Projects are carried out at the partners'sites. Companies can thereby get an impression about students'abilities
and Rába, Magna Steyer, Nokia, Nemak and Philips). Examined however from the point of view of good policy practice this case is not relevant,
Searches have been conducted at the website of the New Széchenyi Plan to check, whether the company in question had been beneficiary of other supported actions as well.
%Analysis of additional documents (newspaper articles, cluster documents, documents of industry university collaboration, the company's website, etc.
http://www. future-mobility. eu/downloads/index. htm 2. Bruszt, L. 2008) Multilevel governance the Eastern versions:
palyazat. gov. hu/download/49490/Értékelési évkönyv 2013. pdf 14. Nemzetgazdasági Minisztérium (2013) S3 Fehér Könyv. Magyarország Intelligens Szakosodási Irányai.
Stratégiai megállapodás a 2014 2020 közötti uniós finanszírozású fejlesztési programok megyéket érinto fejlesztéseirol) In Hungarian, Available at the website of each county (e g. http://www. jnszm
palyazat. gov. hu/download/50102/TOP ELOADÁS TIPOLD FERENC 1122. ppt 26. Universitas Gyor Nonprofit Kft. 2014) Gyor-Moson-Sopron Megyei Területfejlesztési Program.
All 10 of the top 10 born on the internet companies US games publishers 3 of the 5 top 15 of the 20 € £ 14 of the 21 top
and further investment is planned in the provision of high speed fixed line and mobile broadband services.
The Department of education and Skills and the Higher education Authority are co-funding a promotional campaign centred on a new website www. ictworks. ie
. ie website in 2014 and the Expert Group on Future Skills Needs has reported some shortages in some niche skill areas.
DES, HEA, HEIS) 5 Devise and implement a programme around a single website portal, through industry and agencies working together,
The key service offered is a web portal that enables companies to identify experts, research centres and technology-licensing opportunities to benefit their business.
and commitment of additional staff in 2014, the focus has been on development of enhanced customer service (training, website, protocols with State bodies), seamless continuity of services (project supports/job creation, training
More information on the Scheme can be found at www. dcenr. gov. ie/nds and on the website of each LEO.
i the interview s industry ll games sect llion in 2015 ent has incre s industry alo ames sector-internet and um n 158,
website resources for entrepreneurs and supporters and the Startup Gathering annual survey of Ireland's startup sector) are planned by Startup Ireland in conjunction with the Startup Gathering initiative to maximise the impact of the Startup
The Startup Gathering website will provide a signposting of resources and supports available to entrepreneurs in Ireland thereby improving accessibility to Ireland's innovation system;
W e it will arrive ly saw a bett o being Irela was a busin a short 15 m d day with pit ng to see the A lot of peo ow you mee I couldn't sto Google is goi
The NCC highlight in particular the importance of investment in telecommunications, transport, energy and waste management.
and cultural and artistic collections either on Europeana or other websites in order to enhance our tourism offering to visitors from both home and abroad.
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a vacant site levy; and‘use-it -or-lose it'planning permissions; A dedicated taskforce on Housing Supply in Dublin which has examined housing demand
enabling of a vacant site levy; and a use it or lose it approach for planning permissions.
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and the internet has done for business in the last decade. Iot is the next evolution of the internet
and 134 companies in the next ten years will be using this technology to improve the competitiveness of their manufacturing,
i) New products Assistive technologies developed for people with disabilities ii) New services Mobile banking iii) New processes Peer-to-peer collaboration
The site provides the latest information on European social innovation. This first concrete action was launched in 2011 as a virtual hub connecting social innovators and providing an overview of actions throughout Europe.
Against the update of structural data, the project will test these hypotheses on the qualitative impacts of the Third Sector in terms of capital building (e g. social networks,
2) the Transition Network's website: www. transitionnetwork. org 10 The idea of‘Peek oil'is one of the main motives of the transition towns movement. 11 Permaculture can be defined as‘consciously designed landscapes which mimic the patterns
http://espas. eu/orbis/sites/default/files/generated/document/en/social innovation decade of changes. pdf Caulier-Grice, J. Davies, A. Patrick, R. Norman, W. 2012
http://csi. gsb. stanford. edu/sites/csi. gsb. stanford. edu/files/Themeaningofsocialentrepreneurship. pdf Dees, J. G. 2006) Taking Social Entrepreneurship Seriously.
download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs,
websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given.
All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd. org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public
and on other issues related to composite indicators can be found in the web page: http://composite-indicators. jrc. ec. europa. eu/The research was funded partly by the European commission, Research Directorate, under the project KEI (Knowledge Economy Indicators), Contract FP6 No. 502529.
and the underlying data are freely available on the Internet. For the sake of simplicity, only the first 23 of the 72 original countries measured by the TAI are considered here.
i) diffusion of the Internet (indispensable to participation), and (ii) exports of high-and medium-technology products as a share of all exports.
telephones and electricity. These are needed to use newer technologies and have wide-ranging applications. Both indicators are expressed as logarithms,
in the CI of E-business Readiness the indicator 1 I Percentage of firms using Internet and indicator 2
I Percentage of enterprises that have a website display a correlation of 0. 88 in 2003:
the laggard and the average performance (Figure 2). Finland's top ranking is primarily based on having the highest values for the indicators relating to the Internet and university,
Royalties Internet Telephones Tech exports Electricity Schooling University Top 3 (average) Finland United states Note: Technology Achievement Index (TAI.
875 925 TAI Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University Performance range Finland 38 HANDBOOK ON CONSTRUCTING COMPOSITE INDICATORS:
Internet 86 X Tech exports 63 X Telephones 100 X Electricity 100 X Schooling 82 X University 100 X Japan
TAI 70 X Patents 100 X Royalties 24 X Internet 21 X Tech exports 100 X Telephones 100 X Electricity
availability of micro or macro data, media (paper, CD-ROM, Internet, etc. Clarity refers to the statistics'information environment:
the highest correlation is found between the individual indicators electricity and Internet, with a coefficient of 0. 84.
Table 6. Correlation matrix for individual TAI indicators PATENTS ROYALTIES INTERNET EXPORTS TELEPHONE ELECTRICITY SCHOOLING UNIVERSITY PATENTS 1. 00 0. 13-0
0. 32 0. 30 0. 06 INTERNET 1 00-0. 45 0. 56 0. 84 0. 63 0. 27 EXPORTS
1. 00 0. 00-0. 36-0. 35-0. 03 TELEPHONE 1. 00 0. 64 0. 30 0. 33 ELECTRICITY
0. 10 INTERNET-0. 92 0. 21 0. 02-0. 10 0. 04 0. 11-0. 27-0. 13 EXPORTS
0. 35-0. 85 0. 01-0. 13 0. 11 0. 35 0. 06-0. 08 TELEPHONES-0. 76-0
The first factor has high positive coefficients (loadings) with Internet (0. 79), electricity (0. 82) and schooling (0. 88).
Factor 4 is formed by royalties and telephones. Yet, despite the rotation of factors, the individual indicator exports has sizeable loadings in both Factor 1 (negative loading) and Factor 2 (positive loading.
ROYALTIES 0. 13 0. 07-0. 07 0. 93 0. 89 INTERNET 0. 79-0. 21 0. 21 0. 42
0. 89 EXPORTS-0. 64 0. 56-0. 04 0. 36 0. 86 TELEPHONES 0. 37 0. 17 0. 38
. 11 0. 88 0. 13 0. 80 ROYALTIES 0. 96 0. 14 0. 09 0. 18 0. 99 INTERNET 0
TELEPHONES 0. 41 0. 13 0. 18 0. 73 0. 75 ELECTRICITY 0. 13 0. 57-0. 13 0. 73
Telephones has the highest variable-total correlation and if deleted the coefficient alpha would be as low as 0. 60.
0. 527 0. 645 INTERNET 0. 566 0. 636 EXPORTS-0. 108 0. 774 TELEPHONES 0. 701 0. 603 ELECTRICITY
At the same time, the dynamic adopters are lagging behind the potential leaders due to their lower performance on Internet, electricity and schooling.
Means plot for TAI clusters-2-1. 5-1-0. 5 0 0. 51 1. 52 RECEIPTS INTERNET EXPORTS TELEPHONES ELECTRICITY
0. 49 Internet 0. 79-0. 21 0. 21 0. 42 0. 24 0. 03 0. 04 0. 10 Tech
exports-0. 64 0 56-0. 04 0. 36 0. 16 0. 23 0. 00 0. 07 Telephones 0. 37 0
The first includes Internet (with a weight of 0. 24), electricity (weight 0. 25) and schooling (weight 0. 29). 24 Likewise the second intermediate is formed by patents
the third only by university (0. 77) and the fourth by royalties and telephones (weighted with 0. 49 and 0. 26).
. 17 Royalties 0. 20 0. 15 Internet 0. 07 0. 11 Tech exports 0. 07 0. 07 Telephones 0. 15 0
Benefit of the doubt (BOD) approach applied to TAI Patents Royalties Internet Tech. Export Telephones Electricity Schooling University CI (weight)( weight)( weight)( weight)( weight)( weight)( weight)( weight)( score) Finland 0. 15 0. 17 0. 17 0. 16
0. 19 0. 17 0. 17 0. 19 1 United States 0. 20 0. 20 0. 17 0. 21 0
the percentage of firms using internet in country j depends upon the (unknown) propensity to adopt new information
Comparison matrix of eight individual TAI indicators Objective Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephone Electricity Schooling University Patents 1 2 3
2 5 5 1 3 Royalties 1/2 1 2 1/2 4 4 3 Internet 1/3 1 1
/4 2 2 1/5 1/2 Tech. exports 1/2 2 4 1 4 4 1/2 3 Telephones 1
patents is three times more important than Internet. Each judgement reflects the perception of the relative contributions (weights) of the two individual indicators to the overall objective (Table 21.
Comparison matrix of three individual TAI indicators Objective Patents Royalties Internet Patents 1 wp/wroy wp/wi Royalties wroy/wp 1
wroy/wi Internet wi/wp wi/wroy 1 The relative weights of the individual indicators are calculated using an eigenvector.
analytic hierarchy process (AHP) Method Weights for the indicators (fixed for all countries) Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University EW 0
Impact matrix for TAI (five countries) Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University Finland 187 125.6 200.2 50.7 3. 080
the pairwise comparison of countries such as Finland and the United states shows that Finland has better scores for the individual indicators Internet (weight 1/8),
telephones (weight 1/8), electricity (weight 1/8) and university (weight 1/8) . Thus the score for Finland is 4*1/8=0. 5,
Simple example of path analysis A c B D rba pad pbc pbd PCD The standardised regression coefficients (beta values) for the TAI example reveal that Internet
Two indicators, telephones and electricity, appear not to be influential on the variance in the TAI scores.
Standardised regression coefficients for the TAI LOG TELEPHONE LOG ELECTRICITY SCHOOLING EXPORTS UNIVERSITY RECEIPTS PATENTS INTERNET 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4
8 indicators) TAI 6 (Excluding telephones and electricity) Absolute Difference (TAI-TAI6) Finland 1 1 0 United states 2 2 0 Sweden 3 3 0 Japan 4 4
which excludes telephones and electricity, produces a ranking that is identical to the original TAI for 18 of the 23 countries.
Thereafter, in a parsimonious approach, the indicators on telephones and electricity would be excluded, as they do not have an impact on either the variance of the TAI scores or on the TAI ranking.
which is reflected in the inferiority of the indicator telephones and electricity, while others (e g. Internet and patents) are highly influential on the variance of the TAI scores.
The path analysis results based on the standardised regression coefficients and the bivariate correlations between the indicators as explained above,
total effect impact of the indicators on the TAI scores Patents 13.5%Royalties 16.2%Internet 13.9%Tech exports 6. 1%Telephones (logarithm) 15.8%Electricity (logarithm) 10.6
The table below shows the number of hits obtained by searching for composite indicators through Google (taken here as a proxy of overall diffusion of the concept)
and Scholar Google (taken as a proxy of academic interest). Google Scholar Google October 2005 35,500 992 June 2006 80,800 1, 440 September 2007 2 million 167,000 We alluded in the introduction to the controversy surrounding the use
of these measures, pitting aggregators against non-aggregators. The authors of this Handbook believe that individual variables
and hence have market value (1999) DIFFUSION OF RECENT INNOVATIONS INTERNET Internet hosts per 1 000 people Diffusion of the Internet,
which is indispensable to participation in the network age (2000) EXPORTS%Exports of high and medium technology products as a share of total goods exports (1999) DIFFUSION OF OLD INNOVATIONS TELEPHONES Telephone lines
INTERNET EXPORTS TELEPHONES (log) ELECTRICITY (log) SCHOOLING UNIVERSITY 1 Finland 187 125.6 200.2 50.7 3. 08 4. 15 10 27.4 2 United states
METHODOLOGY AND USER GUIDE ISBN 978-92-64-04345-9-OECD 2008 153 PATENTS ROYALTIES INTERNET EXPORTS TELEPHONES (log) ELECTRICITY (log) SCHOOLING UNIVERSITY 42
which is the portion of the variance of the first factor explained by the variable Internet. 25 To preserve comparability final weights could be rescaled to sum up to one. 26 DEA has also been used in production theory (for a review see Charnes et al.,
send an email to Sourceoecd@oecd. org. ISBN 978-92-64-04345-9 30 2008 25 1 P:
With technologies such as WIFI Zigbee, and home area network (HAN) communication systems, smart meters can now act as interfaces for energy management entities, customers,
and utilities to control a number of appliances within a residential home based on price signals 25.
COMPARISON OF SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES AND PROGRESSES IN EUROPE AND THE U s. 1159 Fig. 5. Characteristics of some wireless communication technologies:
G. Communication systems Self-healing systems have been sought to be incorporated into power systems, particularly as the complexity and interactions of several market players significantly increase the risk for large-scale failures.
Several communication protocols and media are currently under various stages of R&d for implementation in smart grids.
Ethernet, digital subscriber line, and optic fiber, which are already in use for the Internet; Zigbee and WIFI,
which are used already for HAN applications; Wimax, a super WIFI, with a much higher range;
and 3g, LTE/4g, and other mobile telephone communication protocols. V. COMPARATIVE METRICS FOR THE U s. VERSUS EUROPE Making the grid smarter requires considering all aspects of smart grids as part of the decision-making process.
This section compares the practices in the U s. and the EU on several topics for the development of smart grid technologies.
A. Legislation in the U s. The legislation that led to the present-day U s. Smart Grid Initiative might be traced back to the 1970s,
when deregulation was introduced initially as a direct result of the Arabic oil embargo that escalated a nationwide energy crisis.
eventually making possible the creation of an open-access same-time information system a Web-based secure database of transmission-systemrelated information.
The Smart Grid Clearing house is a Web resource that lists all ARRA09-funded smart grid projects geographically as well as according to their technical focus.
and the integration with the new web of things will allow individual home and business electric devices to be controlled
vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 50 53, Apr. 2006.37 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators Mixed-Mode Communication protocols and Transducer Electronic
where he serves as the Site Director of the Center for Research and Education in Wind and as a 2011 2012 Resident Faculty Fellow of the School of Global Environmental Sustainability.
The overall aim of the digital agenda is to deliver sustainable economic and social benefits from a digital single market based on fast and ultra fast internet and interoperable applications.
Europeanuropeanuropeanuropeanuropeanuropeanuropean Commissionommissionommissionommissionommissionommissionommissionommissionommiss on 2010c), Cloud computing (the use of online servers for the purposes of information storage and remote access), if not a familiar term, will be a familiar concept to many through the widespread use of Web
-based email services (hotmail, gmail, yahoo, etc. A more complete definition, however, offered by the European commission,
For example, by allowing companies to use files and applications over the internet, cloud computing enables significant flexibility within the company;
Social networks allow providers of finance to leverage an unprecedented volume and depth of personal information on entrepreneurs and company directors in order to perform due diligence.
and events and by collaborating with existing providers. 12 The internet has undoubtedly revolutionised the way businesses conduct their trade and marketing activities with an especially positive effect on SMES,
The internet provides one of the rare platforms on which small firms can compete on a largely equal footing with their larger counterparts (European commission 2010e).
Nevertheless, despite over a decade of strong internet presence in society, the online retail market in Europe remains small,
Internet is the fastest growing retail channeleuropa. eu (2009), 0%10%20%30%40%50%Lack of cost solutionslack platformslack of access to fast internetlack of government actiontoo complexperceived security risklack of initiativesno need
Considering that some 30%of Europeans have used never the internet (European commission 2010a), efforts need to be made to manage the risk of excluding
Europa. eu (2009),‘E-commerce in the EU',online press release, Europa. eu the official website of the European union,<http://europa. eu/rapid/pressreleasesaction. do?
<https://www. ebaportal. eu/Download/EBA%20insight/2010/E-Invoicing 2010. pdf>,accessed 26 september 2011. PWC (2009), E-invoicing:
and agreements with several household/commercial waste sites to take away their waste paint and retreat it.
a step-by-step start-up Guide and a Web portal where technical guidance on measurement and relevant links are provided. www. oecd. org/innovation/green/toolkit/aboutsustainablemanufacturing andthetoolkit. htm PRE-SME
USA) website contains a wide range of resources that could be useful for ecoinnovators. www4. shwec. uwm. edu/shwec The Money back through the window initiative of the KÖVET Association for Sustainable Economies
and have increased the speed of assembling houses at the construction site. Ecococon houses rely on a wood frame,
recycling and remarketing Shields Environmental is based a UK company that provides support services to the telecommunication sector, mainly accompanying companies with environmental management solutions and recycling.
The Fonebak initiative was the world's first mobile phone recycling scheme. The company saw an increase in turnover of 254
It developed Footprint Chronicles, an interactive web-based map that provides information on the supplier policy towards sustainability and results of Patagonia's audits in terms of social and environmental indicators. www. patagonia. com/us/footprint
Regularly scan websites, join groups and network proactively to identify emerging eco-innovative technologies, materials and processes.
Orangebox has set up a recycling centre at their site in Wales achieving a significant return on investment
involving all the company's personnel from shop floor through to senior management. www. orangebox. com www. ecodesigncentrewales. org/sites/default/files/EDC ORANGEBOX ENABLINGECODESIGNINWELSHINDUSTRY. pdf Crawford Hansford & Kimber:
and properties of materials including biodegradable, recyclable, renewable. mtrl. com/portal/site/mtrl/Home Information Inspiration supports ecodesign through combining information (materials, life extension etc.)
and others issues through engaging customers in meaningful conversations through a variety of media, especially via websites and online social networks, rather than by simply talking at customers through traditional media.
Use social neworks (Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin etc. selectively and carefully to promote product-related environmental messages.
and websites and communicate good new. Eco-innovate! A guide to eco-innovation for SMES and business coaches. 51 eco-innovation observatory SIGMA Sustainability Marketing Guide contains four steps towards sustainability marketing as well as some practical lessons. www. projectsigma
Crowdcube articles www. crowdcube. com/pg/press-29 Seedrs blog blog. seedrs. com Funding Circle articles www. fundingcircle. com/about-us/in-the-news
en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green dot %28symbol%29 p. 34: The Footprint Chronicles source: www. patagonia. com/us/footprint;
Visit our website to get open access to our reports, interactive database with charts and maps,
meaning internet connections, web collaborative tools, sharing of open data and a process of bottom-up peer-supported activities and applications.
Examples are given on the novel use of information platforms, data from sensor networks and community use of mobile phones.
The idea behind it is that web platforms and the new forms of interactions promote value generating collaborations and social progress,
For example, for the net innovation unit, the public-private partnership on the Future Internet currently has a budget of 130 million for its phase three.
These resources are for internet platforms that are digital open source and open hardware environments supporting social innovation by empowering
namely to set up Internet platforms and digital information processing tools to promote those value-generating collaborations
or join forces and multiply the potential of grass-root initiatives across social networks. The term Digital Social Innovation includes,
CAPS uses collective intelligence and contributes to develop an open source and decentralized infrastructure for connecting citizens and the internet in a decentralized open architecture.
Today's internet is centralized more than it once was: take Facebook, a centralized social network, take Google docs,
a centralized group and document management system, take Youtube, a centralized media hosting facility. To counter the big commercial players,
innovation activities and research projects built peer-to-peer and small scale local social media, building on small community networks.
This is a bottom-up explore-as-you-go experimental approach. Some see it as an alternative form of industrial policy,
opposed to competitiveness scenarios where only the fittest survive and become ubiquitous. Monopoly rent or profits are based primarily on maintenance or acquisition of dominant position in established markets.
profit motive Held by the elite Commands Leader-driven Downloads Closed, formal Top down Perfectionism A current of transparency,
and to this day social innovation continues to have a legal basis. EC activities include the Future Internet public private partnership,
Finally there is the DG CNECT FP7 FIRE-Future Internet Research and Experiments funding a network of hubs that cooperate to interconnect the experimental test beds and Living Labs experiments.
promoting new collaboration models and tools for the CAPS community and behind WEB-COSI: developing instruments for collectively-generated statistics and increasing trust for nonofficial statistics.
the legal rights-related issues of social network such as the management of personal data and the potential economic value of users activities on social networks and the engagement and security issues of CAPS. 6 Tab. 2-CAPS ongoing project
and related website The websites in the table above give details on the results obtained so far.
The IA4SI methodology is based on Cost-benefit analysis, on Multicriteria Analysis and on the Social media ROI. To analyse any changes in CAPS users'attitudes
A methodology for the socioeconomic impact assessment of Software-as-a-service and Internet of Services research projects, Research Evaluation, 2014 23: 133-149 Passani A.,Spagnoli, F.,Prampolini, A.,Firus
The Young Foundation and the Web. Digital Social Innovation, working paper
A NEW APPROACH TO INNOVATION POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION A NEW APPROACH TO INNOVATION POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION INNOVATION POLICY:
As observed in other areas and debates (e g. telecoms, competition policy, financial services, etc. it would be possible to establish a centralised/coordinated policy at EU level,
As observed in other areas and debates (e g. telecoms, competition policy, financial services, etc. it would be possible to establish a centralized/coordinated policy at EU level (see also point above),
such as scientific papers, conference proceedings, presentations, internet postings, books. There are several elements affecting patent quality,
Yet, the internet economy, globalisation and industrial cycles have been producing a growing number of patent applications.
Box 3. The LTE patent pool A good example of a complex patent pool is the LTE (Long-term evolution) pool
which is on the way to becoming Next Generation Standard for mobile broadband communications 45 mobile operators worldwide have announced already that they will adopt it.
LTE has been standardised by 3gpp, and more than 350 companies have participated in the working groups. LTE IPR declarations on the ETSI database are 1, 860 as of January 11th, 2010.
The following graph exemplifies the number of IPR declarations on the LTE project. Figure 16.
Number of IPR declarations in the LTE consortium, as of January 2010 Source: Sisvel, presentation at the 4th meeting of the CEPS Task force, 14 january 2010.
A NEW APPROACH TO INNOVATION POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 75 One important issue for the LTE patent pooling is setting the appropriate Royalty Rate.
Different methods for doing this are the following: Some players*stated that the maximum royalty acceptable from the market is a single digit%(e g.=
using the LTE case as an example. Figure 17. LTE royalty level different scenarios No patent pool 2 patent pools and outside patent owners 76 STANDARDS AND STANDARDISATION POLICY IN EUROPE 1 patent pool
and outside patent owners Ideal Scenario Source: Sisvel, presentation at the 4th meeting of the CEPS Task force, 14 january 2010.5.2 European standardisation In terms of standardisation policy,
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute ICT Information and Communication Technologies IP5 The five major intellectual property offices:
KET Key Enabling Technology KIC Knowledge and Innovation Community LDC Less Developed Country LTE Long-term evolution standard MNC Multinational Corporation NPL Non-Patent
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