EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Digital technologies and the Internet have transformed many areas of business from Google and Amazon to Airbnb and Kickstarter.
These range from social networks for those living with chronic health conditions, to online platforms for citizen participation in policymaking, to using open data to create more transparency around public spending.
and infrastructures e g. sensor networks where they connect their devices, such as phones and Internet modems,
which was founded in 2000 as a response to the lack of broadband Internet in rural Catalonia,
where commercial Internet providers weren't providing a connection. The idea was to build a‘mesh network'where each person in the network used a small radio transmitter that functioned like a wireless router to become a node in the Guifi net.
With more than 23 000 nodes, Guifi. net is the largest mesh network in the world
and provides Internet connection to those who would otherwise not be able to access it. 6 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Who are the digital social innovators?
The Internet is approximately 40 years old and its capacity for generating societal and economic value is understood relatively well,
even though the web itself was founded at CERN to further a vision of scientific knowledge sharing. While massive commercial investment and business models fuelled the web's incredible growth,
the use of platforms like Facebook to serve social good has been disputed accidental and secondary to their primary commercial purpose.
A contradiction therefore, exists at the heart of the Internet. Despite the existence of a technical networking layer that could spread power
and give people more‘bottom-up'political and economic control over their lives, the existing commercial services built on top of this lower technical layer continues for the most part to empower existing‘top-down'centralised and established organisations in the corporate and government sector.
in particular campaigning sites such as Avaaz and parts of the collaborative economy and the maker movement.
and solutions for a wide range of social needs and at a scale and speed that was unimaginable before the rise of the Internet'.
1. 1 Project overview 1. 2 Harnessing Collective Intelligence for the social good 1. 3 Digital Social Innovation in the context of Future Internet in Europe EXPLORING DSI
1. 1 Project overview 1. 2 Harnessing Collective Intelligence for the social good 1. 3 Digital Social Innovation in the context of Future Internet in Europe Growing
In particular, we examine how some of these digital services can take advantage of the network effect of the Internet
as the Internet is increasingly the technical underpinning of the sociotechnical fabric of our societies.
1) the level of the technical networking infrastructure itself provided by the Internet and 2) the level of online services built on top of these networks.
For example, despite the Internet being funded a military research project and the web a scientific project at their inceptions,
the Internet and web were based on open standards and a radically decentralised architecture that could be harnessed by any actor.
So the Web was able to reach a critical mass of connectivity so that both commercial entities (like Google) and noncommercial entities (like Wikipedia) were able to exploit the network effect.
Beyond the Internet, many new technologies such as open hardware may have positive network externalities. This network effect applies in a straightforward manner for some services such as social networking sites like Facebook,
and sites that require large user-bases like Wikipedia or Airbnb, but it may not apply easily to some other services such as edemocracy platforms, caring networks and local currencies.
For each kind of socially innovative service, we want to determine how they can maximise their impact using the infrastructure made available by the widespread usage of digital tools such as the Internet.
There are many cases of DSI being spread throughout society and we attempt to define and cluster these in this report.
They include: the collaborative economy, local exchange and trading systems, digital currencies, and awareness networks that incentivise experimentation with new models in a variety of domains.
the Internet forms a natural digital substrate for collective intelligence. Looking forward collective intelligence is necessary for social innovation to tackle the problems facing society in today's complex and interconnected world, where grasping problems such as the financial crisis, climate change,
At the present moment, the Internet offers unprecedented opportunities for collective intelligence via its increasing ubiquity and the massive amounts of data available for collective transformation into knowledge.
More than five billion additional people will connect to the Internet globally in the next ten years,
whilst over twenty billion objects will be connected to the Internet, transmitting data coming from people, sensors, the environment and objects themselves.
However, we cannot expect the Internet by itself to drive innovation to help citizens address major societal challenges.
If we observe the Internet during its early phases when it was funded primarily by research and defense, its founding principles, such as network neutrality, equitable service,
On the level of platforms for client operating systems such as Windows and Android, open standards have fostered innovation by allowing technologies like web browsers to be implemented over different underlying platforms,
and vendor lock in on the web. This was a hard and contested battle, which turned out to be the best way to do things, even commercially.
Yet on the level of services, the emerging cloud model of some services (proprietary social networks, big data providers, implementations of the Internet of things
as their applications need access to social data held on third-party sites and permissions to get into proprietary‘app stores.'
A main Internet trend-threat is recognised today: an increasing concentration of power in services in the hands of a few data aggregators, none of which are based in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search market and 98%of the mobile search market,
Facebook dominating the social networking and identity ecosystem, while Apple, Amazon and Microsoft control the mobile market and cloud-based services platforms).
Apple has started a market that was entirely new; Google has developed the open source Android operating system and spawned innovation in applications worldwide;
Facebook has enabled the building of thousands of apps and helped people to connect and organise.
However, one danger is that firms capture collective intelligence via proprietary lock ins, monopolistic behaviour and aggressive IP litigation rather than providing actual innovative services.
and stimulate inclusive innovation. 1. 3 DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION IN THE CONTEXT OF FUTURE INTERNET IN EUROPE The world wide web became successful
For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives.
Take for example the commercial success of Google: Google has built already one of the world's largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results,
and can repurpose their technology in order to expand into other data-driven services in order to increase their value, profit and marketability.
The future of the Internet should remain pluralistic, so that there is space for DSI alongside commercial services in the Cloud.
Digital social innovation could play a central role in the development of the Future Internet and the Internet of things.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 19 POWER TO INTERNET THE PEOPLE Wikis, Usergenerated knowledge P2p Free Content Blogs Social networks E-democracy PEOPLE
The alternative is to accelerate innovations that align the capacities of the Internet better to social needs
The development of open data, federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness.
A major risk for the Future Internet is the realisation of the‘Big brother'scenario, with big industrial players (mainly US-based) reinforcing their dominant position by implementing platform lock in strategies,
since we are seeing a consolidation of existing powers at every layer of the Internet ecosystem.
Delivering a web service, Network, Research project, Research project, Advocating and campaigning, Maker and hacker spaces, Investing and Funding, Event, Incubators and Accelerators, Advisory or expert body, Education And Training. 3 Technology Trends:
In the UK, Nesta research documented how 25%of UK adults used Internet technologies to share assets and resources in 2013 20146.
create and share on the web. It achieves this through two primary activities Ouishare. net and collaborative economy events.
Goteo is a social network for crowdfunding and distributed collaboration (services, infrastructure, micro tasks and other resources) for encouraging the independent development of creative initiatives that contribute to the common good, free knowledge and open code.
whilst participatory web platforms such as Wikigender and Wikiprogress developed by the OECD facilitate the linking of National statistics to actual individual living conditions.
and web application that aims to track every government and corporate financial transaction across the world and to present that data in a useful and engaging form.
000 votes for the proposal, primarily through social media campaigning. If successful the proposal is brought before parliament for a debate and vote.
D-CENT is developing a decentralised social networking platform for large-scale collaboration and decision-making and is piloting open source solutions across Europe engaging new political partices, citizen movements and governments.
and implement open social web standard standards, contributing to the W3c Federated Social Web Working group. 32 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global
sensor network where Safecast owners can map and freely share their radiation measurements in open data sets.
and organise crisis data from a variety sources, such as social media, sensors or even quasi-real-time data.
Other projects are exploring the potential of federated social networking, such as D-CENT and Diaspora, and the promotion and diffusion of knowledge systems in the public domain, such as Communia.
Commotion and Tor are using bottom-up privacy-preserving decentralised infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards,
Important developments to re-decentralise the Internet, leveraging P2p open technologies, are happening at many levels.
For instance distributed social networking projects such as Diaspora, Status. net or easy-to-run servers like arkos
while preserving the openness and accessibility of the Internet infrastructure. Many activities in this space are driven by grassroots networks,
while preserving the openness and accessibility of the Internet infrastructure. It includes projects that are using bottom up privacy-preserving
social media, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, big data, machine learning, 3d printing, online learning and e-petitions. The main technological trends in DSI 0100 200 300 400 Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Fairphone Safecast OPEN NETWORKS Tor Confine Guifi. net Smart
Community networking (also known as bottom-up networking) is an emerging model for the Future Internet across Europe and beyond,
Internet networks have become a key infrastructure for the development of the digital economy due to the‘democratisation'of the access technologies,
distribut ed social networks, p2p infrastructures OPEN NETWORKS 40 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe and experiment with services and protocols.
and obstacles regarding Internet specifications that are exposed by these edge networks. The Guifi. net initiative is developing a free,
Guifi. net is connected to the Catalan Internet Exchange (CATNIX) as an autonomous system (AS) via optical fibre with IPV4 and IPV6.
privacy-aware and crypto tools that bounce Internet users'and websites'traffic through‘relays'run by thousands of volunteers around the world,
It then invited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data,
and Metropolitan Rennes in France have also set up open data websites at the regional level that can be considered good practices,
Ordinary people today use blogs wikis, social networks and hundreds of other collaborative platforms to manage their daily lives,
solve social challenges, and to participate in e-campaigns, crowdfunding etc. Furthermore, the ability to access, use,
partners got together to explore the development of collaborative web projects and bottom-up broadband technologies15.
Other interesting examples of multidisciplinary research projects are the Network of Excellence on Internet Science (EINS),
that aims to integrate multidisciplinary scientific understanding of Internet networks and their co-evolution with society,
and moving towards and Open source Internet of Thingst Open-source hardware consists of hardware whose blueprints are made publicly available
which facilitate the anywhere/anytime access to the Internet, and to new services So-called Cyber Physical Systems (CPS),
and with the Internet, is giving rise to what has been named as Industry 4. 019 This smart infrastructure is also increasingly getting to know people by aggregating personal and social data in massive data centres.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe DELIVERING A WEB SERVICE RESEARCH PROJECT EDUCATION
streams of data from interviews to social media into a central repository capable of giving a‘big picture'of European DSI that can provide strategic recommendations for the EC.
we have identified DSI actors as part of a larger social network and have mapped this network in a way that has not been possible before.
Social networks are defined formally as set of nodes (or network members) that are tied by one or more types of relations (Wasserman and Faust, 1994).
In the case of the DSI social network collected in this study, the nodes in a graph are organisations,
This dataset is likely to fairly represent the empirical phenomena at hand with two caveats 1) It has a bias towards English speakers as the survey was translated not into other European languages 2) As outreach was directed by the partners it is likely to reflect their social networks in more depth
than disconnected social networks. However, it is a large sample and thus worth exploring in detail. The graph of the networks is given in Figure 11
Successful actors in DSI have managed to leverage large networks using the Internet in order to accomplish innovation at scale by the network effect.
but via a recommendation system a future version of the Digital Social Innovation website could introduce innovators to both other local innovators
Top-down and systemic approaches The most relevant initiatives are the European Innovation Partnerships, Smart Cities, the Future Internet Public-Private Partnership Programme (FI-PPP),
The development of the Future Internet is addressed mainly through a number of technical projects, such as the FI PPP23 and the 5g PPP24.
TOP-DOWN GRASSROOTS, DISTRIBUTED COLLABORATION, SOCIAL VALUES Commercial social networks/markets (FB, Apple, Android...Federated Social networks (Diaspora...
Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of things Bottom up and grassroots approaches A counterpoint to the top-down strategy is the bottom-up,
human-centred approach that is characterised by emergent forms of community intelligence. Relevant bottomup initiatives are the Collective Awareness Platform for Sustainability and Social Innovation (CAPS), Web entrepreneurs, young entrepreneurs in the field of active and healthy ageing, digital champions,
innovation camps and so on. In particular CAPS facilitates SI processes and democratic decision-making through distributed platforms that foster collective intelligence and leverage the potential for crowdsourcing, citizen science
and combines the informal nature of social networks with a methodological approach of foresights to engage stakeholders in the poliy making process.
Besides the standard tools available in most social networks, Futurium participatory tools offer several features to support collective foresight, such as scenario building, collective debate and voting for policies.
and provide a holistic framework to support them. 5. Democratic and distributed social network Distributes and federated social networks based on open source code and open standards to promote open democracy, collective debate, deliberation and voting.
I would call it Yups. com: Yups for the positive votes and Oops for the negative ones.
Also the Internet needs to continue to be a neutral space where creativity can continue to flourish. 7. Gender Equality in DSI Promote gender equality and empowerment of women through ICT in DSI by tackling things such as criteria for funding
distributed cloud, distributed search, decentralised social networking, public identity management, and encrypted email service. The Internet ecosystem today is highly centralised The current Internet is dominated by a handful of mainly US companies that control all the layers of the ecosystem (app store, cloud, machine learning, devices),
and are imposing their rules of the game. Europe needs to invest in future infrastructures that reflect the European values,
support SMES and civic innovators and deliver public good. Distributed, privacy-aware enabling infrastructures can also reestablish trust.
DARPA led to the creation of the internet, the R&d funding at CERN led to the invention of the Web) Encourage people to think about:
Who could implement it (European commission, national governments, municipal etc.?Who will benefit? What are the barriers?
and told them we'll email their pledge back to them after six months (this keeps people on their toes
and encryption Federated identity management Data control and data ownership The EU data protection reform package Directive on the reuse of public sector information Copyright reform Net Neutrality Magna carta for the Internet Enabling
One of the most well-known is supported the Google programme Google for Entrepreneurs36 that in 2011 created a campus where innovation
according to their websites, inspire, connect and enable individuals and institutions around the world to sustainably impact society.
The Internet is the best example of the power of interoperability. Its open architecture has given billions of people around the world access to information,
the possibility to add (web) content and services themselves, access to devices and modular applications that talk to one another.
Today mobile devices with always-on Internet connectivity are becoming widespread. 74 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe INTEROPERABILITY50 In the area of copyright,
OPEN PLATFORMS Users of the Internet ecosystem include the independent application and service providers who have the right to use the future Internet infrastructure (including both data in a raw and processed form,
as well as access to computing resources). Any privileged access provided to the owner/managers of the infrastructure would alter free competition.
Federated Social Web Do-not-track technologies should be implemented in order to give users control over their social data and sensitive information,
Is federated the W3c Social Web Working Group58 to develop standards to make it easier to build
The federated web standards will also be implemented within the EC-funded D-CENT Project59 that is piloting federated social applications for participatory democracy.
therefore allowing for innovation in the wider economy based on the Future Internet users must be able to come (no barriers to entry)
A Magna carta for the Internet Tim Berners Lee, the inventor of the Web is advocating for a sort of Magna carta for the Internet to estabilish basic rights and freedoms,
to keep the Internet open, without surveillance and censorship, and to halt power abuses from Governments and corporations.
The Magna carta for the Internet goes along with recent UN General assembly (UNGA) resolution on The Right to privacy in the Digital Age. 68.
A Magna carta for all Web users could be directly crowd-sourced from the Web itself,
INVESTMENT ON ENABLING INFRASTRUCTURES Community and bottom-up networking is an emerging mode of the Future Internet,
and federated social networking. It can also include the development of open source mobile phone alternatives such as Fairphone69 on top of
This should include the use of social networking platforms, independent media and other news applications. For instance, the elaboration of a newsletter or creating a DSI strategy blog would be a helpful instrument to spread the message from the European commission
and to provide updated information about policy deployment. A DSI networking platform that crowdmaps initiatives
As an example, the Fukushima prefecture in Japan hosts a map of the Safecast data on its website,
plugging into existing and future Internet infrastructures. At regulatory level The Digital agenda emphasises the need to adopt open standards
Consultant Logica Daniel Kaplan Founder and CEO, The next-Generation Internet Foundation Simona Levi Founder, Forum for the Access to Culture and Knowledge Markkula Markku Committee
/sites/default/files/good incubation wv. pdf 1 Combinatorial innovation means combining ideas that already exist into new forms,
Does the Web Extend the Mind available online at: http://www. ibiblio. org/hhalpin/homepage/publications/websci2013-halpin-web-extend-the-mind. pdf and published as Harry Halpin.
Does the web extend the mind? Proceedings of the ACM Web Science Conference (2013): 139-147.3 Over-the-top is a general term for service providers that develop services that are utilized over a network that is owned by traditional network operators.
Big OTT are Google, Skype, Youtube, Netflix, Facebook, Amazon and EBAY. 4 Sestini, Fabrizio.``Collective awareness platforms:
Engines for sustainability and ethics'.'Technology and Society Magazine, IEEE 31.4 (2012): 54-62.5 http://www. nesta. org. uk/publications/making-sense-uk-collaborative-economy Manchester
Institute of Innovation Research Compendium of Evidence on Innovation Policy http://www. innovation-policy. net/compendium/20 impacts of Innovation Policy:
http://ia4si. eu/Impact Assessment for Social Innovation https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/IA4SI%20%E2
The tools for social innovation (2008) http://socialinnovationexchange. org/sites/default/files/event/attachments/Copy%20of%20generating social Innovation%20v4. pdf Innovation platform.
Social network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press D. Watts and S. Strogatz (1998. Collective dynamics of‘small-world'networks.
wikipedia. org/wiki/Knowledge commons 46 http://bit. ly/1kivc4h 47 http://www. w3. org/48 http://open-stand. org/about-us/principles/49 For more information
see the Communia website: http://bit. ly/V2knnk 50 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reinventing innovation policy Policy Tools and Action 20 http://ec. europa. eu
/information society/digital-agenda/index en. htm 21 http://ec. europa. eu/research/innovation-union/index en. cfm 22 http://ec. europa. eu
/programmes/horizon2020/23 http://www. fi-ppp. eu/24 http://5g-ppp. eu/25 http://www. internet-of-thingsresearch. eu 26
-agenda/en/about-startup-europe Interoperabilidad 51 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki/Interfaz de programaci%C3%B3n de aplicaciones 52 http://es. wikipedia. org
/wiki/Extensible markup language 53 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki/Resource description framework 54 http://linkeddata. org/55 http://www. w3. org/TR/rdf
-sparql-query/56 http://www. theopeninter. net/57 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dataportability 58 http://www. w3. org/Social
/WG 59 http://dcentproject. eu 60 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hypertext transfer protocol secure 61 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki/Red privada virtual 62
http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/End-to-end encryption 63 https://abc4trust. eu/64 http://www. ftc. gov/system/files/documents/reports
http://www. fairphone. com 70 http://bubforeurope. net 71 http://www. theiteams. org/72 http://www. nesta. org. uk/sites
pdf 29 http://www. citizens. is/citizens-foundation-main-achievements/30 http://www. washingtonpost. com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/01/22/brazil-let-its-citizens
. nominettrust. org. uk/sites/default/files/Nominet%20trust%20-%20 Triple%20helix%20overview%20paper. pdf 77 http://bethnalgreenventures. com/78
-Jahreskongresses-29c3-des-Chaos-Computer-Clubs-CCC. jpg Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 34 http://www. e-living. net/sites/default/files
/field/image/internet-of-things-2. jpg Page 35 Brendan Lea (2013) Open Data Institute Annual Summit 2013 online Flickr, Open
http://www. robotshop. com/blog/en/dfrobotshop-rover-or-arduino-ontracks-3708 Accessed 29th january 2015 Nicholas Zambetti (2009) Arduino Serial board online
http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Arduino#mediaviewer/File: Arduino316. jpg Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 47 (2014) Smart Citizen kit online Flickr, Al Billings Available from:
https://budgetparticipatif. paris. fr/bp/jsp/site/Portal. jsp? document id=133&portlet id=100 Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 69 online http://lesapprentisabarcelona. blogspot. co. uk/Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 70 online http
https://www. flickr. com/photos/giuli-o/3421327165 Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 75 Randy Matusky (2013) Map of the Internet online http://diaryofanelearner
http://diaryofanelearner. com/2013/04/10/web-2-0-vs-web-3-0-what-really-Is accessed-the-difference 29th january 2015 Page 76 Unknown (2013) data
http://do. minik. us/blog/oecd bli Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 85 online http://caps2020. eu Available from:
More information on the European union is available on the Internet (http://europa. eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
large scale questionnaires (web-based or surveys) and personal interviews (face-to-face, telephone, or in working groups). A key feature brought in by these European union-sponsored exercises was the introduction of external experts in this analytical phase.
existing and planned technology infrastructures (broadband networks) and other telecom-and internet-related services are presented in the Digital Agenda Scoreboard. 21 Human resources:
see more details on the FOREN website. For RIS3, foresight studies would ideally combine regional expertise with international expertise able to put regional assets in perspective with wider trends. 22 Neffke F. and Svensson Henning M. 2009
attractive and dynamic web pages, including parts in English for wider dissemination; newsletters and leaflets to complete the information with traditional communication tools;
visiting the sites, marketing of the participants to the project; press conferences (various with different scenarios;
At the end of the day regions contributed to producing a system with too many small sites doing the same things
and intervention logic. 38 For further guidance, please look at Inforegio website: -Monitoring and evaluation of European Cohesion policy ERDF and Cohesion fund, Concepts and recommendations, Guidance document.
and is available at the website of the Platform 42 The European Cluster Excellence initiative aims at promoting cluster management excellence through training
http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/lead-market-initiative/48 http://www. europe-innova. eu/web/guest/home 49 http
Regional Partner Facilities (RPF) 61 which are associated facilities with pan-European single site or distributed Research Infrastructures,
and outermost regions, do not often have ambitions to host the site and/or to coordinate a large multidisciplinary infrastructure.
instrumentation and high-speed computer networks linking research centres) and centres of competence in a specific technology, technology transfer.
'Available on the website of the Smart Specialisation Platform, 72 University Business Forum: A platform to promote cooperation between HEI and businesses at European level, 73 Marie Curie Initial Training Networks Industrial doctorates:
sustainable and inclusive economic growth through the realisation of the digital single market and the exploitation of the potential for innovation of fast and ultra fast internet and interoperable services and applications.
DAE has set ambitious targets for high speed internet infrastructure across the Union by 2020: 100%coverage of EU households at 30 Mbps minimum+50%take-up subscriptions
together with an affordable high speed internet infrastructure, are essential components of these ambitious goals.
Barriers and challenges Europe is facing an investment challenge in the financing of high speed internet infrastructure
because the benefits for society as a whole appear to be much greater than the private incentives to invest in faster internet network infrastructures.
therefore to select investment models and strategic priorities that will foster the above efforts. 80 Estimated by the EC between EUR 180 and 270 billion. 81 See EU Broadband good practice site:
or promoting specialisations in specific market segments or niches (such as micro-or nanoelectronics, photonics, embedded systems, smart integrated systems and complex systems engineering, next generation computing and future Internet, einfrastructures;
mobile apps and social networks apps, etc.;90 DAE Scoreboard: http://ec. europa. eu/information society/digitalagenda/scoreboard/index en. htm 86 c) include measures in support of the regional capacity to plan,
to support web entrepreneur camps, good practices exchange, peer review, studies, regular mapping of infrastructure, monitoring
Plan for high speed Internet Infrastructure (Next Generation Networks) The Guide to Broadband Investment, presenting the various models for management authorities wishing to invest in high speed infrastructure,
and Media supporting the exchange of good practice in the planning and the deployment of broadband and high speed internet infrastructure.
Regions are reminded to closely coordinate their plans with the actions included in the national plans for high speed internet (national broadband plans) with a view to exploiting synergies
These might include pilot plants and demonstration sites, proof of concept and early stage financing incubation facilities, applied research,
You can obtain their contact details on the Internet (http://ec. europa. eu) or by sending a fax to+352 2929-42758.
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