Fax:++49 (0) 40 42878-2867 www. tu-harburg. de/tim www. global-innovation. net Barriers to Innovation in SMES:
+49 (0) 40 428 78 3776, Fax:++49 (0) 40 428 78 2867 rajnish. tiwari@tuhh. de, stephan. buse@tuhh. de ABSTRACT Technological advancements, especially in Information and Communication Technologies
Google Inc. cited troubles in obtaining work visas for its prospective employees as a reason to set up its first engineering research and development centre outside the US in Bangalore in India (The Hindu,
furthermore, is validated itself also by the fact that over 6 million new mobile phone subscribers are added per month in India (TRAI,
) Many firms, including as reputed names as Google and Infosys, are complaining of a shortage of suitable candidates.
Google to set up R&d centre in Bangalore, in: The Hindu, 13.12.2003. Tiwari, R. 2007: The Early Phases of Innovation:
Telephone subscriber maintains growth: 6. 57 million Wireless Subscribers added in May 2007, Telecom Regulatory authority of India, Press release no. 61/2007.
UNCTAD (2005a: Globalization of R&d and Developing Countries, in: Proceedings of the Expert Meeting, United nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva.
Clausen, et Kamairah Ismail is the Director of Technology Entrepreneurship Center, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTMTEC), Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia (phone:+
Europe in a changing world inclusive, innovative and reflective Societies4 INSO-9-2015 Innovative mobile e-government applications by SMES 4. 00 INSO-10
trainings, website and other actions developed by the helpdesk will be owned by the Commission and will be shared with other EU-funded IPR support measures.
2. the professional consultants were prepared better to deal with SME specific challenges 3. cross-border information about IPR issues would be easily available on the internet
The future beneficiary consortium should take care of the joint website www. innovaccess. eu. Upgraded or new services and trainings for the target group will be provided by the national IP offices to be implemented either by the NIPOS themselves or by the business support providers.
like the common website (innovaccess), and new IP generated is managed effectively and is available free of charge to the Commission
'Social media and other web-based services challenge these existing approaches and ask for their revision. The british‘connect'platform is the first publicly financed innovation platform on the web that creates a protected space for companies to display their competences, interest and skills,
to reach out to a large number of peers, to make them personal contacts and to engage them in initial cooperation.
and potential partners (assistance to online collaboration for innovation) So far staff in innovation agencies has hardly skills to assist their clients to establish collaborations on web platforms
Service designs and qualification profiles shall be formulated independently from a particular collaboration or social media platform.
The nature of the topic online collaboration suggests that the training modules are established as web-based self
and develop the joint website. For the evaluation of first-stage proposals under a two-stage submission procedure, only the criteria‘excellence'and‘impact'will be evaluated.
The detailed list of coordinators and maximum grant amounts is provided on the Enterprise Europe Network website (http://een. ec. europa. eu). Timeframe:
and innovation processes are getting more diverse by the integration of advanced IT and internet.
and meetings and/or providing web-based information to those wanting to start and grow a business.
In the business-to-consumer context the Internet provides an effective tool for communication, often providing customers with better service
Figure 4. Internet penetration by size class, 2001 or latest available year Percentage of businesses using the Internet1 1. In European countries, only enterprises in the business sector,
For Mexico, Businesses with 21 or more employees, 21-100 employees instead of 10-49,101-250 instead of 50-249,151-1000 instead of 250 or more. 3. Internet and other computer-mediated networks.
radio, TV & telecommunication instruments; medical, precision & optical instruments; electrical machinery and apparatus, n e c.;machinery & equipment;
radio, TV & telecommunication instruments; medical, precision & optical instruments; electrical machinery and apparatus, n e c.;machinery & equipment;
It built a new web application and became an (Internet-enabled company. Although Greif subcontracts out most support functions,
it captures the value in the supply chain and builds long-lasting client relationships. Moreover it buys support services in volume,
and data mining tools, coupled with real-time data collection over the Internet may provide a whole new level of product and service reliability.
The latest equipment has a number of embedded sensors that monitor the performance and relay the data over the Internet back to a central office.
Services such as transportation, telecommunications and courier mail require systems that are designed developed, and optimized for performance
The database analyzed was the ISI Web of Knowledge (ISI, 2006) using the social science sub-set of indexed publications.
Service innovation research is targeted heavily at specific market sectors such as financial, telecommunications and transportation. Our review of this literature indicates that,
coupled with the rise of the Internet, have made the use of digital information as a competitive weapon no longer just the domain of larger companies.
Amazon and ebay that created on-line bookstores and auctions rather than Barnes & noble and Sotheby's. Here are some categories for use of IT in business model innovations.
A firm that is interested in developing a new cell phone, for example, can break down the cell phone into the following components--receiving signals from tower,
The firm can decide to generate new ideas for a human input device by searching for all possible human input devices used in other (non-cell phone) products
We reviewed a total of 689 success stories from 2002 to 2005 that were posted on the NIST MEP website.
less than 3%of the total support activities. 53 Following this analysis, we conducted random phone interviews with four of the MEP center directors.
Consultants rarely refer to the success stories posted on the website for information and insight.
Recommendation 3-Analyze use of the current MEP database We recommend a web-survey of existing MEP centers to determine:
Explicit-to-explicit is the simplest transfer challenge exemplified best by web-publishing such as the MEP database.
Fortunately, now that the Internet has developed, we can deploy systems that allow tacit knowledge application without the necessity for direct one-on-one contact.
Over the last few years there have been some developments based on the evolution of the Internet that are successful at overcoming the inherent shortcomings of static knowledge management. These are referred generically to as dynamic KM systems.
Challengers create a web-request which is responded then to, based on the knowledge and experience of the network.
Web of Knowledge, http://portal. isiknowledge. com/portal. cgi. Johne, A. and C. Storey (1998."
which information can be transmitted across geographic space via the Internet, fax machines and electronic communication superhighways,
While the telecommunications revolution has brought the cost of transmitting information across geographic space to virtually zero,
and research labs R&d ACTIVITIES Invest significantly in research (75%invest more than 20%of Invest on average about 11%of their turnover in R&d Invest less than 5%of their turnover in R&d 8 Biotechnology, electronics and telecommunication, industrial software applications, new
which include the Internet and the microprocessor, help mitigate economies of scale and the gains traditionally associated with large-scale production.
New web-based information technologies are enabling SMES to attain global marketing capabilities at very low costs.
and internet-based access to products like financial and accounting management software systems that enhance organisational and management capabilities,
But to properly take advantage of such internet-based financial and accounting systems SMES typically need to modify
It may seem paradoxical to claim that geography matters for innovative activity in a world of E-mail, fax machines, and cyberspace
While the marginal cost of transmitting information across geographic space has been reduced drastically with the telecommunications revolution, the marginal cost of transmitting knowledge,
Close to 80%of all new technology startups are in information technologies--software, Internet, and telecommunication software.
Because these firms are focused more on providing a service and face much shorter development times,
. Since SMES have difficulty finding the most appropriate public programme given the complex web of public initiatives,
came into existence almost at the same time as the IT revolution began to gain momentum through the launching of the Internet,
and realized that I could multiply my firm's capacity many folds by using the fax, the modem,
and, later on, the Internet. This in turn inspired my keen interest in the issue of smaller firm performance and the impact of IT on that performance.
computers, computer networks, Intranet structures, Internet technologies, and similar tools. By outward-focused technology intake, I refer to expenditures on developing new products, new methods of production, new markets, new raw material,
and the structure of returns in the Internet economy. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 14 (1), 141 164.
Télé-université 4750 Henri Julien, Montréal, Québec, Canada fax: 1-514-843-2160 phone: 1-514-843-2015 email:
dgtrembl@teluq. uquebec. ca Biographical note Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay is the Canada Research Chair the Socio-Organizational Challenges of the Knowledge Economy.
She is professor and director of research at the Télé-université of the Université du Québec. She is a member of the Committee on Sociology of Work of the International Sociological Association, the Executive council of the Society for the Advancement of Socioeconomics,
Also Co-chair of the Bell canada Research Chair on Technology and work organization professeur associé with Ecole nationale d'administration publique and UQAM, she has published many articles and books on employment and types of employment, job training, innovation in the workplace and work organization,
See websites for details: www. teluq. uquebec. ca/chaireecosavoir www. teluq. uquebec. ca/chairebell www. teluq. uquebec. ca/interventionseconomiques www. teluq. uquebec. ca/chaireecosavoir
For Schumpeter, at first small or medium-sized firms were the initial sites of innovation, whereas the concentration of capital over the years has given rise to the domination of large firms and their research and development departments.
the social entrepreneur sets out to tame social networks of influence. In this respect, what is extremely important for us is not so much the particular type of strategy used by an actor but the significance of this strategy,
It offers a website (including calls for tenders), a forum and a resource centre. The initiative is supported by the European commission.
http://interreg-minieurope. com/29 GP described on the DISTRICT+website: http://districtplus. it/30 GPS described in the ERIK ACTION Good Practices Report:
The different approaches followed by the projects in this regard have highlighted that many skills may be needed 34 GPS described on the DISTRICT+website:
http://interreg-minieurope. com/41 GPS described on the DISTRICT+website: http://districtplus. it/42 GPS described in the ERIK ACTION Good Practices Report:
Each local design project costs €75 000 for the cost of the office, material, phones, cars, documentation, including salaries for Project manager, Supervisor,
and whose cooperation is supported by computer networks. It is a manifestation of Collaborative Networks and of Virtual Organisation (VO:
a productive organisational entity that uses telecommunication tools to enable, maintain and sustain members'relationships in distributed work environments).
Information is provided to companies through a website containing business opportunities, reports on the business environment and selected sectors such as water, energy, construction in 22 countries.
to establish a web presence and to enhance their digital skills. 37 3. 2. 4 Lack of internal research
in establishing a web presence and in enhancing their digital skills. The target was well-defined,
and CSR practices through a website. 38 Technology transfer promotion Three projects identified GPS related to the promotion of technology transfer
http://www. eriknetwork. net/erikaction/index. html 46gps described in the project's final publication and on the DISTRICT+website:
but also includes marketing, website and e-commerce development and product design. The Creation of R&d departments GP from PERIA helps SMES to recruit new staff in R&d.
http://www. unicreds. eu 51 GP described on the project's website: http://www. cross-innovation. eu/GPS addressing access to finances via grants for collaborative R&d activities (section 3. 2. 1) also address the lack of internal research
public and business sectors) 54 Sub-project described in the project's final publication and on the DISTRICT+website:
sector in developing websites for international sales(§3. 2. 3). High Public Procurement INNOMOT IVEX Support for participation in international procurement processes from multilateral organisations
The INTERREG IVC website has a GP database, which is useful for an initial benchmark,
the two regions need to go on site. During the capitalisation 56 http://s3platform. jrc. ec. europa. eu/home Regional Policymakers can build on this favourable framework of the INTERREG IVC programme,
http://www. know-man. eu/61 GP described on the Cross Innovation website: http://www. cross-innovation. eu/62 http://urbact. eu/49 Whereas the INTERREG programme supports Regions to work together
which partners have assisted directly these businesses to develop a web-presence in order to capture international clients.
such as peer-to-peer lending services or crowdsourcing (fund-raising for specific projects from individuals, normally using web platforms to reach scale).
or trans-regional cooperation (INTERREG IVA or B) or national structural funds. 4. 3. 5 Networking A‘missing link'is the use of social media
This trend towards‘virtual'support through web-based platforms seems promising for support programmes, and should help them to reach a larger number of SMES. 67 H2020 SMES innovation call:‘
01/01/2010-31/12/2013 Website: www. districtplus. eu BUDGET Total budget: €4 600 000 ERDF contribution:
and cooperation with external parties 72 GPS described on the DISTRICT+website: http://districtplus. it/KNOW-ECO sub-project (workshops) Pioneers (coaching) Inno assistants (coaching) Product Competence Center (coaching) Net of Competence (Tech Transfer) NICER sub-project (internationalisation
and web/cloud platforms for improved provision of services that could be followed by other projects. 66 Upgrading the innovation capacity of existing firms:
01/07/2008-30/06/2010 Website: www. eriknetwork. net/erikaction BUDGET Total budget: €1 893 783 ERDF contribution:
and whose cooperation is supported by computer networks. It is a manifestation of Collaborative Networks and of Virtual Organisation (a productive organisational entity that uses telecommunication tools to enable,
maintain and sustain member relationships in distributed work environments). The VE/VO was experimented particularly in the field of technological innovation
01/01/2010-31/12/2012 Website: www. innohubs. eu BUDGET Total budget: €1 469 086 ERDF contribution:
01/01/2012-31/12/2014 Website: www. innomot. net BUDGET Total budget: €2 274 728 ERDF contribution:
Information is provided to companies through a website containing business opportunities, reports on the business environment and selected sectors such as water, energy, construction in 22 countries.
01/09/2008-30/11/2011 Website: www. interreg-minieurope. com BUDGET Total budget: €1 991 640 ERDF contribution:
Each local design project costs 75 000 euros for the cost of the office, material, phones, cars, documentation, including salaries for Project manager, Supervisor,
01/01/2010-31/12/2012 Website: www. peria. eu BUDGET Total budget: €1 669 643 ERDF contribution:
01/01/2010-31/12/2013 Website: www. smartplusinnovations. eu BUDGET Total budget: €4 004 000 ERDF contribution:
SMES Go Global networks (SMESGONET: SMEGONET targeted SMES and HE & Research staff in the life sciences and related sectors,
and R&d institutions to effectively collaborate within local and international networks, through a web-based training programme and a service website.
to establish a web presence and to enhance their digital skills. The target was defined well
Websites URBACT Programme. ESPON Programme. INTERACT Programme. S3 Platform. INTERREG Programme. COSME Programme. Innovation Union.
+33 (0) 3 28 14 41 09 info@interreg4c. eu www. interreg4c. eu Download all reports at:
and external sources of finance) Prizes for inventions and discoveries, fiscal incentives, IPRS Incentives for public sector innovation (e g. procurement) Public web consultations Regional workshops Innovation Vouchers
In the region of Malopolska, Poland the emergence of fast-growing companies and clusters in industries like information and communication technologies and telecommunications has been supported by the changes of the profiles of regional universities.
ICT companies have a very strong association of enterprises Estonian Association of Information technology and Telecommunications,
In the region of Malopolska, the emergence of fast-growing companies and clusters in industries like information and communication technologies, telecommunications and pharmaceuticals has been supported by the changes of the profiles of regional universities.
Web consultations: The development of the information and technology communications (ICTS) has facilitated strongly the connectivity and communication within regions (and inter-regions.
In Poland and The netherlands, the prioritisation process involves citizens through web consultations. Cross-regional governance structure:
a‘follow the money'website. iii) Dashboards that describe the ambition, goals, and activities for every sector, with corresponding indicators and target values.
published for download at www. era. gv. at. Chorafakis, G. and D. Pontikakis,(2011) Theoretical underpinnings and future directions of EU research policy:
In whole Lower Austria a technology network was built up to strengthen lead sites and to help peripheral and structural weak areas.
http://cemi. epfl. ch/files/content/sites/cemi/files/users/178044/public/Measuring%20smart%20specialisation. doc Forschungszentrum Seibersdorf, W. Hesina
The spectrum of the cluster ranges from international companies in the film industry, the creative sector and e-businesses through to data processing and telecommunication technologies.
Now, the Multiklaster groups television and film studios, producers and suppliers of mobile solutions, software for companies, advanced internet applications as well as interactive marketing agencies.
Comarch Group and Ericpol Telecom. Comarch Group, which was established in Kraków in 1993, has built an international network of subsidiaries and offices throughout the USA, Europe and the Middle east.
Ericpol Telecom (Ericpol) was established in 1991 in Lódz, but since 1995 the company has operated also in the Malopolska Region.
Cisco, Google, Motorola (R&d centre), IBM (R&d centre), HP, Delphi (R&d centre. Stakeholder and policy dialogues to achieve the ambitions One of the main goals of the regional authorities of the Malopolska Region is to engage citizens, especially scientists,
Information about RIS 2013-2020 was put into local and regional newspapers as well as via Internet. The process of public consultations has been divided into many phases.
which is part of the Web of Science database of Thomson Reuters . Whereas critiques can be formulated regarding coverage
In addition to SCIE, the Web of Science also contains the Social science Citation Index (SSCI), the Arts and Humanities Citation index (A&hci),
but it is limited currently to more recent articles compared with Web of Science. However Scopus and WOS complement each other as none of them is all-inclusive (Falagas et al.
Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge. Baseline indicators for technological specialisations Indicators The most widely used indicators for technological activities make use of patent data.
Falagas, M. E.,E. I. Pitsouni, G. A. Malietzi and G. Pappas (2007), Comparison of Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar:
Method and scope Because of the complexity of the issue, phone interviews have been chosen as the most appropriate method to enquire with key policy-makers in the countries
and used for the phone interviews. The questionnaire is produced in two versions national and regional.
and preliminary internal discussions by the interviewees were needed to make sure that all questions could be covered during the phone interview.
In Poland and The netherlands, the process involves citizens through web consultations; in Finland, the national level organizes signal sessions in regions to stimulate the identification of specific niches in line with national priorities;
a‘follow the money'website. C) Dashboards that describe the ambition, goals, and activities for every sector, with corresponding indicators and target values.
Professor Ph d. Popa Ion Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania popaion 2000@yahoo. com Professor Ph d. Dobrin Cosmin Management Faculty
Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania cdobrin@yahoo. com Abstract Romania, a New Member state of European union, has undertaken a complex process to adapt to new conditions and requirements of European market,
. Nicolescu Ciprian Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania cnicolescu@yahoo. com Assistant Ph d. S. Ceptureanu Sebastian Management Faculty Academy
of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania ceptureanu@yahoo. com Assistant Ph d. S. Ceptureanu Eduard Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest
Romania eduard ceptureanu@yahoo. com that innovative efforts within SMES were focused especially on new products (34.87%),new technologies (26.99),
ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 0 MARCH 2013 VOL 4
and inextricably linked to economic ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 1 MARCH 2013 VOL 4
Despite the positive ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 2 MARCH 2013 VOL 4
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This was supported by Oncioiu et al (2003) who discovered innovation as an important ingredient in this knowledge based society in SMES ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute
and improve some ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 5 MARCH 2013 VOL 4, NO 11 components,
He said that the success of the project depended on management s correctly ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 6 MARCH
with respect to how SMES contemplate their innovation initiatives. ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 7 MARCH
He went on to say the perceived benefits may be ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 8 MARCH 2013 VOL
to have a clear strategy ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 9 MARCH 2013 VOL 4,
such as formal and informal Rand D, formal and informal (on-the-job) training, acquisition of technological licences, among others. ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS
whether SMES had the capabilities to ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 8 1 MARCH 2013 VOL 4,
They stated that radical innovations were viewed as comparatively rare. ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 8 2 MARCH 2013 VOL 4,
and the following results were obtained. ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 8 3 MARCH 2013 VOL 4,
and SMES operations sustainability) and accept H1(=ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 8 4 MARCH
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or seek information about the supporting institutions such as SEDCO. ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 8
Organization Studies 13 (3): 375 402. ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3
11 (6): 610-20. ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 8 8 MARCH
a study of small to medium enterprises (SMES), Measuring Business Excellence, 7 (2): 78-92. ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS
and Innovation Portal website at www. transport-research. info. ISBN: 978-92-79-25925-8 doi:
The site presents information on fundamental research, applied research and demonstration projects, as well as innovative solutions adopted by individual towns and cities.
In addition, the website provides news and tools for policy makers and transport experts. www. eltis. org to boost the development
A dedicated website has been set up to provide information and guidelines on how to develop and implement such a plan
The website also provides information on events related to SUMPS that are organised with EU support. These events include technical training and awareness raising initiatives,
International Association for Public transport (UITP) Website: www. ebsf. eu Buses to strengthen sustainable urban mobility Innovation in urban mobilit y-polic y making
and visitors with real-time travel information and transport planning services both face-to-face and via the web.
The EU aims to provide a unique internet portal to facilitate multimodal trip-planning in and between major urban centres in Europe.
EUROPE RECHERCHE TRANSPORT, France Website: www. access-to-all. eu Reference: FP7-218684 Status: Completed Total cost:
STIFTELSEN SINTEF, Norway Website: www. mediate-project. eu, www. aptie. eu/site Bac kgr ound One in ten people in Europe is over the age of 60,
and according to the United nations, 10%of the population has some type of disability. To make transport accessible and userfriendly for everyone,
Initiated by the Mediate project, the Accessible Public transport in Europe portal (www. aptie. eu/site) has become the one-stop shop for initiatives, case studies,
An internet forum enables procurers to team up in joint procurement calls to achieve economies of scale with larger volumes. www. cleanvehicle. eu CLEAN POWER FOR TRANSPORT In 2013
SINTEF ICT Website: www. smartfreight. infoinnovation in urban mobilit y-polic y making and planning 21 SUCCESS STORY New traffic management framework Concepts
In addition, SMARTFREIGHT has provided input to standardisation and regulatory bodies such as the European Telecommunications Standards Institute.
EU FP7 project, Accessible Public transport in Europe, http://www. aptie. eu/site Bypad (2008: EU FP6 project, Bicycle Policy Audit, http://www. bypad. org CITYLOG (2012:
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