since its first appearance on the Internet. 862 R. Smits/Technological Forecasting & Social Change 69 (2002) 861 883 Although by no means all economists agree with Shapiro and Hall,
Hughes speaks in this connection of a seamless web 1. Schwarz and Thompson speak of a technology culture.
The fact that the products of network technologies, such as faxes and PCS, become all the more in demand the greater their market penetration
and make little or no use of external knowledge (Wikipedia, n d.).Innovation has been studied in several forms in the entrepreneurship literature.
We also benefit from a Global network of 38 national and regional business councils and partner organizations involving more than 1, 000 business leaders globally.
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41 22) 839 31 00 Email: info@wbcsd. org CH-1231 Conches-Geneva Fax:(41 22) 839 31 31 Web:
www. wbcsd. org Switzerland Supply chains as BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Innovation Challenges for SME's Cllr. John Ryan CHAIRPERSON ENTERPRISE AND PRODUCTIVE INVESTMENT SUBCOMMITTEE FACT Over 90%of all businesses in Ireland are in the SME sector FACT Last Year of the total Business Expenditure
on research and development 72.4%was carried out by foreign owned firms and only 27.6%by SME's. Forfas BERD 2007/08) FACT If The irish SME sector is engaged not in Innovation The Indigeous Irish Business sector is engaged not in Innovation Agenda Barriers
Offering a pink mobile phone in addition to a black mobile phone, for instance already opens up a new market niche.
They also search for knowledge on internet and in articles, periodicals and books. These interactions and searches may be open
in first instance banking on the contacts of researchers and internet. They were drawn from all firm sizes,
and were followed up by additional questions by phone when needed. Comments from websites, annual reports, marketing material
and observations were added to the field notes. This comprehensive process provided in depth insight into innovation processes.
Exporters are thus significantly more innovative than subcontractors. central tendency bias, acquiescence bias and social desirability bias (www. wikipedia. org, 12-2-2013.
By contract, respondent#9 refers to stealing designs from internet. Most firms (40%)change their product design quarterly,
#14) or setting up internet campaigns (resp.##18). ) Many firms started selling locally, as the market in Indonesia is booming.
Public sources include internet, trade fairs, books and articles. The local innovation system includes all actors operating in the locality,
Firms attach the highest importance to knowledge from global buyers and internet. Clearly, knowledge from abroad is considered crucial for innovation.
and searched on internet. Exporters have strong in-flows of knowledge from global buyers, internet and trade fairs, supplemented by knowledge sourced from less important actors.
Knowledge from the local innovation system is of secondary importance. Public sources are more important than would be expected based on other Indonesian studies (Indarti 2010.
However, in a related study on the impact of internet suggests that the impact can be significant (Gaul 2011.
mean sources of innovation (N=100, likert scale) Source of innovation Role in value chain Exporter Subcontractor Combination Total Open Internet*4, 6b 3
I sent a fax to KLM purchasing manager to say that I have to come to the reality that we could not supply the quantity
During those years there is email exchange and (bi) annual meetings at trade fairs or other meeting places.
Knowledge is transmitted in a codified form (emails, letters, newsletters) and in a tacit form (training, trade fairs, associations and extension services.
Social networks and innovation (handicraft industry in bantul, yogyakarta. Munich: MPRA, 28032. Brata, A..2009. Innovation and social capital in the small-medium entreprises:
Using them to get from A to B typically on the web can save people time and money
a website is to be set up giving an overview of and links to existing multimodal journey planners.
as well as increasingly portable devices that are brought in, such as mobile phones and portable navigation systems, the so-called‘nomadic'devices.
and communication between vehicles and with the road infrastructure several communication protocols are being developed or have been defined
>support and monitor the work of ETSI (the European Telecommunications Standards Institute http://www. etsi. org) and CEN (the European Committee for Standardisation http://www. cen. eu) for, respectively, cooperative systems
In line with the priorities of the 2009 and 2010 ICT standardisation work programmes, CEN (the European Committee for Standardisation http://www. cen. eu) and ETSI (the European Telecommunications Standards
But help is at hand in the form of a new web-based decision-support toolkit that will make it easier to find relevant and up-to-date ITS-related information.
You can obtain their contact details on the Internet (http://ec. europa. eu) or by sending a fax to+352 2929-42758.
Priced publications: via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop. europa. eu). Priced subscriptions (e g. annual series of the Official Journal of the European union and reports of cases before the Court of Justice of the European union:
European commission Directorate-General for Research Communication Unit B-1049 Brussels Fax (32-2) 29-58220 E-mail:
research-eu@ec. europa. eu Internet: http://ec. europa. eu/research/research-eu EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Research Directorate H Transport Unit H2 Surface Transport http://ec. europa. eu
More information on the European union is available on the Internet (http://europa. eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Various forms of wireless communication for both short-range and long-range data exchange (UHF, VHF, Wimax, GSM, etc.;
Information on the research relating to these wide-ranging aspects can be found in a number of publications issued by the European commission (see website:
/2004 Website www. cvisproject. org/download/roadsense. pdf Safety was a major focus of automotive research in the latter half of the 20th century,
The in-vehicle technologies needed 3g telecommunications for the accuracy and speed of delivery to make services usable and useful
/2001 31/05/2004 Website http://www. transport-research. info/web/projects/Otherwise collectively described as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), these typically employ onboard sensors, together with digital maps and other computerised data,
Website http://www. transport-research. info/web/projects/As coordinator Luisa Andreone (CRF Fiat Research Centre) notes,
Over 95%of automotive accidents are estimated to involve a degree of human misjudgement or malfunction, due to factors such as excessive speed, fatigue, distraction (mobile phones,
/end 01/03/2005 29/02/2008 Website http://intro. fehrl. org MISS Monitor Integrated Safety Systems.
/2007 Website http://www. transport-research. info/web/projects/REACT Realizing enhanced safety and efficiency in European road transport.
Motorola (Israel) Total budget EUR 3. 70 million EU funding EUR 2. 00 million Start/end 01/01/2005 31/12/2006
Website https://www. eurtd. org/quickplace/project-react I N t E L L I G E N t t R A n s P O R T s Y
Communication systems benefit increasingly from the multi-channel wireless connectivity offered by mobile telecommunications, low cost satellite technology, dedicated short range communication (DSRC) and mobile wireless local area networks (WLAN.
but telecoms are unlikely to provide the split-second speed to react if a vehicle immediately ahead suddenly swerves or brakes.
will permit content delivery to vehicles and twoway communications via onboard units interoperable with Galileo and UMTS systems.
SANEF (France) Total budget EUR 11.25 million EU funding EUR 7. 89 million Start/end 01/10/2009 30/09/2012 Website
Website www. sartre-project. eu EU (for which a deployment roadmap has been set out under the DG Mobility
The basic idea is that vehicles be equipped with onboard units, routers and antennae, so that they can exchange data with roadside infrastructure,
as well as access to information and entertainment content delivered via the Internet. I N t E L L I G E N t t R A n s P O R T s Y S T E M S 1
Large-scale public demonstrations are advanced already well at project sites in Heathrow Airport (PRT), London, Rome's new exhibition centre (cybercars) and Castellón,
30/04/2011 Website www. citymobil-project. eu Following eventual take-up on a sufficient scale, traffic management systems will for the first time have the ability to communicate with individual vehicles,
However, an early application could be the overnight redistribution of car hire fleets e g. between city centres and airports or peripheral parking sites ready for pick-up by customers the following day.
/2009 Website www. i-travelproject. com Trip advisors Another important direction for ITS research is the promotion of multimodal door-to-door journeys,
/2008 30/11/2010 Website www. access-to-all. eu WISETRIP Wide scale network of e-systems for multimodal journey planning and delivery of trip intelligent personalised data.
Hellenic Telecommunications and Telematics Applications Company (Greece) Total budget EUR 2. 12 million EU funding EUR 1. 44 million Start/end
01/02/2008 31/07/2010 Website www. wisetrip-eu. org I N t E L L I G E N t t R A n s P O
01/05/2009 30/04/2011 Website www. conduits. eu I N t E L L I G E N t t R A n s P O R
/2010 31/12/2012 Website www. city-log. eu Intelligent freight distribution Optimisation of the movement of freight, both within the EU and in transactions with international trading partners
'equipped with sensors to make them self-aware, context-aware and connected through global telecommunication networks that support a wide range of information services for transport operators, industrial users and public authorities.
/end 01/09/2006 30/06/2009 Website http://heavyroute. fehrl. org Damage limitation The high weight of long range trucks poses some threats to the surrounding environment,
/2010 Website www. simbaproject. org Research cooperation with countries beyond the EU itself in ITS,
/2012 Website www. viajeo. eu STADIUM Smart transport applications designed for large events with impacts on urban mobility.
01/05/2009 30/04/2013 Website www. stadium-project. eu/site I N t E L L I G E N t t R A n s P O
The evolution of mobile communication networks to 4g and beyond will deliver continuous connectivity to vehicles and travellers, giving access to on-line services via mobile Internet links.
Travel guidance, on-line booking and payment facilities will be combined with location-based Web 2. 0 applications to facilitate ride-sharing
data collection and information exchange via mushrooming social networking websites. C H A p T E R 8 Conclusions and the way forward I N t E L L
development of demand-driven, easy-to-use and affordable services for all users, learning from the success of portable navigation systems and Web 2. 0 social networks;
GSM Global system for mobile communications HMI Human-machine interface I2v Infrastructure to vehicle ICPC International cooperation partner countries ICT Information and communication technologies ITS Intelligent transport
trunked radio UHF Ultra-high frequency UMTS Universal mobile telecommunications system V2i Vehicle to infrastructure V2v Vehicle to vehicle VHF Very high frequency VTMIS Vessel traffic management information system WIM
Weigh in motion WIMAX Worldwide interoperability for microwave access WLAN Wireless local area network Glossary I N t E L L I G E N t t R A n s P
You can obtain their contact details on the Internet (http://ec. europa. eu) or by sending a fax to+352 2929-42758.
Priced publications: via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop. europa. eu; Priced subscriptions (e g. annual series of the Official Journal of the European union and reports of cases before the Court of Justice of the European union:
in order to connect to the global networks. The digital divide existing at an international, interregional level and between different types of enterprises will still prevail.
which favours in a limited scope the innovative SMES by public tenders) 26.5) The provision of incentives for spreading new, web-based social innovation solutions (crowdfunding and crowdsourcing).
and social network. 8) The funding programmes shall be suitable for supporting early stage innovation. 9) The modernization of the Act on venture capital and clarification of the incentive mechanisms. 36 3 vision and objectives The specific objectives related to
http://www. eurada. org/site/files/Smart%20regional%20specialisation-E. pdf. download on 6 june 2011 Eurada (2011/b:
10-11 march 2011 in Brussels. Brief Summary of the workshop. http://www. eurada. org/site/files/Snapshot-E. pdf. download on 6 june 2011 Fraunhofer (2012:
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PAGE 1 Raising European Productivity Growth Through ICT BY BEN MILLER AND ROBERT D. ATKINSON JUNE 2014 THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION FOUNDATION JUNE 2014 Most
These digital tools are more than simply the Internet, although that itself drives growth. 31 They include hardware, software applications,
and telecommunications networks, and increasingly tools that incorporate all three components in them, such as computer-aided manufacturing systems and self-service kiosks.
since the emergence of the Internet age is that it has had lower productivity gains from ICT.
the benefits of Internet and computer use for productivity are established also well. A large number of studies in the late 1990s and early 2000s confirmed at a micro level that ICT has a positive effect on firm productivity in both the United states and Europe. 57 Varian et al.
and Germany increased revenues 8. 6 percent and decreased costs 2. 6 percent through the use of Internet business systems;
and labor productivity. 59 But studies have continued to show the benefits of ICT after the initial years of the Internet boom as well.
and globalization. 67 Another study found that 29 percent of Danish small manufacturers surveyed indicated that their competitive position was strengthened a great deal by doing business online. 68 Studies examining Swedish firms found that access to broadband Internet
The 2013 and 2014 World Economic Forum's Networked Readiness Index survey shows that the EU-15 and EU-13 trail behind the United states in ICT adoption, business-to-business Internet use, business-to-consumer Internet use,
reducing the revenue for websites that rely on ad-based business models. 106 This appears to be one reason the EU lags behind the United states in Internet companies.
or 16 percent to 40 percent of IT budgets. 109 Other examples of costly regulations that limit the effectiveness of IT investment include the new law requiring websites to obtain explicit consent before placing web cookies,
or legal effects. 110 The former policy is both overly ambiguous and burdensome, particularly to smaller websites,
a similar problem occurred with the European 3g rollout. Moreover, the United states was the first nation to take advantage of the digital dividend from the digital TV transition.
As a result, consumers and businesses in Europe can rely on a less robust mobile communications infrastructure.
and data collection taxes, directed specifically at large internet companies such as Google and Facebook. 125 Higher taxes on ICT-producing companies may raise the price of ICT goods and services for everyone else.
Moreover, the existing proposals are designed poorly and could easily penalize or deter startups: The french tax on data collection would tax companies based on the number of users they collect data on, apparently with no regard to the actual market value of the data.
or telecommunications equipment and achieve service quality or efficiency gains. Instead they go through a process of organizational redesign
With the great success of some of the world ICT leaders, such as Apple, Google, Intel,
as well as in a host of technology industry areas such as high-speed broadband telecommunications, smart cards, radio frequency identification devices (RFID), geographic information systems, mobile commerce,
including broadband telecommunications, Internet usage, and data. They should allow companies to more rapidly depreciate ICT investments for tax purposes,
less effective advertising reduces available revenue for websites and can cripple the growth of useful services.
and Daniel Castro, The Internet Economy 25 Years After. com (Information technology and Innovation Foundation, March 2010), http://www. itif. org/publications/internet-economy-25
Internet Matters: The Net's Sweeping Impact on Growth, Jobs, and Prosperity (Mckinsey Global Institute, May 2011). 32.
/download/9204051e. pdf? expires=1398953382&id=id&accname=ocid43017007&checksum=04b30d1bfc36e957bcfd995ccb443898. See also: Robert D. Atkinson and Andrew Mckay, Digital Prosperity:
and Gilles Koleda, L'économie Numérique et La Croissance (working paper, Coe-Rexecode, 2011), http://www. persee. fr/web/revues/home
The Projected Economic Benefits of the Internet In the United states, United kingdom, France, and Germany, Version 2. 0 (Cisco systems, Inc.,January 2002), http://www. netimpactstudy. com/Netimpact study report. pdf;
Donald A. Johnston, Michael Wade, and Ron Mcclean, Does E-business Matter to SMES? A Comparison of the Financial Impacts of Internet Business Solutions on European and North american SMES, Journal of Small Business Management, 45,3 (July 2007): 354-361.59.
Irene Bertschek, Helmut Fryges, and Ulrich Kaiser, B2b or Not to Be: Does B2b E-commerce Increase Labor Productivity?
A Study of Technological Diffusion and Economic growth under Network theory, Telecommunications Policy (2014), doi: 10.1016/j. telpol. 2013.12.003.75.
on the World Economic Forum website, accessed May 7, 2014, http://www. weforum. org/issues/global-information-technology. 98.
Protecting Privacy, Transmitting Data, Moving Commerce (European Centre for International Political economy/U s. Chamber of commerce, March 2013), https://www. uschamber. com/sites/default
Talking points, Information Services Group, February 2013, http://www. isg-one. com/web/research-insights/talking-points/archive/1302. asp. 116.
Greg Sterling, France Wants To Tax Facebook, Google‘Personal data Collection,'Marketing Land, January 21, 2013, http://marketingland. com/france-wants-to-tax-facebook-google-personal data-collection-31196;
Jacob Albert, France Wants to Tax Data mining, and It's Not a Bad Idea, Quartz, January 22, 2013,
ZEW-Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung/Center for European Economic Research, June 2012), http://citeseerx. ist. psu. edu/viewdoc/download?
See for example the sectoral focus on this European commission website: European commission: Enterprise and Industry ICT for Competitiveness & Innovation,(accessed May 16, 2014) http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/sectors/ict/.
An Input-Output Analysis, Telecommunications Policy 37, no. 4 5 may 2013): 387 399, doi: 10.1016/j. telpol. 2012.05.001.150.
or Uber, or Google, or...Bloombergview, February 12, 2014, http://www. bloombergview. com/articles/2014-02-12/france-loves-tech-but-not-amazon-or-uber-or-google-or.
-152. Miller and Atkinson, Are Robots Taking Our Jobs, or Making Them? 153. Nicholas Oulton, Long term Implications of the ICT Revolution:
Rob Frieden, Lessons from Broadband Development in Canada, Japan, Korea and the United states, Telecommunications Policy 29, no.
and Growth in the EU (Oxford Economics/AT&T), accessed October 3, 2013, http://www. corp. att. com/bemoreproductive/docs/capturing the ict dividend. pdf. PAGE 41 THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION
Small companies create 85%of new jobs, Enterprise and Industry, European commission website, last modified January 16,
Part 1, Innovation Files (blog), June 22, 2012, http://www. innovationfiles. org/in-praise-of-big-business-part-1/.175.
accessed April 4, 2014), www. oecd-ilibrary. org/sites/entrepreneur aag-2013-en/02/02/index. html. 177.
/and Will not Let Norwegian Enterprises use Google Apps, Datatilsynet, January 25, 2012, http://www. datatilsynet. no/English/Publications/cloud-computing/Will not-let-Norwegian-enterprises-of-Google-Apps/.
/184. Merkel Proposes Secure European Web, BBC News, February 15, 2014, http://www. bbc. com/news/world-europe-26210053.185.
For example, Catherine Tucker has found that the EU privacy directive lowered online advertising effectiveness by 65 percent relative to the rest of the world.
Catherine Tucker, Economics of Privacy (MIT Sloan and NBER, November 15, 2012), http://www. ftc. gov/sites/default/files/documents/public events/fifth-annual
European Court Lets Users Erase Records on Web, New york times, May 13, 2014, sec. A. 188. Ibid. 189.
Mark Scott, Uber Faces Rebukes in Europe, Bits (blog) New york times, accessed April 18, 2014, http://bits. blogs. nytimes. com/2014/04/17/uber-faces-rebukes-in-europe/.
/191. Pillar I: Digital Single Market Digital Agenda for Europe, Enterprise and Industry, European commission website, accessed May 15, 2014, http://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/en/our-goals
/pillar-i-digital-single-market; Pillar VII: ICT-Enabled Benefits for EU Society Digital Agenda for Europe, PAGE 42 THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION FOUNDATION JUNE 2014 Enterprise and Industry,
European commission website, accessed May 15, 2014, http://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/en/our-goals/pillar-vii-ict-enabled-benefits-eu-society.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT ITIF BY PHONE AT 202.449.1351, BY EMAIL AT MAIL@ITIF. ORG,
ONLINE AT WWW. ITIF. ORG, JOIN ITIF ON LINKEDIN OR FOLLOW ITIF ON TWITTER@ITIFDC AND ON FACEBOOK. COM/INNOVATIONPOLICY
Enterprise and Industry Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 More information on the European union is available on the Internet (http://europa. eu) Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Cover picture: istock 000020052023large Konradlew European union, 2014 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium PRINTED ON CHLORINE FREE PAPER Legal notice:
The 2010 Methodology report provides detailed instructions how to calculate this indicator (http://www. proinno-europe. eu/sites/default/files/page/11/12/IUS 2010 METHODOLOGY REPORT. pdf). 88 Innovation Union
such as telecommunications, and provide inputs to the innovative activities of other firms in all sectors of the economy.
You can obtain their contact details on the Internet (http://ec. europa. eu) or by sending a fax to+352 2929-42758.
Free publications: via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop. europa. eu). Priced subscriptions (e g. annual series of the Official Journal of the European union and reports of cases before the Court of Justice of the European union:
‘research articles',‘research reviews',notes'and‘letters')published in the Web of Science database. These co-publications have been allocated to one
and broadcasting activities (60) Telecommunications (61) Computer programming, consultancy and related activities (62) Information service activities (63) Financial service activities,
Knowledge-intensive activities provide services directly to consumers, such as telecommunications, and provide inputs to the innovative activities of other firms in all sectors of the economy.
http://www. proinno-europe. eu/EIS2008/website/docs/EIS 2008 METHODOLOGY REPORT. pdf) OECD-JRC (2008), Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators:
+34 954488318 Fax:++34 954488300 http://ipts. jrc. ec. europa. eu http://www. jrc. ec. europa. eu This publication is a Working Paper by the Joint Research Centre
A great deal of additional information on the European union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu/.JRC79478 EUR 25964 EN ISBN 978-92-79-29828-8 (pdf) ISSN 1831-9424 (online) doi:
What is the position of individual locations in the global network of ICT activity? To date, the following additional publications have emerged from the research:
i e. number of R&d sites. Hence, the line value function is W=wij, where ij is the link between two countries
2 Electronic equipment 19 11,11 336 10,35 3 Telecommunications Equipment 18 10,53 356 10,96 4 Automobiles & Parts 16 9, 36 425
Own calculations 4. Characteristics of the international R&d centres network Our analysis of the global network of R&d centres starts with its graphical illustration in Figure 1. The arcs represent the existence of a relationship
Arcs are weighted by the number of sites owned by country i (a) and the number of sites located in country
i (b). The size of nodes is a function of the number of R&d types a country's firms"receive"through R&d centres located abroad (a)
The global network R&d a) Nodes weighted by the number a country's overseas R&d centres b) Nodes weighted by the number hosted R&d centres Source:
Software for Social network Analysis.'Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies..30 high level of GDP and a sound R&d landscape.
it may be a sign of a success from the creation of international R&d sites in the form of inventions developed with domestic inventors,
we observe that it is highly relevant for both the number of R&d sites and R&d types.
Moreover, the closeness centrality coefficient has a very strong positive effect on the number of R&d sites as well as on the number of R&d types existing per link.
countries with a higher number of linkages with other countries tend to have less intensive relationships in terms of the number of R&d sites
'Social networks, 20:2, 135-41. Borgatti, S. & Everett, M. 2000.''Models of core/periphery structures.'
'Social networks, 21:4, 375-95. Borgatti, S. P.,Everett, M. G. & Freeman, L. C. 2002.'
Software for Social network Analysis.'Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies. Boutellier, R.,Gassmann, O. & von Zedtwitz, M. 2008.
'The Use of Social network Analysis in Knowledge Diffusion Research from Patent Data.''Paper presented at International Conference on Advances in Social network Analysis and Mining.
Dachs, B. & Pyka, A. 2010.''What drives the internationalisation of innovation? Evidence from European patent data.'
'The Evolution of the World Trade Web.''Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
'Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification.''Social networks, 1: 3, 215-39. Garlaschelli, D. & Loffredo, M. 2005.'
'Structure and evolution of the world trade network.''Market Dynamics and Quantitative Economics Selection of papers presented at the First Bonzenfreies Colloquiumon Market Dynamics and Quantitative Economics, 355:1, 138-44.44 Gibbons, D. E. 2004.'
and visibility on the Web.''Scientometrics, 60:3, 409-20. Kuemmerle, W. 1999.''The Drivers of Foreign Direct Investment into Research and development:
'Topology of the world trade web.''Physical Review, E68: 1, 015101. Shieh, Y.-Y. & Fouladi, R. T. 2003.'
we apply social network analysis to study the locations of international R&d centres and the relationships between the countries owning
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