future Internet and ICT,
and insight gained in Future Internet and ICT programmes with scientific literature on systems of innovation and policy instruments,
or a physical platform (Future Internet PPP). Platform ecosystems literature emphasises the role of a focal actor for the business networks, who is typically the platform owner 19.
Shaping innovation ecosystems for the future Internet Within the domain of the Internet and ICT it is instructive to compare three examples of largescale research
the Future Internet PPP (FI-PPP), the Future Internet Research and Experimentation programme (FIRE) and the EIT ICT Labs. These cases are highly different in terms of the scope of activities and results
, funding and governance models, positioning within the Future Internet landscape, and activities orientated towards establishing an innovation ecosystem.
and innovation themes Open cloud based platform of APIS for developing new collaboratively created services for various application areas Federated testbed facilities for research,
validation and adoption of Future Internet technologies (networking, mobile/wireless, Iot). Wide range of technologies and application areas.
currently widening towards SMES, industry, new initiatives (5g). Open access and open calls attract facility users and experimenters also from business.
Open stack of APIS available for developers and entrepreneurs. Validated technologies. Platform ecosystem development. Testbed facilities responding to evolving academic and industry needs, experimentation tools and methodologies, European-wide federation of testbed facilities Educational programs, research projects, portfolio of business acceleration services, like accelerator,
Increasingly linkages established with related Future Internet initiatives. Intertwined with universities educational programs, local innovation communities, living labs and SMES.
Increasing collaboration with other Future Internet initiatives may broaden scope for ecosystems building. Focus on building local ecosystems around co-location centers
Establishing a core infrastructure of federated testbeds as a resource for users (academia, research institutes, industry, SMES.
like 5g Testbed facilities sustainability considered to largely depend on public funding. Increasing collaboration with other initiatives aim at broaden the sustainability base.
This enables closer collaboration and exchange of data. Furthermore the partners share a boundary object, the Technology Platform,
The ecosystem is more homogenous in terms of core actors, but it also involves a significant amount of third parties on ad hoc bases.
Platform development The Future Internet PPP is an excellent example of initiating ecosystem development within a programme,
enabled by the FIWARE software platform. Still there remain challenges in synchronising technical platform development and the creation of innovation communities based on the platform.
This was seen also in the future Internet PPP, where the progress of the platform project FIWARE was pivotal to the progress of the other projects.
For the FIRE community the boundary objective can be the ICT software and applications test beds and facilities,
which led to the formation of numerous ecosystems consisting of the core partners to the programme and other stakeholders.
a case study of the i-mode mobile Internet service',Eur. Management Rev. Vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 217 232.20) Eisenmann (2006), T.,Parker, G.,Van alstyne, M.,‘Strategies for Two-sided Markets',Harvard Business Review, October
The case of enterprise software',MIS Q.,Vol. 36, Nr. 1, pp. 263-290.22) European commission (2010),‘Interim Evaluation of the Seventh Framework Programme, Report
the need to review their curriculum to respond to new skills and market demands, the rise of open education platforms and social media, community engagement and crowdsourcing.
as the firms look to advance their technology'2. A recent search of Google trends produced about 85 million results in less than a second 3 with high regional interests from South korea, Finland, Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, Germany
customer expectations are increasing Universities are affected also by increasing customer sophistication, increased transparency and digitisation.
Such trends force universities to adapt innovative marketing strategies embracing social networks, interactive websites, intranet and content marketing techniques
in order to enhance their conversation with potential students, staff and public; pressure on universities to demonstrate impact from their research All economic players experience a growing economic and fiscal pressure.
strategy office to monitor international trends and benchmarking; marketing and communication department to interact with stakeholders and public;
increasing use of social media; community engagement and crowdsourcing. We will now consider these trends in further details.
Knowledge co-creation and use-inspired research In its Global Information technology Report 2010-11,8 the World Economic Forum provides ranking of university-industry R & D collaboration based on
a survey of senior leaders from the industry. According to the survey the top five countries ranked by executives include the USA, Switzerland, Finland, UK and Sweden.
differences in confidentiality (open source publications vs competitive nature; organisational differences (curiosity-driven vs problems-solving;
-industry partnership include the IBM Open Collaboration Research Programme (OCR) 12, long-term grand challenge programmes (e g.
There is an observable trend within universities to review their research strategies focusing on developing core expertise
According to the Thomson One database there were 26 university funds established between 1973 and 2010 24.
There is a growing trend to develop T-shaped people with a core expertise and the ability to collaborate across disciplines.
The HBR Blog Network 29 has argued recently for revisiting business education placing emphasis on holistic thinking, global perspectives, technology, entrepreneurship,
The use of social media by universities is on the rise with many leading universities having hundreds of thousands followers on their social network pages.
the Massachusetts institute of technology has 170 000+followers on its Twitter page 35, more than 600 000+likes on its news page on Facebook 36 and 650 000+subscribers on its Open Course Ware page on Youtube with millions of views 37.
A greater transparency and openness in communication approaches results in new technology and trends in developing universities websites.
Universities are reshaping and restructuring their websites R E g I O N A l I N N O V A t I O N,
I N N O V A t I O N P L a T F O R M S A n D U n i v e r s i t y R E s
and expertise marketing to content marketing featuring video, podcasts, blogs, elements of gamification and community events.
Universities are gradually exploring crowdsourcing and crowdfunding opportunities. While there is a need to pay some scrutiny to funding sources there are new crowdfunding platforms
and crowdsourcing will continue to rise while universities build experience and confidence in using new tools and solutions.
3) http://www. google. com/trends/explore#q=open%20 innovation (as of 14.1.15)( 4) Linus Dahlander, David M. Gann,(2010),
/reports/global-competitiveness-report-2012-2013 (7) http://www. ref. ac. uk (8) Global Information technology Report 2010-11, the World Economic Forum.
Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Vol. 20, No 6, pp. 653-666.12) http://www. research. ibm. com/university/collaborativeresearch/ocr. shtml (13
An Analysis of University-Managed Funds, Journal of Technology Transfer, 2013.24) Thomson One database. 25) http://www. setsquared. co. uk (26) http://sydney. edu. au/(27) http://www. lse. ac. uk/intranet/students/LSE100
/Home. aspx (28) http://www. abdn. ac. uk/study/about/sixth-centurycourses-348. php (29) Roos J.,The Renaissance We Need in Business education, HBR
Blog Network, July 2014.30) https://www. coursera. org/(31) https://www. edx. org/(32) https://www. udacity. com/nanodegree (33
) https://www. khanacademy. org (34) https://www. iggy. net (35) https://twitter. com/mit (36) https://www. facebook. com/MITNEWS
(37) https://www. youtube. com/user/MIT (38) http://www3. imperial. ac. uk/festival (39) https://hubbub. net/about/Contact:
Tatiana Schofield Managing director Synergy lab tatiana@synergy-lab. co. uk R E g I O N A l I N N O V A t I O N,
ownership of university patents is regulated as well as copyrighted in relation to computer programming. Regarding the other types of rights (e g. artistic copyright, design rights), the system relies on contractual freedom.
patent databases are the largest collections of public, free of-cost technological information. The US system allowing a‘grace period'for inventors to maintain their right to patent
(I shall later refer to this definition as‘the core mission').'In carrying out their mission, the universities must promote lifelong learning,
which support the performance of their core mission (as in Section 2 of the Act).
Computer programming is an exception to this rule, as the computer programs belong to Harvard university as sponsored software inventions.
The Harvard system seems on the surface to bear likeness to the Finnish system but somewhat clearer and perhaps more sophisticated as to the definition of rights and the clarity of allocation.
IP-based technology transfer is part of the universities'core missions, along with research, education and enhancing well-being 9. The universities should create a clear mission for their technology transfer,
whether it is used best as a core asset of a start-up or if the asset would be used in better in some large company's product assortment.
Monitoring patent data, especially applications, gives an indication of the direction of technological development, which information in turn helps planning research investments also from society's point of view 17.
amended 119/2013) defines education and research as the core missions of universities, but in addition are the interaction with and giving information about research to society,
I do not have data on this, but a common view is that in general, the development in Europe is likely to have moved towards university-centrism during the past decades.
albeit with the reservation that more data is needed for deeper analysis. Like in Finland and elsewhere,
However, this is not the whole picture of IP created in universities there are copyrightable computer programs, content,
In Finland, there is an exception regarding computer programming the IP of computer programming belongs to the employer,
which case the rights belong to the programmer. The direction of the incentive should be looked better at in this case.
Wikipedia).()( 2) Translations available in English are unofficial. There are several unofficial translations available on the Internet with certain differences.
One is titled‘Act on the Right in Inventions made at Higher education institutions'and uses slightly different translations in comparison to this text.
5) Internet document‘Guidelines, Policies and Forms; Intellectual Property',Section I: Inventions and Patents, Harvard university, Office of Technology Development, printed 23.6.2014.6) Section V, Royalty Sharing.
Patent databases are in fact the largest datebases of technological information available. Second, the patent can be used as an asset and even collateral for financing.
'http://dea. nu/sites/default/files/Technology%20transfer%20-%20summary%20 in%20english. pdf (26) Coase R. 1960),‘The Problem of Social Cost
considering especially the so-called‘Coase Theorem'regarding the allocation of rights in economic analysis. 27) Wikipedia, Novelty (patent).(
and networking software. This empirical study was carried out in the context of the OLLD's matchmaking session that was held in Amsterdam on Tuesday, 2 september 2014.
and offline (colour-coded) matchmaking sessions among LLS and other organisations participating to this event with H2020 challenges.
‘Serendipitous Connection'for those that use social media tools in the context of physical spaces or virtual spaces or even people connection maker (e g. matchmaking.
Concurrently, the PCN approach was implemented into a software prototype 6, 12,13 named CONEX that operates as an online service.
The CONEX server 6 provides machine-generated connections among individuals (e g. researchers, practitioners), organisations (research labs, businesses) and targets (Cfp from diverse research and innovation programmes.
On the Idealist website, it is mentioned that‘Idealist addresses ICT companies and research organisations worldwide wishing to find project partners for a participation in the Horizon 2020 programme of the European commission.
'In terms of empirical study on the Idealist partnersearch, beside the nine Idealist success stories, about FP7 ICT projects who found partners through the use of the partner-search tool, available on the website,
The results were used for printing colour badges as well as initialising the CONEX H2020 profile of each of the 67 participants entered as CONEX entities.
A web analytic approach was taken for counting the CONEX users and sessions before, during and after the event took place (see Figure 3). Later on,
a web analytic tool provided several indications (see Figure 3) across the entire period of this study.
Skype) right before the event takes place. In terms of recommendation, this study also highlights the fact that networks (e g.
Especially because SMES do not necessarily have the resources (e g. methods, techniques and equipment such as 3d printers or virtual,
A User Centred Open Innovation Ecosystem, Webergence Blog, Retrieved January 2011 http://www. cwe-projects. eu/pub/bscw. cgi/715404 (6) Pallot
Co-creating a Semantic-Enabled Serendipity Service for Living Labs and Internet of things, Proceedings of the IEEE International Technology Management Conference and 19th International Conference on Engineering, ICE 2013, The hague
From high-technology graphene products and the gamification of e-learning to social innovation enabling active and healthy ageing
Different people from various fields like industrial engineering, interaction design, programming, marketing or anthropology are involved often in the innovation process at some stage.
In times of 3d printing, open source solutions and new forms of crowdfunding, even enthusiastic hobbyists face relatively low barriers to innovate.
Jakarta Open Data Lab (ID), Chaos Computer Club (DE) Co-working labs Very diverse & changing Cop constellations Provide open spaces for work
The core team currently comprises members from eight different disciplines ranging from anthropology and sociology to performance design.
A relatively small core team assures continuity while new input is gained through a research manager keeping contacts to academics and external collaborators.
It is organised as a nonprofit association (c-base e. V.)offering skill enhancement for hardware, software and network usage.
Seminars and events address topics such as open source software, mobile applications or 2d/3d design. Nonmembers have restricted access to the lab facilities that comprise
for instance, a wood and metal workshop, a sound laboratory and a 3d printer. Co-working labs Co-working labs are similarly easily accessible for users
and often have a particular economic focus or specialisation, such as media, design or software development.
devices and services for interdisciplinary and collaborative work addressing diverse mobile professionals (freelancers, microentrepreneurs, start-ups), most of whom work in creative industries such as design, media, arts or software development.
machines and related software including for instance 3d printers, laser and vinyl cutters or CNC milling machines. Sometimes, more traditional workshop tools supplement these technologies.
-and software and further education within the fields covered by the lab. Co-working labs,
Hardware. co-Lab Berlin The Hardware. co-Lab is located within the famous co-working space betahaus in Berlin-Kreuzberg.
This inner-city area has undergone substantial transformation in the past 15 years. During the division of Berlin, the area was close to the Berlin Wall
A place for creating physical designs was meant to complement the desktop-based activities at betahaus.
Open Design City offered workstations, 3d printing, CNC milling machines, hardware tools and professional support for using the more advanced technologies.
Machines and support were available at an hourly fee. Self-organised (DIY) initiatives as well as creative professionals have used the Open Design City.
and the space has now been operating as the Hardware. co-Lab since January 2015.
More explicitly than before, the lab addresses innovative hardware start-ups and‘technology freaks'18 and offers up to 10 workstations.
Jörn Werner Conrad's CEO, explains that Conrad aims at being closer to demand-driven innovations by supporting those who generate them.
and building electronic gadgets 20. Firm-driven innovation labs Firm-driven innovation labs are facilities that are established by firms for implementing their open innovation strategy.
Additional partners are, for instance, Google, Youtube and Apple who support lab users through workshops, lectures, coaching and training.
The lab is located in Berlin-Kreuzberg. The lab's activities are focused on new technologies 70 O P E N I N N O V A t
graduates and freelancers involved in sectors such as new media, film, camera, film editing, scripts, graphic design, programming, game design and data visualisation.
design, music, games, software development, energy and automotives. Other disciplinary or sectoral specialisations are nevertheless also possible.
Sometimes, strategic partnerships are established (e g. with multinational enterprises such as Deutsche telekom AG or Daimler Benz AG) to circumvent the temporal fixation of academic-driven labs. Usually,
The disciplinary focus is on smart textiles, human computer interaction and communities in digital societies 23. The Technical University of Berlin and the Deutsche telekom Laboratories (T-Labs) founded the lab in 2005.
Since 2010, the lab has been running alongside the endowed professorship for design research at the Udk
The projects lead to joint patents, subsequent projects, spin-offs and consultancies for enterprises (particularly for Deutsche telekom.
Most investor-driven labs operate in the growth sectors of the digital economy. Entrepreneurs, start-ups and start-up teams are the main target groups of these labs. They are selected based on rigorous evaluation criteria such as feasibility
Large multinational enterprises such as Deutsche telekom AG, Deutsche Post AG, Otto Group, Bertelsmann AG, Axel Springer AG, Prosiebensat. 1, Microsoft and Google
Each lab offers a physical environment equipped with desks, machines, computers, audio-equipment, materials and substances that can be arranged flexibly.
de/a/conrad-schafftraum-fuer-hardware-entwickler, 3044225, accessed 12 february 2015.20) http://www. betahaus. com/berlin/spaces/hardwarelab,
pp. 232-247.22) https://ec. europa. eu/growth/tools-databases/regional-innovation-monitor/organisation/stockholm/openlab, accessed 12 february 2015.23) http://www
Some of the successful implementations are an operative Living Lab, 1 Gbit/s Internet connection, Support Card, Call centre, Establishment of a Police Mobese System
Municipality Management Information system (YBS), Electronic Document Management System (EDM), Digital Archiving and GIS 5. 76 O P E N I N N O V A t
Wireless communication technologies; Mobile health; E-Education; Sensor technologies; Renewable energy; Wearable technologies; 3d printing technologies; Augmented reality and virtual reality;
Design and innovation, entrepreneurship schools. Basaksehir Living Lab Innovation and Technology Centre The Basaksehir Living Lab Innovation and Technology Centre building is constructed in Basaksehir
and has a 3 500 m covered area and includes the following areas and facilities:
software and hardware that can enable individuals with creative ideas or small enterprises to make developments is available.
and design experience site where 3d printers are available. The seminar hall is a flexible area
Wi-fi points, IP TV; Providing all public services, especially security, health education and economic services through web portals and applications;
Becoming a pilot area for new technologies such as 4g and 5g, Wimax, IPTV, Wi-fi points and Basaksehir mobile applications;
Implementing safety surveillance with networked tracking systems. O P E N I N N O V A t I O N 2. 0:
I O N y E A r B o O k 2 0 1 5 immediate mobile feedback from various measurement devices and applications developed there.
3d modelling and 3d printing; Augmented-reality stepping stones; Digital accessibility for the handicapped/disabled; Empathy training for disabled caretakers;
Smartphones and e-government. Workshops The Living Lab will organise public workshops and forums in 2015 in a plethora of fields that touch our lives.
‘We need to remember that there is a supercomputer between the ears of every human on this planet.
e g. the role out of extensive sensor networks to collect all kinds of data. However, for a truly smart city solution, just collecting data is insufficient.
Smart solutions should have a real impact on quality of life by providing answers to real societal needs.
the lighting domain is in a transition from a hardware and product-driven industry to a full solution and service-driven industry.
Technological developments include an upgrade of the public lighting infrastructure and system by connecting to ICT solutions.
The resulting growth in the availability of data from sensors and controls creates many new service opportunities.
and ICT industry has mainly been based hardware: selling products such as lighting posts, luminaires, sensor and routers.
The innovation question focused on how to create new technology and new functional products. But today a shift is needed towards smart,
The system uses cameras to count people on the square and monitor their locations. In this way the system can adapt the light scenes to the use of the square
Technically, the adaptive lighting system consists of lighting posts, luminaires, cameras, sensors and Wi-fi connectivity.
The shift in focus from products to services makes it possible to continuously innovate without further investments in the hardware infrastructure.
cameras and Wi-fi. But when looking at the societal need to improve the perceived hospitality in the square,
it is only in the last few decades that the digitisation of lighting has enabled variations in light levels and colour.
new hardware and software will become available over time allowing new functionalities. To ensure that the system has a sufficiently long economic lifetime,
which Philips provides intelligent lighting hardware, Open Remote provides an open source software platform to integrate lighting
and open data from various sources is used together with data from large numbers of sensors from various suppliers.
The platform integrates solutions from multinationals and SMES, as well as from small local start-ups. The resulting integrated sensor system allows for continuous monitoring and learning.
And as it is built on the open source principle it also allows for the integration of new sensors as they become available on the market
S m A r T C i T i e S 89 In the first phase of the project the emphasis has been on the realisation of the hardware and software infrastructure.
such as those for the use of CCTV cameras, are insufficient for a multi-sensor, open data, public area living lab setup.
Next to the aspect of putting the citizens at the core of the innovation process,
Sensor system integrating solutions from different suppliers to collect all kinds of data in the living lab 90 O P E N I N N O
luminaires, sensors, routers, software. The results of this technological innovation process were off-the-shelf products, fulfilling the regulations set by governmental and public organisations.
Innovative SMES often have dedicated high-tech solutions for specific functions (such as the 3d sound sensors or social media analysis algorithms in the Stratumseind example.
Exploitation of knowledge should be a core business, and should become a third objective in addition to education and scientific research. 92 O P E N I N N O V A t
for example by offering virtual reality experiences of new dynamic lighting scenarios to citizens during the co-creation process.
There is a need for a citywide‘plug and play'platform with generic modules (e g. in the area of sensing, data storage and analysis, identification etc..
This will allow a wide range of solutions to use the system and available open data:
The last challenge in the new paradigm is dealing with open data. Providing open data is attractive to invite organisations,
companies and designers to create innovative new services to join the platform. But it will also inevitably raise questions of privacy and security.
Dealing with the ownership of the data is an important aspect, as well as also concepts like‘privacy by design'and‘usable privacy'.
I O N y E A r B o O k 2 0 1 5 The core of the paradigm shift lies in co-creation within the urban lighting ecosystem in identifying societal needs
At the core of transition management is the challenge of orientating longterm changes in large socio-technical systems.
because the formation of free global economy and the convenience of the Internet have blurred the boundary of national borders.
According to the Unesco website, its goal is to bring together public and private partners as well as civil societies to contribute towards the development of creative industries
Lyon in France and Östersund in Sweden for their outstanding displays in crafts and folk art, media arts and gastronomy respectively.
For new knowledge infrastructure, Lyon created the‘Imaginove'cluster to nurture synergies between the different image sectors (video games, cinema, audiovisual,
Gradually, the clustering effect took place. Therefore, it is not a totally top-down system. As the second-largest University City in France, Lyon has sufficient supply of talent in the creative industries.
In the second stage of the transformation, event planners, fashion designers, video game players, festival project managers and so on contributed their expertise to the same goal (enlarged partners.
the Greater Lyon Authority did one more thing creating the‘Imaginove'cluster to facilitate synergies between the different image sectors, such as video games, cinema, audiovisual, animation and multimedia (activation).
Lyon Program for an Information Society (PLSI) was created in 2001 to help improve public access to internet, electronic administration, digital education and economic development.
Art colleges Training centers Philanthropies""City government Event planners and entrepreneurs R&d centers Software developer Game designers Fashion designers Image sector Animation sector Audio-video
The Imaginove develops cross fertilization and synergies between the different image sectors (video games, cinema, audiovisual, animation and multimedia) to increase the competitiveness of product design, production and distribution.
Web: www. drift. eur. nl (7) Meadowcroft, J. 2009. What about politics? Sustainable development, transition management,
Lyon, a journey through 2000 years of history. http://www. en. lyon-france. com/Discover-Lyon/Culture-History/Unesco-Heritage-Sites.
Collaborative skills, shares ideas, values and processes, open data need to be in place to make the collaboration efficient,
This model is a selection of different available models on the web and offers a new model or a newly co-created model.
Big data in future cities Another‘hot topic'nowadays is‘big data'.'How can the use of big data create Future Cities?
Cities are immersed in huge amounts of data, which come from everywhere: buildings, phones, utilities, trains, etc.
ICT allows us to collect and analyse all this information in static or real time. Using business intelligence, information management and advanced analytics solutions,
big data can allow us to easily understand every level of city administration, users/citizen behaviour and market implications.
When cities give the right information to the right people at the right time, they make better decisions
and they can measure the ongoing impact of their decisions. Ideally a future city needs to use both top-down and bottom-up approaches simultaneously.
and analyse data, then make decisions. The city administration also decides which data is available publicly and
which is not. As for the bottom-up approach, it means that citizens create and/or use apps to upload information
However, the government cannot control data flows. Therefore, the golden middle needs to be found. A solution can be that the government creates open platforms where the data is publicly available
and citizens can constantly update it. Getting citizens involved in the process of improving cities is crucial as eventually without the citizens there is no city.
Think of Google glass 1. Where are the hordes of people walking around with this sophisticated pair of glasses on their nose?
Slack chat screenshot Let's say, Dropbox meets Google Apps, meets Yammer;)-With an investment from Google Ventures and the world's famous venture capitalist Kleiner Perkins, the valuation of the company amounts to USD 1. 12 billion.
At that time there were only 268 000 users. That is a lot of money for a start-up launched just one year ago.
On Medium, a social network developed in North america, one can find long reads and open speech publications.
You could say Medium is the opposite of Facebook media stars like Buzzfeed 4. All examples are in conflict with the business model of a traditional publisher.
Step into the next Facebook! Use the co-creation model! Invite other experts from the sector to give you feedback on your innovative ideas!
With all these different disruptors, it has become more of an art to assess a start-up on the basis of their pitch and website.
a freemium dating app that is‘just'a part of the media company IAC that also owns the two largest paid dating websites in the world.
Or take Watson, IBM 6, a truly breakthrough innovation of a large company that was the first to create a triple helix for different data techniques.
In the pharmaceutical world, this means that a doctor using Watson to treat a symptom of a patient will always get the latest insights
That is fundamentally different from searching on Google. These examples are relevant because corporate innovation is not dead.
With the exponential growth of computing power and developments in genetics, nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, humanity will soon overcome biological limitations.
The cross-over point of human and artificial intelligence, the Technological Singularity. Image by Futurebuff 11 This moment has implications for almost all the important areas of our lives,
He warns us of a world where super computers and robots decide what is good for humanity.
In its early days, the Internet was promoted as a time saver. We would have much more time for the things we love
we see people fixated on their screens. We are hooked and singularity smacks into me more drugs to sustain my addiction.
Offline will be for the upper class. On the other hand, there is the working underclass that is addicted or obliged to stick to their devices like a rat in a wheel because of their bosses.
Take for example all those programming classes at primary schools all over Europe. In fact, learning any language besides English is relevant for European harmonisation.
It is impressive that the fathers of both authors of this paper both are still using simple Nokia mobile phones.
It is quite curious that those phones still work, but also impressive because they actually get in contact
References (1) Google glass, http://www. google. com/glass/start/,2014.2) M. Curley and B. Salmelin,‘Open Innovation 2. 0:
-ralph-hamers-ceo-ing-ik-ben-nietgroter-dan-ing, March 2014.6) IBM Watson, http://www. ibm. com/smarterplanet/us/en/ibmwatson
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