telecommunication networks and technical expertise that support information processing and communications activities at all levels of a company (Marchand et al. 2001).
Adeline Kroll European commission Office SDME 9/17 B-1049 Brussels Tel. 32-2) 29-85812 Fax (32-2) 29-64287 E-mail:
European commission Directorate-General for Research Communication Unit B-1049 Brussels Fax (32-2) 29-58220 E-mail:
research-eu@ec. europa. eu Internet: http://ec. europa. eu/research/research-eu EUROPEAN COMMISSION Assessing Europe's University-Based Research Expert Group on Assessment of University-Based Research RTD.
A great deal of additional information on the European union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa. eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
As user purposes and objectives frequently overlap, a comprehensive web-enabled and personalized tool-kit can be developed readily to meet different policy and university needs.
Adapt the Multidimensional Research Assessment Matrix to web-based technologies in order to facilitate personalisation, thereby meeting different user requirements,
It was followed quickly by the times QS World University ranking (henceforth Times QS, 2004), Webometrics or the Ranking Web of World Universities (2004), the Taiwan Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities (henceforth Taiwan, 2007),
interregional and global networks, involving mono-disciplinary, inter-and multi-and trans-disciplinary forms of inquiry and teams of researchers.
Thomson Reuters Web of Science covers over 9, 000 international and regional journals and book series in the natural sciences, social sciences,
According to its website, 3, 000 of these journals accounts for about 75%of published articles and over 90%of cited articles.
with an abstract and citation database of research literature and quality web sources covering almost 18,
Principal indexes are Web of Science Scopus and Google Scholar. assessments of research performance. Widely used, especially in the exact sciences which tend to be well covered,
although the most popular indicators are not always the most appropriate ones. Data must be verified accurate
and web-enabled Toolkit. Examples are provided below in section 5. 3 illustrating how it could be implemented by the various user groups identified above in section 3. 4
Although digital institutional repositories (Australia) and web-based tools (e g. Webometrics and Google Scholar) currently cover only a limited part of universitybased research outputs,
in the future they could become important sources of information and overcome some of the limitations of traditional bibliometric databases.
Digital repositories and web-based tools can facilitate scientific collaboration in line with the movement for open science.
Adapting the Matrix to web-based technologies would enable different users to personalise the various dimensions
Email: erasmspr@zedat. fu-berlin. de. 61 HAZELKORN Ellen (Rapporteur. Professor Hazelkorn is the Director of research and Enterprise,
Email: Lidia. Borrell-Damian@eua. be EMPLIT, Philippe. Philippe is director of the Service OPERA-Photonics and Professor of Physics at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), in the Engineering science and Human sciences faculties.
Email: annamaria. inzelt@uni-corvinus. hu MARKLUND, Goran. Dr. Marklund is Deputy Director General (Acting) at VINNOVA,
the creation of bibliometric databases from raw data from Thomson Scientific's Web of Science and Elsevier's Scopus;
Email: Susan. Rowley@uts. edu. au SALMI, Jamil. Jamil, a Moroccan education economist, is the World bank's tertiary education coordinator.
Thompson Reuters Web of Science or Elsevier-Scopus. Blue-sky Research Often referred to as fundamental or basic research
or comes from an international database or increasingly from web-based technologies. University-based data normally requires direct entry by researchers,
Thompson Reuters Web of Science or Elsevier-Scopus. There are also various citation indices, the most important
Increasingly web-based interfaces, such as Google Scholar, institutional repositories or other standardised webbased technologies, are used.
Since 2004, Google Scholar has provided a freely-accessible Web search engine that indexes the full text of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines.
it is available on the ESF website. Pro This indicator is a relatively recent innovation for systematic research assessment.
All of them are published on the website of the Academy of Finland. The evaluation report for biotechnology can serve as an example:
Which outlets are considered ranked international scientific outlets is explained in detail on the AERES website. Apart from the best journals in each discipline, monographs and chapters in books are taken into consideration in the Humanities and Social sciences,
publication databases (Web of Science and national databases of scientific-scholarly publications) and a survey conducted among professors.
If the Web of Science is used, a citation analysis is carried out as well; the indicator is weighted not differently for different fields.
The CHE Research Ranking is published as a pdf download, containing all indicators and additional figures.
A comprehensive paper on the methods used in the two rankings is available on the CHE 104 website,
The three research organisations intend to create a national research information system, accessible through the Internet,
preferably, results will be made available on the Internet. Intended and Unintended Consequences: A systematic account of intended and unintended consequences would require a separate study.
and comparing it between science fields, using ISI Web of Science, taking into account both (science)‘ area adjusted'publication volume and‘field normalized'citations. 2) The external funding part essentially includes all external funding,
Full information about RAE 2008 can be obtained from the HEFCE website www. hefce. ac. uk-The RAE results are made available publicly both by the funding bodies and the media. 128 Intended and Unintended Consequences:
an initiative of the Cybermetrics Lab (Spain), has produced the‘World Universities'ranking on the Web
'since 2004, measuring the web presence of universities around the world and comparing the size and scale of their web presence against expectations based on other rankings.
The indicators correlate web measures with traditional scientometric and bibliometric indicators used in other rankings.
Webometrics produces the‘World Universities'ranking on the Web, 'which calculates the web presence of universities around the world
and compares the size and scale of the web presence against expectations based on other rankings.‘
‘Web presence measures the activity and visibility of the institutions and it is a good indicator of impact and prestige of universities'(Webometrics, 2008).
The Webometrics world universities ranking are initiatives of the Cybermetrics Lab, which is a research group within the Centro de Información y Documentación (CINDOC).
The indicators used correlate web indicators with traditional scientometric and bibliometric indicators. The goal of the webometrics project is to showcase the importance of the web for the academic community, for dissemination of academic knowledge as well as for measuring scientific activities, performance, and impact.
Policy Objective (s: Objectives: Initially, Webometric's analysis aimed to simply highlight the significance of Web presence and publication.
CINDOC supports Open Access initiatives, promoting electronic access to scientific publications and to other academic material.
as the web indicators used in the analysis are not based on number of page hits
or site design but instead on universities'web presence as illustrative of institutional outputs and web visibility.‘
and scholars to have a web presence that reflect accurately their activities. If the web performance of an institution is expected below the position according to their academic excellence,
university authorities should reconsider their web policy, promoting substantial increases of the volume and quality of their 130 electronic publications.'‘
'‘However web indicators are very useful for ranking purposes too as they are not based on number of visits
or page design but global performance and visibility of the universities.‘‘As other rankings focused only on a few relevant aspects, specially research results,
web indicators based ranking reflects better the whole picture, as many other activities of professors and researchers are showed by their web presence.
The Web covers not only formal (e-journals, repositories) but also informal scholarly communication. Web publication is cheaper,
maintaining the high standards of quality of peer review processes. It could also reach much larger potential audiences,
offering access to scientific knowledge to researchers and institutions located in developing countries and also to third parties (economic, industrial, political or cultural stakeholders) in their own community.
and scholars to have a web presence that reflect accurately their activities. If the web performance of an institution is expected below the position according to their academic excellence,
university authorities should reconsider their web policy, promoting substantial increases of the volume and quality of their electronic publications.'‘
'‘The project intends to have true global coverage, not narrowing the analysis to a few hundreds of institutions (world-class universities)
The only requirement in our international rankings is having an autonomous web presence with an independent web domain.'‘
and better scientific content on the Web, making it available to colleagues and people wherever they are located.'‘
'‘the current objective of the Webometrics Ranking is to promote Web publication by universities, evaluating the commitment to the electronic distribution of these organizations
However, even when we do not intend to assess universities performance solely on the basis of their web output,
visibility and impact of the web pages published by universities, with special emphasis in the scientific output (referred papers, conference contributions, pre-prints, monographs, thesis, reports,)
'‘Access to the Web information is done mainly through search engines. These intermediaries are free, universal, and very powerful even when considering their shortcomings (coverage limitations and biases, lack of transparency, commercial secrets and strategies, irregular behaviour).
Search engines are important for measuring visibility and impact of university's websites. There are a limited number of sources that can be useful for Webometric purposes:
7 general search engines (Google*,Yahoo Search*,Live (MSN) Search*,Exalead*,Ask (Teoma), Gigablast and Alexa) and 2 specialised scientific databases (Google Scholar*and Live Academic.
so only universities and research centres with an independent web domain are considered. If an institution has more than one main domain,
About 5-10%of the institutions have no independent web presence, most of them located in developing countries.'‘
Almind and Ingwersen proposed the first Web indicator, Web Impact Factor (WIF), based on link analysis that combines the number of external inlinks and the number of pages of the website, a ratio of 1
Number of documents, measured from the number of rich files in a web domain, and number of publications being collected by Google Scholar database.
As it has been commented already, the four indicators were obtained from the quantitative results provided by the main search engines as follows:
Google, Yahoo, Live Search and Exalead. For each engine, results are log-normalised to 1 for the highest value.
Visibility (V). The total number of unique external links received (inlinks) by a site can be obtained only confidently from Yahoo Search, Live Search and Exalead.
) These data were extracted using Google and merging the results for each filetype after log-normalising in the same way as described before.
Google Scholar provides the number of papers and citations for each academic domain. These results from the Scholar database represent papers, reports and other academic items.
Entirely web disseminated, with data and methodology clearly presented and articulated on their website. Intended and Unintended Consequences:
Limitations:‘‘The use of link farms and paid backlinks to improve the position in our Webometrics Rankings is not acceptable as this is a non academic practice
'‘Current identified biases of the Webometrics Ranking includes the traditional linguistic one more than half of the internet users are English-speaking people),
Since in most cases the infrastructure (web space) and the connectivity to the Internet already exists,
All the results can be duplicated according to the describing methodologies taking into account the explosive growth of the web contents, their volatility and the irregular behaviour of the commercial engines.'
sometimes linked to external sites over which consortium members have no control and for which they assume no responsibility;
According to SJTU's Academic ranking of world universities website, the objective of their ranking is to fill a gap in the global information on higher education.
The website contains clear links and descriptions of data and methodology used. The actual data analyzed are made not available, however.
The researchers at SJTU are clear in disclaimers on their website that it would be impossible to have a comprehensive ranking of universities worldwide, because of the huge differences of universities, in the large variety of countries and funding capacities,
According to the SJTU ARWU website,‘People should be cautious about any ranking including our Academic ranking of world universities.
which is among the best selling editions of THE in any given year, on the THE website,
and on the QS website. The information about its data used and methodology is on the website.
The actual data analyzed are made not available, however. Intended and Unintended Consequences: The WUR's limitations lie in the same breadth of data that the QS/THE developers cite as its strengths the inconsistency and variability of its findings year to year.
PRSP, finally, compares these universities'outputs using data from ISI's ESI, Web of Science (WOS),
Dissemination is through the website, and the data and methods used in this ranking are explained there.
The work focuses on all universities worldwide with more than 700 Web of Science indexed publications per year.
Bibliometric data are extracted from a bibliometric version of Thomson Reuters'Web of Science, created at CWTS.
The CWTS ranking system is publicly available through the following website: http://www. cwts. nl/ranking/Leidenrankingwebsite. html. Intended and Unintended Consequences:
Retrieved http://eurlex. europa. eu/Lexuriserv/site/en/com/2005/com2005 0488en01. pdf European commission (2006) Delivering on the modernisation agenda for universities:
and reporting on intangibles (Intellectual Capital Report), Vodafone Foundation: Madrid. Committee on Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research (2004) Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, USA.
Ranking Web of World Universities, Cybermetrics Lab CSIC. Retrieved 22 july 2009, from http://www. webometrics. info/.
You can obtain their contact details on the Internet (http://bookshop. europa. eu) or by sending a fax to+352 2929-42758.
Free publications: via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop. europa. eu; at the European commission's representations or delegations.
You can obtain their contact details on the Internet (http://ec. europa. eu) or by sending a fax to+352 2929-42758.
In 2008, the European commission, DG Research set up the Expert Group on Assessment of University-Based Research to identify the framework for a new
It evaluated ten individual e-health sites in different European countries, including Germany, Sweden, Romania, France, Czech republic, Belgium,
along with new opportunities presented by the technologies themselves, such as telemedicine and internet-based chronic disease management.
fully integrated health information and communication system with a comprehensive database that includes more than 18 years of data on almost 2 million members.
An Empirical Study of Catalonia Summary of the Final Research Report, Catalan Internet Project, UOC and Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona. 2. Middleton, B. 2006)‘ Evaluating the value
The Economic Benefits of Implemented ehealth Solutions at Ten European Sites',EHEALTH IMPACT project study supported by the European commission Information Society and Media Directorate-General.
Luxembourg Office for Official Publications of the European community. http://www. ehealth-impact. eu/download/documents/ehealthimpactsept2006. pdf (accessed April 1, 2009). 7.‘Health Information technology adoption
The economic benefits of implemented ehealth solutions at ten European sites',EHEALTH IMPACT project study supported by the European commission Information Society and Media Directorate-General. 15.
2004/S159-137695. http://www. ehealth-impact. org/download/documents/D6 2 final report ext. pdf (accessed April 15, 2009). 17.
No. 06-E006. http://www. ahrq. gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/hitsyscosts/hitsys. pdf (accessed April 30, 2009.
Fax:++49 (0) 40 42878-2867 www. tu-harburg. de/tim www. global-innovation. net Barriers to Innovation in SMES:
+49 (0) 40 428 78 3776, Fax:++49 (0) 40 428 78 2867 rajnish. tiwari@tuhh. de, stephan. buse@tuhh. de ABSTRACT Technological advancements, especially in Information and Communication Technologies
Google Inc. cited troubles in obtaining work visas for its prospective employees as a reason to set up its first engineering research and development centre outside the US in Bangalore in India (The Hindu,
furthermore, is validated itself also by the fact that over 6 million new mobile phone subscribers are added per month in India (TRAI,
) Many firms, including as reputed names as Google and Infosys, are complaining of a shortage of suitable candidates.
Google to set up R&d centre in Bangalore, in: The Hindu, 13.12.2003. Tiwari, R. 2007: The Early Phases of Innovation:
Telephone subscriber maintains growth: 6. 57 million Wireless Subscribers added in May 2007, Telecom Regulatory authority of India, Press release no. 61/2007.
UNCTAD (2005a: Globalization of R&d and Developing Countries, in: Proceedings of the Expert Meeting, United nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva.
MBI Max-Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy Fraunhofer Association FOKUS Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication systems Helmholtz Association DLR German
and X-ray analysis Telecommunication, fibers 14 Photovoltaics Highlights of the Institutes and Companies Facility design, financing EMC filter for photovoltaic installations Rectifiers, controllers, systems 15
Space for growth on site 42 Success Criterion: space for growth on-site 43 First incubator 1991 with 5 companies on 1, 000 m newspapers argued:
(20 m, furniture, ISDN, PC, Internet) Apartment (45 m) Monthly ticket for all local transportation systems Founder and financial consultation Cost:
+49-30-6392 2202 Phone:++49-30-6392 2230 Fax:++49-30-6392 2203 Fax:+
+49-30-6392 2204 E-mail: schmitz@wista. de E-mail: helge@wista. de 52 www. adlershof. de 53
Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013 The Baltic Institute of Finland/BSRP Transport Cluster Best practices in transport infrastructure financing BSRP
http://www. bulkforum. com/publish files/AGA. pdf http://www. porttechnology. org/technical papers/lng supply in the baltic sea regio n/http://www. aga. se/international/web
cat=m http://www. aga. com/international/web/lg/aga/like35agacom. nsf/docbyalias/cust high nynas http://www. dma. dk/themes
http://www. strabag. com/databases/internet/public/files. nsf/Searchview/F78949bb3e 4e5796c1257959002c94e5/$file/STRABAG POLEN%20a2%20er%C3%B6ffnung d ez11 e. pdf?
Openelement http://www. euinfrastructure. com/article/Polished-up/http://www. strabag. com/databases/internet/public/files. nsf/Searchview/3ce29a42f9 E61f11c12575e5004d2785/$file/STRABAG
Towards Smart Specialisation Cristina SERBANICA Constantin Brâncoveanu University of Pitesti, Romania cpantelica@yahoo. co. uk Abstract The aim of this paper is to highlight universities'contribution to the success of innovation
wikipedia The questions we would like the peer critical friends to discuss: How can the RIS3 process be tailored to a country, with substantial economic and social disparities and with no real economic regions (apart from the Capital region?
or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission.
download, or email articles for individual use
30 september 2014 Case study analysis report of online collaboration and networking tools for social innovation Deliverable 8. 3 of the FP7-project:
This included an understanding of the shifts in paradigms as tentatively indicated in the use of terms like Web 2. 0
Web 3. 0 and even Web 4. 0. Deliverable D8. 1 also argued that ICT in an historical context represents a decisive techno-societal paradigm shift as a new general-purpose technology
A more apt comparison with the current impact of ICT and internet might be 17th century England
and at a scale that was unimaginable before the rise of Internet-enabled collective platforms. 1 Tepsie includes in its definition social innovations
With the rapid growth of cheap, ubiquitous and powerful tools like the internet, the world-wide-web, social media and smart phone apps, new ways of carrying out social innovation have become possible
This is now possible more than ever before using the internet or mobile apps to link, almost instantaneously and regardless of distance,
using the internet to send algorithms for 3-D printed prosthetic limbs designed for war victims in developing countries for local production and use.
and making policy recommendations based on the cumulative work of WP8. 1 http://digitalsocial. eu/2‘Big data'refers to the vast amount of data that can be collected from the internet,
and can include physical activities as well as media like TV, radio, the telephone, etc. Physical activities:
& care personnel through live video and audio channels over a broadband Internet link Diabetiva (GER) Reach high-risk patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 who have displayed symptoms
docid=6137&langid=en. 11 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Zero-hour contract 12 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/promoting-entrepreneurship
On the one hand, some see a brave new world of highly skilled individuals selling their talents in a global market place over the Internet, playing off potential employers against each other (Tapscott & Williams2006),
Networks such as Linkedin allow people to stay in touch with potential work partners much more easily,
People are able to work much more flexibly due to the availability of‘cloud'technologies (not a particular website/app,
Services such as Skype have made global videoconferencing free and made it easier for people to form work partnerships across countries.
Much more often, young job seekers use family and other contacts as well as the Internet. The Internet can also be used to match work
or tasks which people need doing with those willing and able to do them in real or very quick time,
as well as completely new types of work such as web-design, app development, software programming or any other types which need ICT
It is used also to build complementary online and offline knowledge communities amongst the service operators and to some extent with jobseekers and employers,
Eslife has a website with simple navigation in 3 steps: i) notification of work or a task which needs doing,
and also runs a blog with news, information and practical tips. As in the other two cases, Skillandar provides a database of the task provider's skills and conditions,
offline communities also develop because in these finding employment cases matching is mainly fast, often urgent and thus local.
as well as other devices such as 23 Radio-Frequency Identification. 25 RFID readers, both handheld and batch,
External communication is handled mainly by social media (Facebook and Linkedin with Mailchimp for newsletters. ICT is used alongside physical and traditional training workshops,
RFID barcodes or transponders on all laundry items and equipment which digitally intercommunicate and are controlled both by automatic programs and the operators.
The student start-ups are also members of both online and offline start-up communities, with strong mutual reinforcement between the two,
including an alumni community providing an on-and offline knowledge base for new start-ups. CSE initially exhibited a small world network configuration,
because such online interaction can directly support offline communities as the service is geared to fast and often urgent,
especially in the CSE case, also systematise the sharing of knowledge, ideas and experiences both online and offline.
Online communities are established typically as complements to existing offline communities or enabling the latter to be developed as knowledge communities which also build social capital.
However, such a purely online community or knowledge network can also spin-off offline communities if the function timewise supports fast and urgent,
skills and supports Standard ICT alongside traditional activities-Content creation-Issue identification-Complementary onand offline knowledge communities-Social capital (both bonding & bridging)- Starting
standalone-Content creation-Issue identification-Matching assets to needs-Online knowledge communities-Also enables offline communities
more and better jobs Standard & bespoke ICT alongside traditional activities All types depending on case-Complementary onand offline knowledge communities-Social capital (mainly bonding,
In addition to a strong online presence, it also uses events, conferences, training, blogs, webinars, newsletters, books, films, guides, tweets,
probably the most advanced ICT country in Eastern europe, is the use of mobile phones by a large number of citizens to geo-locate industrial,
27 https://www. transitionnetwork. org/28 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Transition towns (network) 29 As in the ZBILETEMTANIEJ example. 30 for example in Russia:
although most are today more or less mobile, often over short distances and increasingly over longer, thereby linking phyiscal places together in both highly personal but also collective ways.
Many technology trends (such as ambient intelligent space, artificial intelligence and intelligent agents, cloud based services, the semantic web and the internet of things, mobile and mobile apps, social media,
for instance, pointing a smart phone at a building instantly provides information about it. 34 According to the Economist (2012),
and the majority of applications for mobile phones (especially smart phones) people use as they move around are based locality.
However, ICT is enabling these things to be done on a greater scale reaching many more numbers than would be possible offline,
www. tepsie. eu 34 This relates to the so called‘internet of things'and‘internet of everything'see also Tepsie D8. 1 section 3. 2. 3:
and community activism-Enabling real-and quick-time online (web & mobile) reporting of problems to authorities & community dialogue-Civil funding with other public resources,
combatting pay cuts, unemployment and social disruption-ICT web/mobile for matching supply & demand, managing system, social fora, awareness raising;
and losing accommodation-Online crowdsourced campaigning tool using website, mobile and social media to collect data and organise, increasing civic engagement on issues, community voice and agency-Public lottery fund, many civil organisations, with public & private partners,
volunteers and civil operation through local advice centre-help to 3, 000 low-income households losing €127 per month each, local community activism and participation increased.
and volunteers-Online crowd-resourcing and crowdfunding (mirco-finance) based on website for project registration, finding,
donating and volunteering, plus social media-Started in 2008 by 3 grassroots activists in New york, rapidly gained funding from many foundations & other donors, remains civil operated-£740, 000 donated;
Given that many residents use mobile phones rather than fixed telephone lines, a 100mbps licensed wireless broadband backbone network was installed (at affordable prices for an area with the highest child poverty in the UK) for digitally enabled services
and social networking, including information and interactive services from the City council, national government departments, the police and local community networks.
and training sites in 17 local schools, eight UK-Online community access centres and 10 public access points in libraries and other centres.
though this does also have some spillover into offline knowledge and participation communities. Users can also take
Also in both cases complementary online and offline knowledge communities are created, directly by the Eastserve case and more indirectly by the Naprawmyto case,
and assistance for anyone to run a website like Fixmystreet in your country or city,
for free. the Fixmystreet Platform is for citizens who want to run their own sites.),46 as well as the American Seeclickfix. com47 forerunners.
The TEM case has adopted also standard ICT solutions for both web and mobile as open source e-platforms,
and via social media for ensuring transparency to combat corruption, promote discussion and raise awareness alongside a large number of physical and traditional activities in the local community. 46 www. fixmystreet. org 47 www. seeclickfix. com/46 Online
Also in both cases, complementary online and offline knowledge communities are created, with the former facilitating
The Hackney CAB Crowdmap case uses free and low cost online tools and platforms (website, mobile and social media) to create a multidimensional campaign to gather stories and raise awareness of the impact of housing benefit changes in Hackney.
It used Wordpress a free blogging platform to create a website that includes information on the changes,
shows a map of the impact and shares research findings; Crowdmap a free mapping and information visualisation tool to map stories to show the impact at a local level;
and Facebook the most popular online social networking tool to reach more residents of Hackney. These free online tools meant that Hackney CAB Crowdmap could reach the community
or low cost online‘crowd-resourcing'and crowdfunding (mirco-finance) based on website for project registration, finding,
donating and volunteering, plus social media (Facebook, blogs, Twitter, Flickr, Vimeo) for constant updating and following up projects,
-and offline targeting journalists and politicians, amongst others, and so bring a national issue with adverse local effects to the attention of people in power.
and especially matching assets to needs and matching finance to needs on a local and neighbourhood basis. Both cases create complementary online and offline knowledge communities,
but of course it facilitates offline communities around the neighbourhood projects. In terms of networks, both the civic engagement and activism cases mainly exhibit
and offline social networks, encouraging strong and positive relationships between people from different backgrounds in the workplace, in education and within neighbourhoods to do things for themselves as‘digital pioneers'with a mutual aid ethos.
and this also encourages offline initiatives to be setup and/or supported around the same concerns.
and all were were added to the map on the website to provide an easily accessible and illustrative visualisation of the housing benefit problems in Hackney.
Hackney CAB Crowdmap carried out research into the housing market in Hackney and published research findings on the website.
The results of a mystery shopping housing exercise and the online impact map were shared through social media
The IOBY case connects people and money to site-based projects all of which are conceived, designed, and run by neighbours.
Another barrier in the Eastserve case is data security due to the citizens'PCS connected to the Internet
which requires a lot of support especially concerning viruses, firewalls and malware. Drivers for Eastserve include conducive national and regional policies during most of the 2000s,
Many of the people whose stories it sought to highlight did not have access to the internet at home.
directing them to the website was difficult. In addition, people could be somewhat apprehensive about sharing their details online,
as is pro bono support from web developers who provided further support. But the dedication and commitment of one champion volunteer to develop the campaign
to facilitate social media discussion and to raise awareness. In both cases, ICT is deployed alongside physical and traditional activities,
stories and research findings online and via social media, ICT makes it easier for research findings to be found
such as instant large scale mapping in the Hackney CAB Crowdmap case from many sources and locations via the crowdsourcing and crowdmapping applications on residents'56 and activists'smart phones.
to facilitate social media discussion and to raise awareness, and in most cases ICT is deployed alongside physical and traditional activities.
improving use of place-related facilities, amenities & resources Standard ICT, both with and without traditional activities All types, except matching finance to needs, depending on case-Complementary on-and offline knowledge
both with and without traditional activities All types, except matching finance to needs, depending on case-Complementary on-and offline knowledge communities-Social capital (mainly bonding, some bridging)- Starting as small world,
including matching local finance to local needs-Complementary on-and offline knowledge communities-Social capital (mainly bonding,
especially the internet and mobile devices. ICT can very efficiently match idle assets with new forms of demand, not otherwise possible,
ICT connectivity, via the Internet and especially mobile, is now making all the difference, driving the massive growth and impact of the sharing economy now possible on a scale never seen before.
56 www. techshop. ws 57 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fab lab 66 Case analysis Social needs addressed and summary Five cases are analysed in the sharing
and unemployment but still requiring tasks to be done-ICT web/mobile free platform for matching supply & demand, managing system, social fora, traditional media, awareness raising;
1, 800 members, 1, 200 on Facebook, 500 exchanges at any one time Cookisto (EL and UK) 59 Homemade food swapping
reduced waste and mutual support-Online internet and mobile platform for all contact for swapping
and exchanging homemade food, social media, traditional media-Civil start-up in Greece, small private sponsorship to start in UK, sometimes €4 per meal payments between Cooks and Foodies,
and thus wasted, assets by low-income households, builds community & activism, improves environment-Online internet
& strengthen social cohesion-Online internet platform and social media for promotion, news, contacts, discussions, advice,
civil groups, journalists to create new content & knowledge & hold corporates to account-Global database of companies, web scraping, reconciliation function, analysis and visualisation tools,
The Athens Time Bank case has adopted standard ICT solutions for web and mobile as free of charge open source e-platforms,
Social media and social communication tools (like Skype) are used also. The ICT operates together with traditional and physical activities
The Cookisto case similarly uses standard online internet and mobile platforms for all contact, in this case for swapping,
It also uses social media like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram to take pictures of the dishes.
The Foodies (those who buy the dishes) can comment and score the meals provided by the Cooks through the social media
which is used also to communicate and create a community and to publicise the service. Non-ICT tools like television, radio
complementary online and offline knowledge communities are created, with the former facilitating and significantly enhancing the latter,
The Streetbank case uses online internet and mobile platforms for all contact for sharing assets.
Streetbank recently launched Streetbank 2. 0 as a much improved, faster version of the website,
The website provides a variety of offline tools for encouraging participation, such as fliers, custom posters, customised neighbour invitations
Thus, complementary online and offline knowledge communities are created, with the former facilitating and significantly enhancing the latter,
The Repair Cafés case uses standard technology in the form of an internet platform supporting online communities on a local, national and global level.
It uses Facebook and Twitter to support discussion and raise awareness, using text, photos and videos,
enabling members to illustrate discussion and show problems, making it easier to find solutions and volunteers to help.
It provides a global open data database of over 60 million companies in 75 jurisdictions, together with web scraping, reconciliation functions, analysis and visualisation tools,
a platform for doing data science on the web, to help get corporate data by scraping it from the web.
The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal entities to company names.
The core business of Opencorporates is to collect data on companies through web scraping tools and then to visualise the data
which is mainly from company registers, but also from a wide range of other published datasets, both national and global.
In both cases, this means that complementary online and offline knowledge communities are created, with the former facilitating
online platform supporting offline repair workshops as new physical shared assets able to save money collectively through self-and collective repair rather than expensive professional repair or throwaway and buy
online communities in a virtual space support offline communities and develop cooperation, trust, participation, empowerment and a sense of community, especially a community of practice,
online open data and open data communities, also supporting offline communities, create new content and knowledge for making the corporate world more transparent to citizens, civil groups and governments,
but generally leaves communities to use the site without interference. The platform and its physical activities fosters trust, reciprocity and mutualism which together contribute to the forging of long-term relations, loyalty and the fostering of a spirit of community based on the sharing process.
Another barrier is lack of computer skills and Internet literacy which can preclude people from participating on the online platform.
Another barrier for the Repair Cafés case is lack of computer skills and Internet literacy
but generally leaves communities to use the site without interference. Thus, trust and ethics are driving features both to make the system work in a fair and equitable manner,
and the answers they receive, both online and offline. Although equally enabling and essential, ICT in the Opencorporates case is both standard and bespoke and used on a larger scale and by a much larger and diverse set of users.
On-and offline forums like Repair Cafés work because everybody can be an expert in something.
and extrapolate something that is already at work in terms of offline community building, activism and campaigning, rather than innovating something completely new.
The second are the social networks that are emerging which enable the leverage of existing trusted networks or the building of trust between strangers.
just as good (or even better) to have reliable access to something as it is to own it all the benefits of the item with none of the maintenance. 67 67 http://www. marketingmag. com. au/blogs/collaborative-consumption
assets to needs, plus other (except matching finance to needs)- Complementary on-and offline knowledge community-Social capital bonding,
plus other (except matching finance to needs)- Complementary on-and offline knowledge community-Social capital bonding, some bridging Starting as small world & random, scaling to scalefree, plus much random spread
-and offline knowledge community-Social capital bonding & bridging Starting as small world & scaling to scalefree plus much
and include the broader social network (with family and community contributing significantly to individual health and well-being).
This model will also encourage the inclusion of the broader social network (i e. family and community as significant contributors to individuals'health and well-being).
Social media enriched healthcare (Health 2. 0)- Health 2. 0 strategies have been formulated and discussed for the past years all over the world.
It includes the use of a specific set of Web tools (blogs, Podcasts, tagging, search, wikis,
One can also observe a trend of platform-based health-related websites that focus on the provision of comprehensive health care information,
which can 72 http://www. deloitte. com/view/en us/us/Industries/life-sciences/2545b66b8dc4b310vgnvcm2000003356f70arcrd. htm 73 See for instance-http://www. npr. org/blogs/health/2013/07/03
/198065436/one-mans-quest-to-make-health-care-accessible-andaffordable 74http://www. forbes. com/sites/jenniferrooney/2013/03/26/the-opportunities-that-exist-in-the-market-of-well-being-mequilibriumsjan-bruce/75
This is still a rather unexplored area particularly outside of the formal website domains. Finally platform technology is also enabling internet users to volunteer to improve health outcomes.
For instance the Bemyeyes app83 allows users to support blind people in telling them what label they want to read in everyday situations such as cooking.
smartphone enabled data aggregation, medical situation awareness and analysis (risk classification, root cause analysis and risk triggers),
pathways and actors in the development of services for Long term Care http://www. slideshare. net/jamesks/carers-and-innovationpresentation-edinburgh-2012 85 https://www. facebook. com/nayajeevan
/info 86 http://www. centreforbetterhealth. org. uk/87 http://www. derbyshirehealthunited. com/88 https://www. facebook. com/Pendahealth 89 https
& care personnel through live video and audio channels over a broadband Internet link-Cooperation between the public and private sectors,
where the values are transmitted regularly the Personal Healthcare Telemedicine Service (PHTS) via the internet. -44 diabetes specialists, 299 medical practitioners,
Relatively new technology will be used to introduce Internet users to the approach and to give them the opportunity to familiarise themselves with projects/organisations to be funded.
-Mobile phones (or the widespread telecommunications services) are the main driver for social enterprise clinics. This tool gives to the people access to new form of medical services
which wouldn't be possible without existence of telecommunication. -Review of various initiatives: -Penda Health Pilot phase.
-Cell Slider is an interactive website that encourages members of the public to engage in cancer research.
the web tool can be accessed by people around the world. -Between its launch in October 2012 and December 2013, around 200,000 people visited the platform
and utilising internet-based citizen science projects to further science and the public understanding of science and the scientific process.
developers to maintain the website and researchers to interpret results in order to develop cures and treatments.
Penda follows up with patients via phone conversations, to check on their health status. Besides communicating with patients,
Penda leverages the phone to make payments more convenient for patients. Penda is mainly a cash-based business,
Mobile phones are ubiquitous in Kenya and Access Afya capitalises on this, with each patient receiving an SMS follow-up after their visit.
an open-source tool for mobile data collection and loaded it onto an Android Smartphone that the Community Health Workers (CHWS) carry when visiting patients.
where the data is available for download and reporting. This has been a vast improvement over the paper and pen survey collection method.
their mobile phones. The Buddy app is primarily a form of digital diary. When the client has agreed to use the service in addition to her regular talking therapy sessions,
the therapist submits her profile by use of her mobile phone number. In this case the app creates content
and do not build complementary offline communities. The aim is to provide a health commons specifically aimed at specific diseases
In our examples, DIABETIVA Telemedicine builds on standard ICT with emphasis on telecommunications solutions such as the internet, mobile apps and so on.
In reality, telecommunications and information sciences play an equally important role in how they facilitate the connection between this state of the art data aggregation system and the end-users'device.
By proactively shaping the composition and appearance of today's by far most important ICT infrastructure in the world, the Internet,
-Shape the structure of the Internet, thereby anchoring the HIV/AIDS problem on the Internet's highest infrastructure level-Raise money to support projects/organisations financially-Make users allocate donations-Follow up on funded projects/organisations-Raise nonfinancial support
(smart capital) to support social innovation-Increase the probability of numerous types of actors to donate
domain owners, domain users, Intermediaries, Registrars, Google, facebook, Twitter, etc. dothiv itself-Raise awareness and de-stigmatise-Provide a CSR service to companies Both examples use standard ICT.
Cell Slider is the online element of a much larger offline process. Initial activities take place offline in the laboratory,
where scientists add stains to cancer cell samples. The next stage where scientists would usually analyse the samples under microscopes,
Following this, results are analysed then further, offline, by scientists and researchers to develop new cures and treatments for cancer.
However, the approach is almost 100%Internet-based and thus makes use of networks effects extensively of course.
The word about the approach and supported 104 A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain name System of the Internet.
http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Top-level domain 97 projects/organisations will be spread via random networks using social media.
the Internet and social media developing vastly and unpredictably. Patient Briefcase-The case is a good example of successful cooperation between the public and private sectors,
Relatively new technology will be used to introduce Internet users to the approach and to give them the opportunity to familiarise themselves with projects/organisations to be funded.
Buddy does not require a smartphone; and will not in the foreseeable future. This makes it cheap and attainable across social groups
including pre-smart phone mobile phones. Personalised health and smarter patient environments Technological advances, such as mobile internet tablets, smart phones, better broadband foundations and so forth, in combination with advances in the medical field are the primary driving force in relation personalised health and smarter patient environments,
for instance in the field of coping with diabetes. Fast moving paces of telemedicine in different markets,
In terms of barriers, until recently the biggest technology barrier for the PATIENT BRIEFCASE and the reason why the Patient Briefcase had difficulty becoming commercially operational was the challenge of providing sufficiently stable Internet bandwidth at a suitable price, both
One is a commercial supplier of an Internet service, and one is a charitable organisation dedicated to solving a distinct social problem.
and the associated websites may be very much in conflict or opposing the views of dothiv as a charitable organisation;
and support Internet sites that conflict with the views and objectives of dothiv g. e. V. However,
which does not even require a smart phone supports ongoing therapy processes for mental illnesses. One can easily imagine the potential in with symptoms such as stress
and online & offline community building enabled. Strategic and operational considerations related to ICT in social innovation This category includes platforms such as Patientslikeme are powered patient research network that improves lives and a real-time research platform that advances medicine.
This is something which is in fact being developed by major mobile phone developers such as Apple and Samsung. Currently
Apple iphone and ipad users can connect Lifescan blood glucose meters to their phones via Glooko's meter synch cable.
and utilising internet-based citizen science projects to further science and the public understanding of science and the scientific process.
developers to maintain the website and researchers to interpret results in order to develop cures and treatments.
of ICT in social innovation Operational and strategic Policy issues Preventive health & self help Standard ICT-Content creation-Issue identification-Complementary onand offline knowledge
& social care Standard & bespoke ICT alongside traditional activities All types depending on case-Complementary onand offline knowledge communities-Social capital Online smallworld support network,
With ICT diminishing geographical distances and enabling people from all over the world access to top education through courses offered on web-based teaching platforms and by the world's leading professors,
-and-mobile-learning 111 transformation of distance education into e-learning and blended learning offers new options for delivery and new opportunities for in service teacher training and support.
a) Anytime-anywhere education-The appearance of the Web 2. 0 was an inflection point in Education,
Greater awareness and presence of badging through social networks is required still, but the core technology of a‘badge backpack'has already been refined. b) Learning analytics-Learning analytics involve the collection,
shared through online social spaces, websites, and activities. Such learning is often informal and spontaneous,
if a holistic approach is taken with multi-stakeholder partnerships at the heart of effective education. 110 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Personalized learning 115 Vignette:
the outcomes are made available as creative commons on the web (see also www. atc21s. org. ATC21S has been initiated
when government officials or agencies join with the private sector, civil society, professional development and training institutions, technology and telecommunication providers, educational content and ICT application developers, teachers,
-It can be used via the Internet or in paper form (Kurzskalen/short scales) by the public, by professionals and by experts.
They can choose to document the development of a child for themselves offline or use the interactive online database. 112 www. q2l. org 113 http://izonenyc. org/in New york 114 www. professor-why. pl 117 Focus area
and particularly the event of the internet in the case of the MOOCS and gaming technologies for the Quest to Learn example.
such as the Google suite, Algodoo116, Brainpop117 and Dragon Box118. In the area of new learning environments, most cases display highly innovative technological state of the-art-the art solutions going beyond content creation to experience creation to create new ways of learning or to at least experiment with new ways
The website informs about the project and its aims, too. This example has a strong focus on content creation and issue identification.
or online (contact form on the website). Ideally this creates a circulation and improvement of spokenabout knowledge available on all sides and also the improvement of codified knowledge in the long run.
either by visiting the website, reading the book or using the short scales to monitor one child or several children.
But, in addition, Q2l is bounded by the barriers placed on public schools, such as firewalls which Q2l has had to work round for years.
and offer education online for everyone with access to a computer with an internet connection. Whilst there have been based paper concepts for open universities/open education,
access to a computer and Internet and digital literacy. Also, the rise of MOOCS potentially allow for a different value for money approach within public education systems,
As Coursera is accessible to everybody who has access to the internet and because the courses are free Coursera contributes to society with a widening of education possibilities for potentially many different social classes.
It uses the internet to disseminate knowledge on early childhood development. But at the same time it uses the internet to gain knowledge
when MONDEY receives data on the monitoring of babies and toddlers. This is definitely innovative. MONDEY is dynamic and interactive.
To connect MONDEY with social media in a controlled way is discussed but not yet planned. Strategic and operational considerations related to ICT in social innovation The multi-partner approach is typical for the examples we have reviewed that show characteristics of ICT enabled social innovation.
and offline communities in creating better conditions to enable better educational outcomes. Coursera, currently the biggest MOOC platform, was launched as a for-profit company in April 2012 by the two Stanford computer science professors Andrew Ng and Daphne Koller.
and make the best education in any topic available to anyone with a computer and Internet connection.
access to a computer and Internet and digital literacy. MONDEY specifically also highlight the importance of requires a good framework for data security and data protection. 129 Concluding,
Drivers Role of ICT in social innovation Operational and strategic Policy issues Widening access to education Standard ICT solutions (Internet & platform technology crucial)- Content creation
Internet and digital literacy Personalised education & new learning environment s Standard ICT solutions as well as bespoke technological solutions (for instance gaming)- Content creation-Issue identification-Matching
assets to needs-Online knowledge communities-Also enables offline communities and builds social capital Starting as small world, scaling to scale-free-Building capacity and skills-Trust, collaboration, relationships-Knowledge and idea sharing-Legacy, working, attitudes,
legal & administrative systems-Reluctance to integrate ICT-enabled educational approaches-New ICT enabled opportunities for instance through APPS/Mobile-Experimentation with new learning approaches using digital gaming-Can provide solutions for special
Multipartner approach to education Standard ICT alongside traditional activities-Content creation-Issue identifycation-Matching assets to needs-Complemenary onand offline knowledge communities-Social
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SOURCES Literature and documentation list Interviews list Internet sources list 138 ANNEX Working definition of SI:
and organizing communities to undertake both online and offline action and support for a given cause or social need,
An ICT example of a random network is the Atenistas large open and bottom up community of citizens in Athens who love their city and spread updates about activities and the latest news virally via Facebook and Twitter,
which uses the internet to spread the idea and the model for running nonprofit childrens'playgrounds across the USA by targeting community leaders and other local champions and opinion formers. vii) Small-world networks:
Traditionally most social networks are relatively robust and resistant to change, so that change spreads slowly. However, at often unpredictable points in time change can spread much more rapidly.
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