6. 7%higher than in 2012.98.3%of Spanish companies with 10 or more employees had an Internet connection in the first quarter 2014.
87.3 85.9 95.0 97.7-Wireless Local area network 61.9 59.5 74.2 81.1-Internet connection 98.3 98.2 99.1 99.8-Mobile telephony 95.3 94.8 97.8 99.4
38.0 37.5 39.5 47.0%of companies with an Internet connection and website (1) 75.8 73.4 87.5 95.7%of companies that provide their employees with portable devices that allow a mobile connection to the Internet for business
purposes (1) 54.6 50.1 77.2 90.3 (1) Percentage over the total number of companies with an Internet connection Use of ICT infrastructures by company size First Quarter 2014
enabling connection to the internet for company use. 36.4%of these were laptop computers, and 49%were smartphones or PDA phones.
Internet connection and Website (1) Mobile telephone broadband connection (1) Use of the Internet to interact with the Public Administration (1) Fixed broadband connection (1)( 1) Percentage over the total number
of companies with an Internet connection 2013 2014 3 Types of Internet connection 99.9%of companies with 10
or more employees with an Internet connection accessed it via a broadband solution (fixed or mobile).
%)Companies with an Internet connection by type of that connection Percentage out of the total number of companies having 10
or more employees and an Internet connection First Quarter 2014 Number of empoyees TOTAL 10 to 49 50 to 249 250 or more Broadband (fixed or mobile) 99.9 99.8 100.0 100.0 Fixed
%)Services available on the website Percentage over the total number of companies with 10 or more employees and an Internet connection First Quarter 2014 Company introduction 90.5 Privacy policy statement or certification
In the year 2013,91. 1%of companies interacted with the Public Administrations via the Internet.
Internet connection, Interaction with the Public Administrations, Mobile broadband, Website, Use of Social media and Cloud computing. First quarter 2014 Internet connection Interaction with the Public Administration (1) Mobile Broadband
Connection (1) Internet connection and Website (1) Use of Social media (1) Cloud computing (1) TOTAL 98.3 91.1 78.3 75.8 36.9 15.0 Andalucía 97.6 94.4
) Percentage over the total number of companies with an Internet connection Use of ICT by Autonomous Community and Autonomous City in which the company is headquartered 6 Use of Internet, Website and Mobile broadband by Autonomous Community
Cataluña Asturias, Principado de Mobile broadband Internet and website 7 E-commerce Sales via e-commerce by companies with 10 or more employees 17.8%of companies with 10 or more employees carried out
-Computers 71.6 72.3-Local area network 24.0 24.4-Wireless Local area network 16.4 17.6-Internet connection 65.7 67.7-Broadband (fixed or mobile) Internet connection (1) 98.5 99.0
21.4 21.7%companies having Internet connection and website/webpage (1) 29.3 28.7 (1) Percentage over the total number of companies with less than 10 employees and an Internet connection Evolution of ICT use in companies with fewer than 10 employees
ICT use also had an uneven behaviour in companies with fewer than 10 employees between the first quarter 2013 and the same period of 2014.
from 56.8%to 66.4%.29.3%56.8%61.4%94.2%28.7%66.4%66.2%92.8%0 25 50 75 100 Internet connection and website (1) Mobile broadband
connection (1) Interaction with the Public Administration by the Internet (1) Fixed broadband connection 1)( 1) Percentage over the total number of companies with an Internet connection 2013 2014 11
Digital Agenda Scoreboard 2015 5 Regular Internet use in the EU has increased by 14 percentage points since the launch of the Digital Agenda,
Conversely, the share of the population which has used never the Internet has declined by 12 points to reach 18,
which regular Internet use has reached now 60%,up from 41%five years ago. Here too, the target has been reached.
Frequent Internet usage, i e. connecting at least daily, has risen by 17%(as opposed to 15%at least weekly for regular Internet usage),
indicating a trend among regular users to more frequent use. Internet use: a success story Source:
Eurostat 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%LUDKNLSEFIUKBEDEEEFRATSKIECZEU28HULVESMTLTSIHRCYPLPTITELBGROREGULAR Internet users (at least once a week) in%2009increase by 2014 Digital Agenda Scoreboard
2015 6 Online shopping has made continuous progress, up more than 14 percentage points to 50%of citizens. advancing in a close parallel with Internet use.
The target of 50%by 2015 has thus been achieved. There is no clear connection on member state level between level achieved and further progress, with only The netherlands,
The rise of the use of egovernment services has been driven mostly by the increase of regular Internet users,
while the share of Internet users who use egovernment services has edged up by only 3 percentage points,
%This contrasts with other services such as online shopping, where the rise of the share of Internet users from 54%to 63%has been a major driver for the overall increase.
With the rapid growth of cheap, ubiquitous and powerful tools like the internet, the world-wide-web, social media and mobile devices, new ways of carrying out social innovation have become possible.
For example, the Streetbank initiative in the UK57 uses the internet and mobile apps for identifying someone's needs (e g.,
Google (Internet), Oracle (Software), Qualcomm (Telecom equipment), Apple computer Hardware) and Broadcom (semiconductors. The performance of EU companies compared to US companies in the ICT sectors varies by subsector...
*rank Company Country Sector R&d in 2012 (€ m 1 GOOGLE USA Internet 4997.0 2 ORACLE USA Software 3675.9 3 QUALCOMM USA
which illustrates the use of marketing collaborations used to expand its internet sales. It is a £122m sales Cambridge company that supplies antibodies and proteins to therapeutic and other biotech researchers all over the world through its innovative website
2035 42 Logistics, Distribution & Transport. 1270 83 Business Services 1229 31 Headquarters 1086 29 Maintenance & Services 559 8 ICT & Internet
sales & marketing, retail, logistics, distribution & transportation, business services, headquarters activities, maintenance & services, ICT & internet infrastructures, education & training, extraction, customer contact
Further information about the European union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed via the Europa web portal at:
Returned questionnaires and reminder mailings were resent using the latest contact information on the internet
The Future Internet Future Internet Assembly 2011: Achievements and Technological Promises 13 Volume Editors John Domingue Alex Galis Anastasius Gavras Theodore Zahariadis Dave Lambert Frances Cleary Petros Daras
Sweden michael. nilsson@cdt. ltu. se Foreword The Internet will be a catalyst for much of our innovation and prosperity in the future.
A competitive Europe will require Internet connectivity and services beyond the capabilities offered by current technologies.
Future Internet research is therefore a must. Since the signing of the Bled declaration in 2008,
European research projects are developing new technologies that can be used for the Internet of the Future.
At the moment around 128 ongoing projects are being conducted in the field of networks, trustworthy ICT, Future Internet research and experimentation,
as these projects meet twice a year during the Future Internet Assembly, where they discuss research issues covering several of the domains mentioned above,
Apart from the Future Internet Assembly, the European commission has launched also a Public Private Partnership program on the Future Internet.
and integrates new generic but fundamental capabilities of the Future Internet, such as interactions with the real world through sensor/actuator networks, network virtualization and cloud computing, enhanced privacy and security features and advanced multimedia capabilities.
using the properties of the core Future Internet platform. Examples of these use cases are a smarter electricity grid, a more efficient international logistics chain
Future Internet research is an important cornerstone for a competitive Europe. We believe that all these efforts will help European organizations to be in the driving seat of many developments of the Future Internet.
This book, already the third in this series, presents some of the results of this endeavor.
The uniqueness of this book lies in the breadth of the topics, all of them of crucial importance for the Future Internet.
VIII Foreword We sincerely hope that reading it will provide you with a broader view on the Future Internet efforts and achievements in Europe!
Budapest, May 2011 Luis Rodríguez-Roselló Mário Campolargo Preface 1 The Internet Today Whether we use economic or societal metrics,
the Internet is one of the most important technical infrastructures in existence today. One easy measure of the Internet's impact and importance is the number of Internet users
which as of June 2010 was 2 billion1. But of course, this does not give one the full picture.
From an economic viewpoint, in 2010 the revenue of Internet companies in the US alone was over $70 billion2.
In Europe, IDC estimated that in 2009 the broader Internet revenues (taking business usage into account) amounted to €159 billion
The recent political protests in Egypt give us an indication of the impact the Internet has in societal terms.
At the start of the demonstrations in Egypt the Internet was closed down by the ruling government to hinder the activities of opposition groups.
It is interesting to note that here we are talking about the power of the Internet in a country where currently Internet penetration is compared 21%5 to say 79%for Germany6. 2 Current Issues The Internet has recently been in the news with stories covering two main issues
which are known commonly in the Internet research community. Firstly, recent stories have highlighted the issue of the lack of address space associated with IPV4,
. uk/news/10105978 8 http://www. ndtv. com/article/technology/internet-will-run out-of-ip-addresses-by-friday-83244 X Preface A second major news item has been on net
Other issues are centered on the fact that the Internet was designed originally in a very different context
Of the changes that have occurred in the decades since the Internet's inception the main alterations which are of concern are:
Volume and nature of data the sheer volume of Internet traffic and the change from simple text characters to audio and video and also the demand for very immediate responses.
For example, Cisco's latest forecast predicts that global data traffic on the Internet will exceed 767 Exabytes by 2014.
Mobile devices the Internet can now be accessed from a wide variety of mobile devices including smart phones
Internet radios, and vehicle navigation systems, which is a radically different environment from the initial Internet based on physical links.
Data traffic for mobile broadband will double every year until 2014, increasing 39 times between 2009 and 201413.
Commercial services as mentioned above the Internet is now a conduit for a wide variety of commercial services.
The general population demand that the Internet is at least: secure, trustworthy, ubiquitous, robust, responsive and also upholds privacy. 9 http://online. wsj. com/article/BT-CO-20110217-718244. html 10 http://www. bbc. co. uk/news
-jump-in-globalinternet-traffic-by-2014. html Preface XI 3 FIA Overview This book is based on the research that is carried out within the Future Internet Assembly (FIA).
In short, FIAS bring together over 150 research projects that are part of the FP7 Challenge 1 ICT Programme to strengthen Europe's Future Internet research activities
The network of the future Cloud computing, Internet of services and advanced software engineering Internet-connected objects Trustworthy ICT Networked media
and search systems Socioeconomic considerations for the Future Internet Application domains for the Future Internet Future Internet research and experimentation (FIRE) Researchers
and practitioners associated with the Future Internet gather at the FIAS every six months for a dialogue and interaction on topics
In conjunction with the meetings the FIA Working groups sustain activity throughout the year working toward a common vision for the Future Internet based on scenarios and roadmaps.
In the middle of 2010 a call was issued for abstracts of up to 2 pages covering a relevant Future Internet topic.
Foundations-Architectural Issues-Socioeconomic Issues-Security and Trust-Experiments and Experimental Design Future Internet Areas-Networks-Services-Content Applications FIA Budapest will be the seventh FIA
Future Internet Foundations: Architectural Issues Introduction to Part I...3 Towards a Future Internet Architecture...
7 Theodore Zahariadis, Dimitri Papadimitriou, Hannes Tschofenig, Stephan Haller, Petros Daras, George D. Stamoulis, and Manfred Hauswirth Towards In-Network Clouds in Future Internet...
19 Alex Galis, Stuart Clayman, Laurent Lefevre, Andreas Fischer, Hermann de Meer, Javier Rubio-Loyola, Joan Serrat,
Towards Scalable Future Internet Mobility...35 L'aszl'o Bokor, Zolt'an Faigl, and S'andor Imre Review and Designs of Federated Management in Future Internet Architectures. 51 Mart'in Serrano, Steven Davy, Martin Johnsson, Willie Donnelly,
and Alex Galis An Architectural Blueprint for a Real-world Internet...67 Alex Gluhak, Manfred Hauswirth, Srdjan Krco, Nenad Stojanovic, Martin Bauer, Rasmus Nielsen, Stephan Haller, Neeli Prasad, Vinny Reynolds,
and Oscar Corcho Towards a RESTFUL Architecture for Managing a Global Distributed Interlinked Data-Content-Information Space...
and Dino Giuli A Cognitive Future Internet Architecture...91 Marco Castrucci, Francesco Delli Priscoli, Antonio Pietrabissa,
and Vincenzo Suraci Title Model Ontology for Future Internet Networks...103 Joao Henrique de Souza Pereira, Flavio de Oliveira Silva, Edmo Lopes Filho, Sergio Takeo Kofuji,
Future Internet Foundations: Socioeconomic Issues Introduction to Part II...117 XIV Table of contents Assessment of Economic Management of Overlay Traffic:
and Burkhard Stiller Deployment and Adoption of Future Internet Protocols...133 Philip Eardley, Michalis Kanakakis, Alexandros Kostopoulos, Tapio Lev a, Ken Richardson,
and Henna Warma An Approach to Investigating Socioeconomic Tussles Arising from Building the Future Internet...
Future Internet Foundations: Security and Trust Introduction to Part III...163 Security Design for an Inter-Domain Publish/Subscribe Architecture...
and Sasu Tarkoma Engineering Secure Future Internet Services...177 Wouter Joosen, Javier Lopez, Fabio Martinelli,
and Fabio Massacci Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services...
and Luca Vigan`o Trustworthy Clouds Underpinning the Future Internet...209 R udiger Glott, Elmar Husmann, Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi,
and Matthias Schunter Data Usage Control in the future Internet Cloud...223 Michele Bezzi and Slim Trabelsi Part IV:
Future Internet Foundations: Experiments and Experimental Design Introduction to Part IV...235 A Use-Case on Testing Adaptive Admission Control and Resource Allocation Algorithms on the Federated Environment of Panlab...
and Carsten Schmoll Table of contents XV Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 259 Apostolos Kousaridas George Katsikas, Nancy Alonistioti, Esa Piri, Marko Palola,
Future Internet Areas: Network Introduction to Part V...273 Challenges for Enhanced Network Self-Manageability in the Scope of Future Internet Development...
277 Ioannis P. Chochliouros, Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou, and Nancy Alonistioti Efficient Opportunistic Network Creation in the Context of Future Internet...
293 Andreas Georgakopoulos, Kostas Tsagkaris, Vera Stavroulaki, and Panagiotis Demestichas Bringing Optical Networks to the Cloud:
An Architecture for a Sustainable Future Internet...307 Pascale Vicat-Blanc, Sergi Figuerola, Xiaomin Chen, Giada Landi, Eduard Escalona, Chris Develder, Anna Tzanakaki, Yuri Demchenko, Joan A. Garc
Future Internet Areas: Services Introduction to Part VI...323 SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet...327 Joe Butler, Juan Lambea, Michael Nolan, Wolfgang Theilmann, Francesco Torelli, Ramin Yahyapour, Annamaria Chiasera,
and Marco Pistore Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet...339 Eduardo Santos, Fabiola Pereira, Jo ao Henrique Pereira, Luiz Cl'audio Theodoro, Pedro Rosa,
and Sergio Takeo Kofuji Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services...
351 John Domingue, Carlos Pedrinaci, Maria Maleshkova, Barry Norton, and Reto Krummenacher Part VII: Future Internet Areas:
Content Introduction to Part VII...367 XVI Table of contents Media Ecosystems: A Novel Approach for Content-Awareness in Future Networks...
and C. Timmerer Scalable and Adaptable Media Coding Techniques for Future Internet...381 Naeem Ramzan and Ebroul Izquierdo Semantic Context Inference in Multimedia Search...
Future Internet Applications Introduction to Part VIII...403 Future Internet Enterprise Systems: A Flexible Architectural Approach for Innovation...
407 Daniela Angelucci, Michele Missikoff, and Francesco Taglino Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet...
419 Kim Khoa Nguyen, Mohamed Cheriet, Mathieu Lemay, Bill St. Arnaud, Victor Reijs, Andrew Mackarel, Pau Minoves, Alin Pastrama,
and Ward Van Heddeghem Smart Cities and the Future Internet: Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation...
and Alvaro Oliveira Smart Cities at the Forefront of the Future Internet...447 Jos'e M. Hern'andez-Mu noz, Jes'us Bernat Vercher, Luis Mu noz, Jos'e A. Galache, Mirko Presser, Luis
Future Internet Foundations: Architectural Issues Part I: Future Internet Foundations: Architectural Issues 3 Introduction The Internet has evolved from a slow, person-to-machine, communication channel to the most important medium for information exchange.
Billions of people all over the world use the Internet for finding, accessing and exchanging information,
enjoying multimedia communications, taking advantage of advanced software services, buying and selling, keeping in touch with family and friends,
to name a few. The success of the Internet has created even higher hopes and expectations for new applications and services,
which the current Internet may not be able to support to a sufficient level. On one hand the increased reliability, availability and interoperability requirements of the new networked services,
and on the other hand the extremely high volumes of multimedia content challenge the today's Internet. As a result, the Future Internet research and development threads have been gaining momentum all over the world
and as such the international race to create a new generation Internet is in full swing. The current Internet has been founded on a basic architectural premise, that is:
a simple network service can be used as a universal means to interconnect both dumb and intelligent end systems.
The simplicity of the current Internet has pushed complexity into the endpoints, and has allowed impressive scale in terms of interconnected devices.
However, while the scale has reached not yet its limits, the growth of functionality and the growth of size have slowed both down
and may soon reach both its architectural capability and capacity limits. The current Internet capability limit will be stressed further by the expected growth, in the next years, in order of magnitude of more Internet services
the likely increase in the interconnection of smart objects and items (Internet of things) and its integration with enterprise applications.
Although the current Internet, as a ubiquitous and universal means for communication and computation, has been extraordinarily successful,
when the first parts of the Internet were built, but these do need to be addressed now. The very success of the Internet is now creating obstacles to the future innovation of both the networking technology that lies at the Internet's core and the services that use it.
We are faced with an Internet that is good at delivering packets but shows a level of inflexibility at the network
and service layers and a lack of built-in facilities to support any nonbasic functionality. In order to move forward new architectures that can meet the research
which are enhancing the existing Internet, are also of significant importance. Such new architectures, enhancements related artefacts would be based on:
which have the potential reach beyond current Internet core networking and servicing protocols, components, mechanisms and requirements.
Future Internet Foundations: Architectural Issues Structures and infrastructures for control, configuration, integration, composition, organisation and federation.
The content of this area includes eight chapters covering some of the above architectural research in Future Internet.
The Towards a Future Internet Architecture chapter identifies the fundamental limitations of Internet, which are isolated not but strongly dependent on each other.
while the overall Internet performance would be improved significantly by control & self-*functions. As an overall result this chapter proposes the following:
extensions, enhancements and re-engineering of today's Internet protocols may solve several challenging limitations.
Yet, addressing the fundamental limitations of the Internet architecture is a multidimensional problem. Improvements in each dimension combined with a holistic approach of the problem space are needed.
The Towards In-Network Clouds in Future Internet chapter explores the architectural co-existence of new and legacy services and networks, via virtualisation of connectivity and computation resources and self management capabilities,
Towards Scalable Future Internet Mobility chapter provides a comprehensive overview and review of the scalability problems of mobile Internet nowadays and to show how the concept of flat and ultra flat architectures emerges due to its suitability and applicability for the future Internet.
It also aims to introduce the basic ideas and the main paradigms behind the different flat networking approaches trying to cope with the continuously growing traffic demands.
The analysis of these areas guides the readers from the basics of flat mobile Internet architectures to the paradigm's complex feature set
and power creating a novel Internet architecture for future mobile communications. The Review and Designs of Federated Management in Future Internet Architectures chapter analyses issues about federated management targeting information sharing capabilities for heterogeneous infrastructure.
An inter-operable, extensible, Part I: Future Internet Foundations: Architectural Issues 5 reusable and manageable new Internet reference model is critical for Future Internet realisation and deployment.
The reference model must rely on the fact that high-level applications make use of diverse infrastructure representations and not use of resources directly.
So when resources are not being required to support or deploy services they can be used in other tasks or services.
and all these activities are developed under the umbrella of the federated management work in the future Internet.
The An Architectural Blueprint for a Real-world Internet chapter reviews a number of architectures developed in projects in the area of Real-world Internet (RWI), Internet of things (Iot),
and Internet Connected Objects. All of these systems are faced with very similar problems in their design with very limited interoperability among these systems.
The A Cognitive Future Internet Architecture chapter proposes a novel Cognitive Framework as a reference architecture for the Future Internet (FI),
Future Internet Foundations: Architectural Issues The Title Model Ontology for Future Internet Networks chapter contributes to the use of ontologies in the future Internet, with the proposal of semantic formalization of the Entity Title Model.
It is suggested also the use of semantic representation languages in place of protocols. Alex Galis and Theodore Zahariadis J. Domingue et al.
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 7 18,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com Towards a Future Internet Architecture Theodore Zahariadis1, Dimitri Papadimitriou2, Hannes Tschofenig3, Stephan Haller4, Petros Daras5
, George D. Stamoulis6, and Manfred Hauswirth7 1 Synelixis Solutions Ltd/TEI of Chalkida, Greece zahariad@{synelixis. com, teihal. gr} 2 Alcatel-lucent, Belgium dimitri. papadimitriou@alcatel-lucent
In the near future, the high volume of content together with new emerging and mission critical applications is expected to stress the Internet to such a degree that it will possibly not be able to respond adequately to its new role.
and research initiatives worldwide to search for structural modifications to the Internet architecture in order to be able to face the new requirements.
This paper is based on the results of the Future Internet Architecture (FIARCH) group organized and coordinated by the European commission (EC)
and aims to capture the group's view on the Future Internet Architecture issue. Keywords:
Internet Architecture, Limitations, Processing, Handling, Storage, Transmission, Control, Design Objectives, EC FIARCH group. 1 Introduction The Internet has evolved from a remote access to mainframe computers and slow
Billions of people all over the world use the Internet for finding, accessing and exchanging information,
The success of the Internet has created even higher hopes and expectations for new applications and services
which the current Internet may not be able to support to a sufficient level. It is expected that the number 8 T. Zahariadis et al. of nodes (computers, terminals mobile devices, sensors, etc.
of the Internet will soon grow to more than 100 billion 1. Reliability, availability, and interoperability required by new networked services,
and collaborative properties is imposed to the Internet architecture. In parallel, the advances in video capturing and content/media generation have led to very large amounts of multimedia content
and type of data currently exchanged over the Internet. Based on 2, out of the 42 Exabytes (1018) of consumer Internet traffic likely to be generated every month in 2014,56%will be due to Internet video,
while the average monthly consumer Internet traffic will be equivalent to 32 million people streaming Avatar in 3d, continuously, for the entire month.
All these applications create new demands and requirements, which to a certain extent can be addressed by means of over-dimensioning combined with the enhancement of certain Internet capabilities over time.
While this can be a satisfactory (although sometimes temporary) solution in some cases analyses have shown 3,
if the architecture and its properties might become the limiting factor of Internet growth and of the deployment of new applications.
the evolution of the Internet architecture is carried out by means of incremental and reactive additions 6, rather than by major and proactive modifications.
or richer functionality implying an architectural change define necessary but not sufficient conditions for such change in the Internet architecture and/or its components.
Indeed, the Internet architecture has shown since so far the capability to overcome such limits without requiring radical architectural transformation.
or designing a new Internet Architecture (if a new one is needed), it is necessary to demonstrate the fundamental limits of the current architecture 7. Thus,
scientists and researchers from both the industry and academia worldwide are working towards understanding these architectural limits so as to progressively determine the principles that will drive the Future Internet architecture that will adequately meet at least the abovementioned challenges EIFFEL,
The Future Internet as a global and common communication and distributed information system may be considered from various interrelated perspectives:
In Towards a Future Internet Architecture 9 Europe, a significant part of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) of the Framework Program 7 is devoted to the Future Internet 14.
Though many proposals for a Future Internet Architecture have already been developed, no specific methodology to evaluate the efficiency
The purpose of this paper is to capture the view of the Future Internet Architecture (FIARCH) group organized and coordinated by the European commission.
and reached some understanding and agreement on the different types of limitations of the Internet and its architecture.
We also qualify as a fundamental limitation of the Internet architecture a functional, structural, or performance restriction or constraint that cannot be resolved effectively with current
so that this would in turn change the global properties of the Internet architecture (e g. separation of the locator and identifier role of IP ADDRESSES).
the Internet is driven by a small set of fundamental design principles rather than a formal architecture that is created on a whiteboard by a standardization or research group.
Moreover, the necessity for backwards compatibility and the trade-off between Internet redesign and proposing extensions,
enhancements and reengineering of today's Internet protocols are debated heavily. 1 Interested readers may also search for updated versions at the FIARCH site:
http://ec. europa. eu/information society/activities/foi/research/fiarch/index en. htm 2 The definition of service does not include the services offered by humans using the Internet 10 T. Zahariadis et al.
The emergence of new needs at both functional and performance levels, the cost and complexity of Internet growth, the existing
and performance limitations of the Internet's architectural principles and design model put the following elementary functionalities under pressure:
and analyze the presumed problems and limitations of the Internet. This work was carried out by identifying an extensive list of limitations and potentially problematic issues or missing functionalities
i. The Internet does not allow hosts to diagnose potential problems and the network offers little feedback for hosts to perform root cause discovery and analysis. In today's Internet,
when a failure occurs it is often impossible for hosts to describe the failure (what happened?)
or selfish interests is detrimental to the cooperation between Internet users and providers. Non-intrusive and non-discriminatory means to detect misbehavior
while keeping open and broad accessibility to the Internet is a limitation that is crucial to overcome 16. ii.
Towards a Future Internet Architecture 11 iv. Real-time processing. Though this is not directly related to the Internet Architecture itself,
the limited capability for processing data on a real-time basis poses limitations in terms of the applications that can be deployed over the Internet.
On the other hand, many application areas (e g. sensor networks) require real-time Internet processing at the edges nodes of the network. 3. 2 Storage Limitations The fundamental restrictions that have been identified in this category are:
i. Lack of context/content aware storage management: Data are associated not inherently with knowledge of their context.
but can't extend to meet the Internet scale 19. Transmission from centralized locations creates unnecessary overheads
Lack of integration of devices with limited resources to the Internet as autonomous addressable entities.
in order to be integrated in the Internet as autonomous addressable entities. iii. Security requirements of the transmission links:
In the current Internet model, design of IP (and more generally communication) control components have so far being driven exclusively by
and (operational and system) cost of the Internet. Further, to maintain/sustain or even increase its value delivery over time,
the Internet will have to provide flexibility in its functional organization, adaptation, and distribution. Flexibility at run time is essential to cope with the increasing uncertainty (unattended and unexpected events) as well as breadth of expected events/running conditions for
The current Internet model segments (horizontally) data and control, whereas from its inception the control functionality has a transversal component.
Towards a Future Internet Architecture 13 share the same control instance. Hence, the hourglass model of the Internet does not account for this evolution of the control functionality
when considered as part of the design model. iii. Lack of reference architecture of the IP control plane.
Addressing effectively the trade-off of network support without decreasing its scaling properties by requiring maintenance of per-flow state is one of the Internet's main challenges 16.3.5 Limitations That May Fall in More than One Category Certain fundamental limitations
of current Internet may fall in more than one category. Examples of such limitations include i. Traffic growth vs heterogeneity in capacity distribution:
Hosts connected to the Internet do not have the possibility to enforce the path followed by their traffic.
On the other hand, as the Internet enables any-to-any connectivity, there is no effective means to predict the spatial distribution of the traffic within a timescale that would allow providers to install needed capacity
v. Security of the whole Internet Architecture. The Internet architecture is not intrinsically secure and is based on add-ons to, e g. protocols,
to secure itself. The consequence is that protocols may be secure but the overall architecture is not selfprotected against malicious attacks. vi.
and affecting several base functions again. 4 Design Objectives The purpose of this section is to document the design objectives that should be met by the Internet architecture.
but also technological expectations to be met by the Internet as global and common information communication system. High-level objectives are documented in 15.
the world's largest index of the Internet, estimated the size at around 5 million terabytes of data (2005).
Towards a Future Internet Architecture 15 common information communication system is expected to meet. From the previous sections, some of low-level objectives are met
and others are not by the (present) architecture of the Internet. We also emphasize here that these objectives are shared commonly by the Internet community at large The remaining part of this Section translates a first analysis of the properties that should be met by the Internet architecture starting from the initial of objectives as enumerated in various references (see 27
28,29. One of the key challenges is thus to determine the necessary addition/improvement of current architecture principles
the Internet architecture has been structured around eight foundational objectives: i) to connect existing networks, ii) survivability,
underlines that the Internet architecture needs to be able to scale to 109 IP networks recognizing the need to add scalability as a design objective.
In this context, the followed approach consists of starting from the existing Internet design objectives compared to the approach that would consist of applying a tabula rasa approach
, completely redefine from scratch the entire set of Internet design objectives. Based on previous sections, the present section describes the design objectives that are met currently,
Accessibility and nomadicity are addressed currently by current Internet architecture. On the other hand, mobility is realized still in most cases by means of dedicated/separated architectural components instead of Mobile IP. see Subsection 3. 5. Point 6 Accountability of resource usage and security without impeding
in the current Internet this service is the connectivity even if the notion of service is embedded not in the architectural model of the Internet:
initially addressed but loosing ground. Distribution of processing, storage, and control functionality and autonomy (organic deployment):
referring here to the capacity of the Internet to perform in accordance to what it is expected to deliver to the end-user/hosts while coping with a growing number of users with increasing heterogeneity in applicative communication needs.
addressed and to be reinforced (migration of mobile network to IPV6 Internet, IPTV moving to Internet TV, etc.
and Subsection 3. 5, Point 4. 5 Conclusions In this article we have identified fundamental limitations of Internet architecture following a systematic investigation thereof from a variety of different viewpoints.
while the overall Internet performance would be improved significantly by control and self-*functions. As an overall finding we may conclude the following:
Extensions, enhancements and re-engineering of today's Internet protocols may solve several challenging limitations.
Yet, addressing the fundamental limitations of the Internet architecture is a multidimensional and challenging research topic.
This article is the based on the work that has been carried out by the EC Future Internet Architecture (FIARCH) group (to
which is coordinated by the EC FP7 Coordination and Support Actions (CSA) projects Towards a Future Internet Architecture 17 in the area of Future Internet:
The Internet and its architecture have grown in evolutionary fashion from modest beginnings, rather than from a Grand Plan 7 Li, T. ed.:
Design Goals for Scalable Internet Routing. Work in progress, draft-irtf-rrgdesign-goals-02.sep 2010) 8 http://www. nsf. gov/pubs/2010/nsf10528/nsf10528. htm 9 http://www. nsf
. pdf 14 http://www. future-internet. eu/15 FIARCH Group: Fundamental Limitations of Current Internet and the path to Future Internet (December 2010) 16 Perry, D.,Wolf, A.:
Foundations for the Study of Software Architecture. ACM SIGSOFT Software engineering Notes 17,4 (1992) 17 Papadimitriou, D.,et al.
) Open Research Issues in Internet Congestion Control. Internet Research Task force (IRTF), RFC 6077 (February 2011) 18 Akhlaghi, S.,Kiani, A.,Reza Ghanavati, M.:
Cost-bandwidth tradeoff in distributed storage systems (published on-line. ACM Computer Communications 33 (17), 2105 2115 (2010) 19 Freedman, M.:
ACM Communications 52 (7), 66 75 (2009) 22 Evolving the Internet, Presentation to the OECD (March 2006), http://www. cs. ucl. ac. uk/staff
Invigorating the Future Internet Debate. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 39 (5)( 2009) 26 Eggert, L.:
MIT Communications Futures Program Workshop on Internet Congestion Management, Qos, and Interconnection, Cambridge, MA, USA, October 21-22 (2008) 27 Ratnasamy, S.,Shenker, S.,Mccanne, S.:
Towards an evolvable internet architecture. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 35 (4), 313 324 (2005) 28 Cross-ETP Vision Document, http://www. future-internet. eu/fileadmin/documents/reports/Cross-ETPS FI VISION DOCUMENT V1 0
. pdf 29 Clark, D d.:The Design Philosophy of the DARPA Internet Protocols, Proc SIGCOMM 88 (reprinted in ACM CCR 25 (1), 102-111,1995.
ACM CCR 18 (4), 106 114 (1988) 30 Saltzer, J. H.,Reed, D. P.,Clark, D d.:
Architectural Principles of the Internet, Internet Engineering Task force (IETF), RFC 1958 (July 1996) 32 Krishnamurthy, B.:
Workshop on Internet Privacy, co-organized by the IAB, W3c, MIT, and ISOC, 8 and 9 december (2010), http://www. iab. org/about/workshops/privacy/35 Clark, D.,et al.:
Towards the Future Internet Architecture, Internet Engineering Task force (IETF; RFC 1287 (December 1991) 36 http://www. iso. org/iso/iso technical committee. html?
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 19 33,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Towards In-Network Clouds in Future Internet Alex Galis1, Stuart Clayman1, Laurent Lefevre2, Andreas Fischer3, Hermann
de Meer3, Javier Rubio-Loyola4, Joan Serrat5, and Steven Davy6 1 University college London, United kingdom, {a. galis, s. clayman}@ ee. ucl. ac. uk 2 INRIA, France, laurent. lefevre@ens-lyon. fr 3 University of Passau, Germany {andreas
One of the key aspect fundamentally missing from the current Internet infrastructure is advanced an service networking platform and facilities,
In-Network Clouds, Virtualisation of Resources, Self management, Service plane, Orchestration plane and Knowledge plane. 1 Introduction The current Internet has been founded on a basic architectural premise, that is:
The simplicity of the current Internet has pushed complexity into the endpoints, and has allowed impressive scale in terms of interconnected devices.
Internet applications increasingly require a combination of capabilities from traditionally separate technology domains to deliver the flexibility
Internet use is expected to grow massively over the next few years with an order of magnitude more Internet services
The Future Internet research and development trends are covering the main focus of the current Internet, which is connectivity,
As such, the Future Internet covers the complete management and full lifecycle of applications, services, networks and infrastructures that are constructed primarily by recombining existing elements in new and creative ways.
The aspects which are fundamentally missing from the current Internet infrastructure include the advanced service networking platforms and facilities,
modifications to the existing Internet are limited now to simple incremental updates and deployment of new technology is next to impossible and very costly.
We define In-Network clouds as an integral part of the differentiated Future Internet architecture, which supports multiple computing clouds from different service providers operating on coexisting heterogeneous virtual networks
used to make the Future Internet of Services more intelligent, with embedded management functionality. At a logical level, the VMKSO planes gather observations, constraints and assertions,
and servers Towards In-Network Clouds in Future Internet 21 Fig. 1. In-Network Cloud Resources within the network.
It supervises and it integrates all other planes'behaviour ensuring integrity of the Future Internet management operations.
situated in the control plane of the Internet (i e. to provide real time reaction), and interworking with other management functions (i e. to provide near real time reaction).
Since each domain may have different SLAS, security and Towards In-Network Clouds in Future Internet 23 administrative policies,
The vcpi also provides monitoring information from the virtual resources back to the AMS that Towards In-Network Clouds in Future Internet 25 controls that physical resource.
Furthermore, context-aware networking enables new types of applications and services in the future Internet. Context Information Services.
In general, the CE module is responsible for the communication of the CISP with the other management Towards In-Network Clouds in Future Internet 27 applications/components and the CP module for the optimisation of the context information.
Towards In-Network Clouds in Future Internet 29 2. 5 Management Plane Overview The Management Plane is a basic building block of the infrastructure,
which aims to create a highly open and flexible environment for In-Network Clouds in Future Internet.
Towards In-Network Clouds in Future Internet 31 CISP (Context Information Service Platform) is the KP's main component supported by a distributed monitoring platform for resources & components.
and system model for our Future Internet, which were described with the help of five abstractions and distributed systems the OSKMV planes:
this interface can then form the basis for new types of applications and services in the future Internet.
This work was undertaken partially in the context of the FP7-EU Autonomic Internet 10 and the RESERVOIR 9 research projects,
Future Generation Internet Architecture, http://www. isi. edu/newarch/2. Galis, A.,et al.:Management and Service-aware Networking Architectures (MANA) for Future Internet Position Paper:
System Functions, Capabilities and Requirements. Invited paper IEEE Chinacom09 26-28, Xi'an, China (August 2009), http://www. chinacom. org/2009/index. html 3. Rubio-Loyola
Platforms and Software systems for an Autonomic Internet. IEEE Globecom 2010; 6-10 dec.,, Miami, USA (2010) 4. Galis, A.,et al.:
Management Architecture and Systems for Future Internet Networks. In: Towards the Future Internet, IOS Press, Amsterdam (2009) 5. Chapman, C.,et al.:
Software Architecture Definition for On-demand Cloud Provisioning. ACM HPDC, 21-25, Chicago hpdc2010. eecs. northwestern. edu (June 2010) 6. Rochwerger, B.,et al.:
Clouds in Future Internet 33 8. Clayman, S.,et al.:Monitoring Virtual Networks with Lattice. NOMS2010/Manfi 2010-Management of Future Internet 2010;
19-23 april, Osaka, Japan (2010), http://www. manfi. org/2010/9. RESERVOIR project, http://www. reservoir-fp7. eu 10.
and, J. T. Wroclawski A Knowledge Plane for the internet. In: Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures,
Management Architecture and Systems for Future Internet Networks. In: Towards the Future Internet A European Research Perspective, p. 350.
IOS Press, Amsterdam (2009), http://www. iospress. nl/16. Berl, A.,Fischer, A.,De Meer, H.:
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 35 50,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Flat Architectures:
Towards Scalable Future Internet Mobility László Bokor, Zoltán Faigl, and Sándor Imre Budapest University of Technology and Economics department of Telecommunications Mobile Communication and Computing Laboratory Mobile Innovation Centre Magyar Tudosok krt. 2, H-1117
This chapter is committed to give a comprehensive overview of the scalability problems of mobile Internet nowadays
and to show how the concept of flat and ultra flat architectures emerges due to its suitability and applicability for the future Internet.
The discussion of the above areas will guide the readers from the basics of flat mobile Internet architectures to the paradigm's complex feature set
and power creating a novel Internet architecture for future mobile communications. Keywords: mobile traffic evolution, network scalability, flat architectures, mobile Internet, IP mobility, distributed and dynamic mobility management 1 Introduction Mobile Internet has started recently to become a reality
for both users and operators thanks to the success of novel, extremely practical smartphones, portable computers with easy-to-use 3g USB modems and attractive business models.
In order to accommodate the future Internet to the anticipated traffic demands, technologies applied in the radio access
There are many existing solutions aiming to handle the capacity problems of current mobile Internet architectures caused by the mobile traffic data evolution.
Since today's mobile Internet architectures have been designed originally for voice services and later extended to support packet switched services only in a very centralized manner,
Scalability of traffic, network and mobility management functions has become one of the most important questions of the future Internet.
However, the strongly centralized nature of current and planned mobile Internet standards (e g.,, the ones maintained by the IETF
The goal of this chapter is to provide a detailed introduction to the nowadays emerging scalability problems of the mobile Internet
and Scalability Problems of the Mobile Internet 2. 1 Traffic Evolution Characteristics of the Mobile Internet One of the most important reasons of the traffic volume increase in mobile telecommunications is demographical.
over 25%of the global population this means about two billion people are using the Internet.
Towards Scalable Future Internet Mobility 37 becomes even more significant considering that the volume of fixed broadband subscriptions is gathering much slower.
However, more and more devices enable mobile access to the Internet, only a limited part of users is attracted
or open to pay for the Wireless internet services meaning that voice communication will remain the dominant mobile application also in the future.
Despite this and the assumption of 5 implying that the increase in the number of people potentially using mobile Internet services will likely saturate after 2015 in industrialized countries
the mobile Internet subscription growth potential will be kept high globally by two main factors. On one hand the growth of subscribers continues unbrokenly in the developing markets:
mobile broadband access through basic handhelds will be the only access to the Internet for many people in Asia/Pacific.
Even though video seems to be a major force behind the current traffic growth of the mobile Internet,
and significant device increase potential resulted by the tremendous number of novel subscriptions for Machine to machine-Machine communications. 2. 2 Scalability Problems of the Mobile Internet Existing wireless telecommunication
current mobile Internet was designed not with such requirements in mind: mobile architectures under standardization (e g.,
On one hand user plane scalability issues are foreseen for anchor-based mobile Internet architectures, where mechanisms of IP ADDRESS allocation and tunnel establishment for end devices are managed by high level network elements,
and access layer provides easy service convergence in current mobile Internet architectures but introduces additional complexity regarding session establishment procedures
Towards Scalable Future Internet Mobility 39 As a consequence, architectural changes are required for dealing with the ongoing traffic evolution:
The same evolution was started to happen within the wireless telecommunication and mobile Internet era. The 3gpp network architecture specifications having the numbers 03.02 8 and 23.002 9 show the evolution of the 3gpp network from GSM Phase 1 published in 1995 until the Evolved Packet System (EPS
Internet communication. Due to the collateral effects of this change a convergence procedure started to introduce IP-based transport technology in the core and backhaul network:
Release 7 (also called Internet HSPA, 2008) supports the integration of the RNC with the Nodeb providing a one node based radio access network.
Towards Scalable Future Internet Mobility 41 entities in the same residential/enterprise IP network without the user plane traversing the core network entities.
Interworking with Internet applications based on non SIP control protocol is a technical challenge for mobile operators.
command and event services form the key routines of the future mobile Internet designs. The importance of this research area is emphasized also by the creation of a new IETF nonworking group called Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) in August 2010,
Towards Scalable Future Internet Mobility 43 implemented by the RNC, SGSN and GGSN nodes that handle traffic forwarding tasks using the apparatus of GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP.
A similar approach is the handoff-aware wireless access Internet infrastructure (HAWAII) 29, which is a separate routing protocol to handle micromobility.
and distribute the Home Agents in Layer 3, at the scale of the Internet. DIMA (Distributed IP Mobility Approach) 35 can also be considered as a core-level scheme by allowing the distribution of MIP Home Agent (the normally isolated central server) to many and less powerful interworking servers called Mobility
Towards Scalable Future Internet Mobility 45 be centralized or distributed. A good example for host-level schemes in the IP layer is MIPV6
Towards Scalable Future Internet Mobility 47 BS nodes also minimizes the feedback time of intermodule communication, i e.,
The higher competition of network management tools due to the apparition of tools developed formerly for the Internet era may reduce the operational expenditures as well.
Based on the collected benefits and the actual challenges of flat architectures we can say that applying flat networking schemes together with distributed and dynamic mobility management is one of the most promising alternatives to change the current mobile Internet architecture
Ipoque, Internet Study 2008/2009, Ipoque (Jan. 2011) 5. UMTS Forum, REPORT NO 37, Magic Mobile Future 2010-2020 (April 2005) 6
Towards Scalable Future Internet Mobility 49 19. Bokor, L.,Faigl, Z.,Imre, S.:A Delegation-based HIP Signaling Scheme for the Ultra Flat Architecture.
A New Approach to Internet Host Mobility, ACM SIGCOMM Comp. Commun. Rev. 29 (1), 50-65 (1999) 29.
Global HA to HA protocol, IETF Internet-Draft, draft-thubert-nemo-global-haha-02. txt (Sept. 2006) 35.
Dynamic Mobile IP (DMI), IETF Internet-Draft, draft-kassi-mobileip-dmi-01. txt (Jan. 2003) 47.
Dynamic Mobility Anchoring, IETF Internet-Draft (May 2010) 49. Yan, Z.,Lei, L.,Chen, M.:
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 51 66,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Review and Designs of Federated Management in Future Internet Architectures Martín Serrano1, Steven Davy1, Martin Johnsson1, Willie Donnelly1,
and Alex Galis2 1 Waterford Institute of technology WIT Telecommunications Software and Systems Group TSSG, Co. Waterford, Ireland {jmserrano, sdavy, mjohnsson, wdonnelly}@ tssg. org
The Future Internet as a design conception is network and serviceaware addressing social and economic trends in a service oriented way.
In the future Internet applications transcend disciplinary and technology boundaries following interoperable reference model (s). In this paper we discuss issues about federated management targeting information sharing capabilities for heterogeneous infrastructure.
In Future Internet architectures, service and network requirements act as design inputs particularly on information interoperability and cross-domain information sharing.
An inter-operable, extensible, reusable and manageable new Internet reference model is critical for Future Internet realisation and deployment.
We address challenges for a future Internet Architecture perspective using federation. We also provide, in a form of realistic implementations, research results
all this activities are developed under the umbrella of federated management activity in the future Internet. Keywords: Federation, Management, Reference Model, Future Internet, Architectures and Systems, Autonomics, Service Management, Semantic Modelling and Management, Knowledge Engineering, Networking Data and Ontologies, Future Communications
and Internet. 1 Introduction In recent years convergence on Internet technologies for communication's, computation's and storage's networks and services has been a clear trend in the Information and Communications technology (ICT) domain.
Although widely discussed and 52 M. Serrano et al. researched, this trend has not fully run its course in terms of implementation,
social, economic restrictions and bottlenecks in the future Internet. In the future Internet, services and networks follow a common goal:
to provide solutions in a form of implemented interoperable mechanisms. Telecommunications networks have undergone a radical shift from a traditional circuit-switched environment with heavy/complex signalling focused on applications-oriented perspective,
towards a converged service-oriented space, mostly Internet interaction by customer as end-user and network operators as service providers.
The Future Internet as design conception is service-aware of the network infrastructure addressing service-oriented
In the future Internet trans-disciplinary solutions (applications that transcend disciplinary boundaries) following reference model (s) are crucial for a realistic integrated management realisation.
The emergence and wide-scale deployment of wireless access network technologies calls into question the viability of basing the future Internet on IP
to rebuild the Internet, argue that the future lies in layers of overlay networks that can meet various requirements whilst keeping a very simplistic, almost unmanaged, IP for the underlying Internet.
Others initiatives such as Clean slate program 2 Stanford university, and Architecture Design Project for New Generation Network 3 argue that the importance of wireless access networks requires a more fundamental redesign of the core Internet Protocols themselves.
We argue that service agnostic network design are no longer a way to achieve interactive solutions in terms of service composition and information sharing capabilities for heterogeneous infrastructure support.
Review and Designs of Federated Management in Future Internet Architectures 53 In this paper service and network requirements 4 5 6 7 8 9 acts as inputs
particularly on information interoperability and cross-domain information sharing controlling communication systems for the Future Internet.
common and manageable new Internet reference model is critical for Future Internet realization and deployment.
The new Internet reference model must rely on the fact that high-level applications make use of diverse infrastructure representations and not use of resources directly.
We address challenges for a future Internet Architecture perspective using federation. We also provide in a form of realistic implementations, research results
Section II presents a brief review of the challenges about Future Internet architectures in terms of cross-domain interoperability.
Section III presents the rationale about federation as crucial concept in the framework of this Future Internet research.
Finally some bibliography references supporting this research are included. 2 Challenges for Future Internet Architectures This section focuses on interdisciplinary approaches to specify data link and crossdomain interoperability to,
collectively, constitute a reference model that can guide the realisation of future communications environments in the future Internet 4 11 12 13.
The Future Internet architecture must provide societal services and, in doing so, support and sustain interactions between various communities of users in straight relation with communication infrastructure mechanisms.
The optimization of resources 15 16 17 using federation in the future Internet relies on classify and identify properly what resources need to be used,
and services. 3 Rationale for Federation in the future Internet Federation is relatively a new paradigm in communications,
the rationale for federated, autonomic management of communications services is addressed from the perspective of end-to-end applications and services in the future Internet.
Federation in the future Internet envisions management systems (networks and services) made up of possibly heterogeneous components, each
Future Internet environments consist of heterogeneous administrative domains, each providing a set of different services. In such complex environment, there is no single central authority;
or a set of distributed collaborating governing Review and Designs of Federated Management in Future Internet Architectures 55 authorities in
which reside on another domain are managed correctly. 4 Federated Management Activity in the future Internet This section references theoretical foundation for the development of interdisciplinary Future Internet visions about a Federated Management and their implications for networks
In future Internet end user service, application and network requirements act as guidelines to identify study and clarify part of complex requirements.
The relationships between Network Virtualisation and Federation 16 21 22 23 and the relationship between Service virtualisation (service clouds) and federation 17 are the support of a new world of solutions defining the Future Internet.
what federation to the next generation networks and in the future internet design with service systems using heterogeneous network technologies imply.
A clear scenario where federation is being identified as useful mechanism is the Internet service provisioning
in today's Internet it is observed the growing trend for services to be provided both and consumed by loosely coupled value networks of consumers, providers and combined consumer and providers.
and Designs of Federated Management in Future Internet Architectures 57 to offer common and agreed services even with many technological restrictions
In the current Internet typical large enterprise systems contain thousands of physically distributed software components that communicate across different networks 27 to satisfy end-to-end services client requests.
The Figure 2 depicts the federated autonomic reference model service life cycle for the Future Internet.
a feature necessary in the future Internet service provisioning process (7. Federated Decisions. Thus infrastructure can be re-configurable
Review and Designs of Federated Management in Future Internet Architectures 59 5 Federated Management Architecture This section describes designing principles for inter-domain federated management architectures
in the Future Internet. These designs about architecture for the federated reference model by functional blocks addresses the specification of mechanisms including models, algorithms, processes, methodologies and architectures.
and described by the man Review and Designs of Federated Management in Future Internet Architectures 61 agement distribution.
such as recommending different network or service providers to their mem Review and Designs of Federated Management in Future Internet Architectures 63 bers.
and Outlook In the future Internet new designs ideas of Federated Management in Future Internet Architectures must consider high demands of information interoperability to satisfy service composition requirements being controlled by diverse,
The federated autonomic reference model approach introduced in this paper as a design practice for Future Internet architectures emerges as an alternative to address this complex problem in the future Internet of networks and services.
We have studied how federation brings support for realisation on the investigated solution (s) for information interoperability and cross-domain information sharing controlling communication systems in the Future Internet.
This paper makes references to design foundations for the development of federated autonomic management in architectures in the future Internet.
References 1. NSF-funded initiative to rebuild the Internet (Online: Oct. 2010), http://www. geni. net/2. Clean slate Program, Stanford university (Online:
Oct. 2010), http://akari-project. nict. go. jp/eng/index2. htm Review and Designs of Federated Management in Future Internet Architectures 65 4. Galis
Management and Service-aware Networking Architectures (MANA) for Future Internet Position Paper: System Functions, Capabilities and Requirements (Invited paper.
Future Generation Internet Architecture. Newarch Final Technical Report, http://www. isi. edu/newarch/6. van der Meer, S.,Davy, A.,Davy, S.,Carroll, R.,Jennings, B
Rethinking the design of the Internet: the end to end arguments vs. the brave new world. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 1 (1)( 2001) 11.
Subharthi, P.,Jianli, P.,Raj, J.:Architectures for the Future Networks and The next Generation Internet:
A Survey. Computer Communications (July 2010), 63 pp. http://www1. cse. wustl. edu/jain/papers/ftp/i3survey. pdf 12.
International Journal of Internet Protocol Technology (IJIPT) 2 (1)( 2006) 13. Rubio-Loyola, J.,Astorga, A.,Serrat, J.,Chai, W. K.,Mamatas, L.,Galis, A.,Clayman, S.,Cheniour, A.,Lefevre, L.,Fischer, A.,Paler, A.,Al
Platforms and Software systems for an Autonomic Internet. In: IEEE Globecom 2010, Miami, USA, 6-10 december (2010) 14.
Challenges for Federated, Autonomic Network Management in the future Internet. In: Manfi workshop, June, NY, USA (2009) 15.
An Inference Plane to Support The next Generation Internet. In: IEEE GIIS 2007,2-6 july (2007) 17.
A Formal Approach for the Inference Plane Supporting Integrated Management Tasks in the future Internet. In: 1st IFIP/IEEE Manfi Intl Workshop, In conjunction 11th IEEE IM2009, Long island, NY, USA, June 2009, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los
Federation, A Matter of Autonomic Management in the future internet. In: IEEE/IFIP Network Operations & Management Symposium, NOMS 2010, Osaka, Japan, 19-23 april (2010) 21.
Autonomic Internet: A Perspective for Future Internet Services Based on Autonomic Principles. In: 2007 IEEE Management Week Manweek 2007 2nd IEEE MACE 2007 Workshop, San José, CA, USA, 29.oct 2 Nov (2007) 22.
Rochwerger, B.,et al.:An Architecture for Federated Cloud computing. In: Cloud computing: Principles and Paradigms, Wiley, ISBN:
Management Architecture and Systems for Future Internet Networks. In: Towards the Future Internet A European Research Perspective, p. 350.
IOS Press, Amsterdam (2009) 24. Feldmann, A.:Internet clean-slate design: what and why? ACM SIGCOM Computer Communication Review 37 (3)( 2007) 25.
Strassner, J.,Agoulmine, N.,Lehtihet, E.:FOCALE A Novel Autonomic Networking Architecture. ITSSA Journal 3 (1), 64 79 (2007) 26.
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 67 80,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. An Architectural Blueprint for a Real-world Internet Alex Gluhak1, Manfred Hauswirth2, Srdjan Krco3, Nenad Stojanovic4, Martin
Bauer5, Rasmus Nielsen6, Stephan Haller5, Neeli Prasad6, Vinny Reynolds2, and Oscar Corcho8 1 University of Surrey, UK 2 National University of Galway, Ireland 3 Ericsson, Serbia 4 FZI, Germany 5 NEC, Germany
Numerous projects in the area of Real-world Internet (RWI Internet of things (Iot), and Internet Connected Objects have proposed architectures for the systems they develop.
All of these systems are faced with very similar problems in their architecture and design and interoperability among these systems is limited.
Real-world Internet, Internet of things, Internet Connected Objects, Architecture 1 Introduction Devices and technologies ubiquitously deployed at the edges of the networks will provide an infrastructure that enables augmentation of the physical world and interaction with it, without the need for direct human intervention,
thus creating the essential foundations for the Real-world Internet (RWI). Leveraging the collective effort of several projects over the last number of years SENSEI, ASPIRE, IOT-A, PECES, CONET, SPITFIRE, Semsorgrid4env,
and models and what features they provide. 68 A. Gluhak et al. 2 The Real world Internet Since the introduction of the terminology over a decade ago,
encompassing sensor networks able to provide real world intelligence or the goal-oriented autonomous collaboration of distributed objects via local wireless networks or global interconnections such as the Internet.
what we refer to in part of the Future Internet Assembly (FIA) community as the so called Real world Internet (RWI).
The RWI is the part of a Future Internet that builds upon the resources provided by the devices HAL of the Internet of things, offering real world information and interaction capabilities to machines,
and wireless communication links between devices in their proximity and/or through global interconnections in the form of the current Internet and mobile networks or future fixed and mobile network infrastructures.
One important property of the RWI which distinguishes it from the current Internet is its heterogeneity
As services play a pivotal role in the future Internet Architecture, the use of services for integrating the RWI also fits well into the overall architectural picture.
and the data they deliver has to be associated with some quality of information parameters before further processing. 1 Device Profile for Web Services An Architectural Blueprint for a Real-world Internet 69 3 Reference Architecture In this section we present an initial model on
Entity Level Resource Level Real world sensor RFID actuator sensor sensor Entity-based Context Model models relevant aspects of Real world Real-world Internet
It enables the dy An Architectural Blueprint for a Real-world Internet 71 namic instantiation of resources (e g.,
or objects of the real world that are considered relevant to provide a service to An Architectural Blueprint for a Real-world Internet 73 users or applications.
It provides generic platform An Architectural Blueprint for a Real-world Internet 75 services like context management for collecting
services and resources. 4. 5 SENSEI The SENSEI architecture SENSEI aims at integrating geographically dispersed and internet interconnected heterogeneous WSAN (Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks) systems into a homogeneous
the An Architectural Blueprint for a Real-world Internet 77 architecture provides a semantic query support,
It aims at the creation of a common architectural framework making a diversity of real world information sources such as wireless sensor networks and heterogeneous identification technologies accessible on a Future Internet.
resource creation An Architectural Blueprint for a Real-world Internet 79 Table 2b. Functional coverage of current RWI architecture approaches LLAAL N/A n/A n/A LL AAL Sensor-level ontology.
the European Research Cluster on the Internet of things (http://www. internet-of-things-research. eu/).The results will be contributed to the FIA Architecture track.
FP7, http://www. ict-sensei. org SPITFIRE Semantic-Service Provisioning for the Internet of things using Future Internet Research By experimentation, FP7, http://www. spitfireproject. eu/ZGL
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 81 90,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Towards a RESTFUL Architecture for Managing a Global Distributed Interlinked Data-Content-Information Space Maria Chiara Pettenati, Lucia
The current debate around the future of the Internet has brought to front the concept of Content-Centric architecture, lying between the Web of Documents and the generalized Web of Data
collaboration. 1 Introduction There are many evolutionary approaches of the Internet architecture which are at the heart of the discussions both in the scientific and industrial contexts:
Web of Data/Linked Data, Semantic web, REST architecture, Internet of Services, SOA and Web Services and Internet of things approaches.
which underlie the high level requirements of being a driver towards a better Internet or a better Web.
Three powerful concepts present themselves as main drivers of the Future Internet 1 2. They are:
/Linked Data REST Internet of Services WS-*SOA Web 2. 0, Web 3. 0, Semantic web Internet of things The three views can be interpreted as emphasizing different aspect rather than expressing opposing statements.
Hence, merging and homogenizing towards an encompassing perspective may help towards the right decision choice for the Future Internet.
and has been named Content-Centric Internet. At the heart of this architecture is the notion of Content,
content, service-oriented) the Future Internet Architecture herewith described essentially proposes a Virtual Resources abstraction required for the Content-Centric approach.
Another view of Content-centric Internet architecture is elaborated in 2 by Danny Ayers, based on the assumption that
instead little analysis. In this paper we discuss evolution of Interdatanet (IDN) an high-level Resource Oriented Architecture proposed to enable the Future Internet approaches (see 5 6
The purpose of this paper is to show that Interdatanet can provide a high-level model of the Content-Centric Virtualized Network grounding the Future Internet Architecture.
as highlighted in Figure 1. Fig. 1. Interdatanet architecture situated with respect to the Future Internet architecture envisaged in 7. 84 M. C. Pettenati et al.
This will alleviate application-levels of sharing arbitrary pieces of information in ad hoc manner while providing compliancy with current network architectures and approaches such as Linked Data, RESTFUL Web Services, Internet of Service,
Towards a Content-Centric Internet. In: Tselentis, G.,Galis, A.,Gavras, A.,Krco, S.,Lotz, V.,Simperl, E.,Stiller, B.,Zahariadis, T. eds.
Towards the Future Internet-Emerging Trends from European Research, pp. 227 236. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2010) 2. Ayers, D.:
IEEE Internet Comput 11 (1), 85 89 (2007) 3. European commission Information Society and Media. Future Networks The way ahead!
Iadis International Journal On Www/Internet 6 (2 december 2008) 6. Pirri, F.,Pettenati, M. C.,Innocenti, S.,Chini, D.,Ciofi, L.:
Towards a Content-Centric Internet Plenary Keynote address. Presented at Future Internet Assembly (FIA) Valencia, SP, 15-16 april (2010) 8. Richardson, L.,Ruby, S.:
RESTFUL Web Services; O'reilly Media, Inc.:Sebastopol, CA, USA (2007) 9. Carroll, J. J.,Bizer, C.,Hayes, P.,Stickler, P.:
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 91 102,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. A Cognitive Future Internet Architecture Marco Castrucci1, Francesco Delli Priscoli1, Antonio Pietrabissa1,
and Vincenzo Suraci2 1 University of Rome La Sapienza, Computer and System Sciences Department Via Ariosto 25,00185 Rome, Italy {castrucci, dellipriscoli, pietrabissa}@ dis
This Chapter proposes a novel Cognitive Framework as reference architecture for the Future Internet (FI),
Future Internet architecture, Cognitive networks, Virtualization, Interoperation. 1 Introduction Already in 2005, there was the feeling that the architecture
and protocols of the Internet needed to be rethought to avoid Internet collapse 1. However,
the research on Future Internet became a priority only in the last five years, when the exponential growth of small and/or mobile devices and sensors, of services and of security requirements began to show that current Internet is becoming itself a bottleneck.
Two main approach have been suggested and investigated: the radical approach 2, aimed at completely redesign the Internet architecture,
and the evolutionary approach 3, trying to smoothly add new functionalities to the current Internet towards.
Right now, the technology evolution managed to cover the lacks of current Internet architecture, but, probably, the growth in Internet-aware devices and the always more demanding requirements of new services and applications will require radical architecture enhancements very soon.
This statement is proved by the number of financed projects both in the USA and in Europe. 92 M. Castrucci et al.
In the USA, there are significant initiatives. Nets 4 (Networking Technology and Systems) was a program of the National Science Foundation (NSF) on networking research with the objectives of developing the technology advances required to build next generation networks
In Europe, Future Internet research has been included as one of the topics in FP6 and FP7.
and applications by utilizing the current Internet infrastructure. For instance, G-Lab 8 (Design and experiment the network of the future, Germany), is the German national platform for Future Internet studies,
includes both research studies of Future Internet technologies and the design and setup of experimental facilities.
GRIF 9 (Research Group for the Future Internet, France) and Internet del Futuro 10 (Spain) promotes cooperation based on several application areas (e g.,
, health) and technology platforms. FIRE 11 is an EU initiative aimed at the creation of an European Experimental Facility
which is constructed by progressively connecting existing and upcoming testbeds for Future Internet technologies. The contribution of this Chapter is the proposal of a Future Internet architecture
which seamlessly cope with the evolutionary approach but is also open to innovative technologies and services. The main idea is to collect
Section 3 describes the Future Internet platform in detail; experimental results showing the potential of the platform are described in Section 4;
finally, Section 5 draws the conclusions. 2 Architecture Concept A more specific definition of the entities involved in the future Internet,
as well as of the Future Internet target, can be as follows: Actors represent the entities whose requirement fulfillment is the goal of the Future Internet;
for instance, Actors include users, developers, network providers, service providers, content providers, etc.;A Cognitive Future Internet Architecture 93 Resources represent the entities that can be exploited for fulfilling the Actors'requirements;
example of Resources include services, contents, terminals, devices, middleware functionalities, storage, computational, connectivity and networking capabilities, etc.;
In the authors'vision, the Future Internet target is to allow Applications to transparently, efficiently and flexibly exploit the available Resources,
the Future Internet should overcome the following main limitations. i) A first limitation is inherent in the traditional layering architecture
The concept behind the proposed Future Internet architecture, which aims at overcoming the three above-mentioned limitations,
the proposed architecture is based on a so-called"Cognitive Future Internet Framework"(in the following, for the sake of brevity, simply referred to as"Cognitive Framework")adopting a modular design based on middleware"enablers".
and are in charge of providing the Future Internet control and management functionalities. They interact with Actors, Resources and Applications through Semantic Virtualization Enablers.
Cognitive Future Internet Framework Actors Users Network Providers Prosumer Developers Content Providers Service Providers Applications Semantic Virtualization Enablers Cognitive Enablers Identity
Z Resources Services Networks Contents Devices Cloud storage Terminals Computational Fig. 1. Proposed Cognitive Future Internet Framework conceptual architecture A Cognitive Future
Internet Architecture 95 Note that, thanks to the aggregated semantic metadata provided by the Semantic Virtualization Enablers,
and more natural. 96 M. Castrucci et al. 3 Cognitive Future Internet Framework Architecture The Cognitive Framework introduced in the previous section consists of a conceptual framework that can be deployed as a distributed functional framework.
that network node is enhanced with the Future Internet functionalities and become part of the Future Internet assets.
Fig. 2 outlines the high-level architecture of a generic Cognitive Manager showing its interfacing with Resources, Actors and Applications.
interface Application protocol Fig. 2. Cognitive Manager architecture A Cognitive Future Internet Architecture 97 The Metadata Handling functionalities are embedded in the so-called Metadata Handling module,
even specialized on a single-layer/single-network specific monitoring/elaboration/actuation task, to A Cognitive Future Internet Architecture 99 complex multi-layer/multi-network/multi
we propose to achieve Future Internet revolution through a smooth evolution. In this evolution, Cognitive Managers provided with properly selected functionalities are embedded gradually in properly selected network entities,
A Cognitive Future Internet Architecture 101 To test the technology handover performances a FTP download session (file size 175 MB) has been conducted on the Ethernet link.
Fig. 4. Technology handover 5 Conclusions This paper proposes a novel reference architecture for the Future Internet,
with the aim to provide a solution to overcome current Internet limitations. The proposed architecture is based on Cognitive Modules
thus allowing a smooth migration towards the Future Internet and, at the same time, allowing to implement only the needed functionalities in a give scenario.
The Internet is broken, Technology Review, December 2005-January 2006 (2006), http://www. technologyreview. com/article/16356/2.
Vint Cerf on the Future of the Internet. The Internet Today, The Singularity University (2009), http://www. datacenterknowledge. com/archives/2009/10/12/vint-cerf-on-the-future-of-the-internet/4. National Science Foundation:
Networking Technology and Systems, Nets (2008), http://www. nsf. gov/pubs/2008/nsf08524/nsf08524. htm 5. National Science Foundation:
National Future Internet Initiatives-GRIF (France), http://www. francenumerique2012. fr/(2010) 10. AETIC: Internet del Futuro, http://www. idi. aetic. es/esinternet/(2008) 11.
ICT FP7 Research: Future Internet Research & Experimentation (FIRE), http://cordis. europa. eu/fp7/ict/fire/(2010) Title Model Ontology for Future Internet Networks Joao
Henrique de Souza Pereira1, Flavio de Oliveira Silva1, Edmo Lopes Filho2, Sergio Takeo Kofuji1, and Pedro Frosi Rosa3 1 University of Sao paulo, Brazil joaohs@usp. br, flavio@pad. lsi. usp. br, kofuji@pad. lsi. usp. br
The currently Internet foundation is characterized on the interconnection of end-hosts exchanging information through its network interfaces usually identified by IP ADDRESSES.
An Internet of active social, mobile and voracious content producers and consumers. Considering the limitations of the current Internet architecture, the envisaged scenarios and work efforts for Future Internet,
this paper presents a contribution for the interaction between entities through the formalization of the Entity Title Model.
Entity, Future Internet, Ontology, Title Model Introduction The Internet of today has difficulties to support the increasing demand for resources
The commercial usage of Internet and IP networks was a considerable obstacle to the improvements in the intermediate layers in this architecture.
The challenges to Future Internet Networks are the primary motivation to this paper and the cooperation in the evolution of computer networks
to collaborate with one integrated reference model for the Future Internet, including others projects efforts.
Section 1 presents works in the area of Future Internet and ontology in computer systems. Section 2 describes the concepts of the Entity Title Model and the ontology at network layers.
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 103 114,2011. c The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. 104 J. H. de
Souza Pereira et al. 1 Future Internet Works A Future Internet full of services requirements demands networks where the necessary resources to service delivery are orchestrated
and projects for the Future Internet and some of these are being discussed in collaboration groups like FIA,
several research groups are working towards a Future Internet reference architecture and the Title Model ontology is a contribution to this area.
the concept of addressing by use of a Title is suitable for real world Internet and its sensor networks.
and subscribe view proposed by PSIRP 30 and used in conjunction with its proposed patterns providing new important inputs to the content-centric view of Future Internet. 1. 1 Some other Future Internet
In the proposed implementation of LISP there is low impact on existing infrastructure of the Internet
with the separation of Internet addresses into Endpoint Identifiers (EID) and Routing Locators (RLOC) 9. In the area of next generation Internet there is also the works of Landmark developed by Tsuchiya,
and Krioukov work on compact routing for the Internet. Pasquini proposes changes in the use of Landmark with Rofl (Routing on Flat Labels),
He also proposes the use of domain identifiers for a next-generation Internet architecture 21 22.
and VRR (Virtual Ring Routing) 7. In the area of mobility on a next-generation Internet Wong proposes solutions that include support for multi-homing 36.
there are also proposals Title Model Ontology for Future Internet Networks 105 by Ford, who specifies the UIP/UIA (Unmanaged Internet Protocol) and UIA (Unmanaged Internet Architecture) 12.
Related to ontology, there are extensive studies in philosophy, whose concept of this term is assigned to Aristotle,
In this research area, this paper aims to contribute to advancing the use of ontology to the intermediate layers as a collaborative proposal for the Future Internet. 2 Ontology at Network Layers Ontologies can use layer model or distinct architectures,
Title Model Ontology for Future Internet Networks 107 Title: It is the only designation to ensure an unambiguous identification.
with the purpose of improving the addressing of internet architecture by horizontal addressing and facilitate communication among the entities and with the other layers 24.
as showed in Fig. 2. 2. 2 Cross Layer Ontology for Future Internet Networks For intermediate semantic layer,
considering others works and projects efforts for Future Internet, as 4ward, Content-Centric, User-Centric, Service-Centric and Autoi Title Model Ontology for Future Internet Networks 109 Source Service Content User DTS
NE1 NE2 NE...NE3 Destination Service Content User Network Elements (NE) Fig. 2. Entities Communication Orchestrated by the DTS. 4 28.
as well as the semantic approaching cross layers for the Future Internet. The Horizontal Addressing by Entity Title has related limitations with the communications needs formalization and standardization,
and also has limitations with the collaboration with others Future Internet projects efforts. The reason is
in a collaborative effort to others Future Internet works, the Entity Title Model has better contributions by the use of a more expressive and standardized representation language.
but some of Title Model Ontology for Future Internet Networks 111 them, as Rofl and LISP, should change their structure to semantically support the entities needs
In this perspective, the Entity Title Model and its ontology can contribute to converge some Future Internet projects,
In this example for the contribution with the Content, Service and User Centric works, in the Title Model it is possible the unification of the different entities address in the future Internet.
this work aims to contribute with the discussions for a collaborative reference model in the future Internet,
the mobility on the Internet becomes natural, since there is no longer the hierarchy of segments of the network
In this scenario, this work contributes to the use of ontology in the middle layers of the Internet, with the proposal of semantic formalization, in computer networks, for the Entity Title Model.
This is a possible contribution to the Future Internet efforts and projects like Autoi, Content-Centric, User-Centric
and others, Future Internet efforts. As future work there will be continued the development of this ontology and its collaborative perspective with others Future Internet efforts and projects.
It is suggested to extend discussions and studies concerning the unique identification of the entities and the formalization of security mechanisms for the Entity Title Model.
Title Model Ontology for Future Internet Networks 113 Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License
Autonomic Internet Project. European union IST 7th Framework Programme (2011) 5 Bai oco, G.,Costa, A.,Calvi, C.,Garcia, A.:
Future Internet Design Program. National Science Foundation, http://www. nets-find. net (2011) 11 FIRE:
Future Internet Research and Experimentation (2009) 12 Ford, B.:UIA: A Global Connectivity Architecture for Mobile Personal Devices.
Domain Identifiers in a Next Generation Internet Architecture. In: IEEE Wireless communications and Networking Conference-WCNC (2009) 22 Pasquini, R.,Verdi, F.,Magalh aes, M.:
Horizontal Address Ontology in Internet Architecture. In: IEEE/IFIP New Technologies, Mobility and Security Conference (2009) 25 Pereira, J.,Sato, L.,Rosa, P.,Kofuji, S.:
Horizontal Addressing by Title in a Next Generation Internet. In: IEEE International Conference on Networking and Services p. 7 (2010) 27 Prud encio, A.,Willrich, R.,Diaz, M.,Tazi, S.:
Autonomic Internet Framework Deliverable D6. 3. Final Results of the Autonomici Approach. Autoi Project (2010) 29 Souza, J.:
Publish Subscribe Internet Routing Paradigm-PSIRP. Final Updated Architecture, Deliverable D2. 5 (2010) 31 Tselentis, G.,et al.:
Towards the Future Internet-A European Research Perspective. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2009) 32 Tselentis, G.,et al.:
Towards the Future Internet-Emerging Trends from European Research. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2010) 33 Tsiatsis, V.,Gluhak, A.,Bauge, T.,Montagut, F.,Bernat, J.,Bauer, M.,Villalonga, C.,Barnaghi, P
The SENSEI architecture-Enabling the Real world Internet. In: Towards the Future Internet, pp. 247 256.
IOS Press, Amsterdam (2010) 34 Vissers, C.,Logrippo, L.:The Importance of the Service Concept in the Design of Data communications Protocols.
An Architecture for Mobility Support in a Next Generation Internet. In: The 22nd IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information, Networking and Applications-AINA (2008) Part II:
Future Internet Foundations: Socioeconomic Issues Part II: Future Internet Foundations: Socioeconomic Issues 117 Introduction Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) provide in recent years solutions to the sustainability challenge by, e g.,
, measuring impacts and benefits of economic activity via integrated environmental monitoring and modeling, by managing consequences,
underpinning the technology of the Internet, is particularly responsible for this accelerating trend. Particularly, controlling and monetizing the evolution of the Internet
and its vast application range is seen as a critical goal for most economic regions. Therefore, socioeconomic aspects determine a highly important set of influencing factors,
While pure economic research as well as pure social research has been undertaken for decades, the combination of the two and its application to the new Internet the one
which is rooted in the commercialization of the native research Internet of the early 90's becomes an important element in investigating,
As collected by the FISE (Future Internet Socioeconomics) working group within the FIA on its wiki, the following general aspects of socioeconomics,
1) The study of the relationship between any sort of economic activity (here networking in the areas of Internet-based and telecommunications-based communications for a variety of lower-level network/telecommunication as well as application-based services) and the social life of user (here,
it clearly outlines that a combination of social and economic viewpoints on pure Internet-based networking is essential.
Thus, the full understanding and modeling of these socioeconomic impacts on Internet communications particularly and the Internet architecture generally challenges networking research and development today.
Future Internet Foundations: Socioeconomic Issues effective approaches. Furthermore, the users'perspectives need to be taken into close consideration,
while being at the same time in contrast to simplicity and easeof-operations of a variety of Internet-based services.
and transmission domain of the Internet had been taken as one starting point of socioeconomic research for this FIA book.
Thus, the content of these chapters on socioeconomics of the Future Internet contains three views
To ensure a mutually beneficial situation for all stakeholders in a Future Internet scenario, the Triplewin investigations determine the key goal of Economic Traffic Management (ETM) mechanisms developed.
The second chapter by E. Eardly et al. was submitted with the title Deployment and Adoption of Future Internet Protocols.
Based on the assumption that many welldesigned protocols designed for the Future Internet will fail as it happened for the traditional Internet,
as it happens currently for the Future Internet, can get adopted. Finally, the third chapter by C. Kalgoris et al. is on An Approach to Investigating Socioeconomic Tussles Arising from Building the Future Internet.
Based on the assumption that the Internet has evolved into a worldwide social and economic platform with a variety of stakeholders involved,
the key motivations of each of them and their behavior has changed over the recent past dramatically.
Future Internet Foundations: Socioeconomic Issues 119 investigate, classify, and develop an analysis framework for such tussles in the socioeconomic domain of Internet stakeholders.
In turn, the chapter outlines a new methodology, with which tussles are analyzed. Although a survey reveals that many tussles are known,
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 121 131,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Assessment of Economic Management of Overlay Traffic:
Overlay applications generate huge amounts of traffic in the Internet, which determines a problem for Internet service providers,
in order to deal with the overlay traffic in a way that is mutually beneficial for all stakeholders of the Future Internet.
overlays. 1 Introduction Applications such as peer-to-peer (P2p) file sharing and video-streaming generate huge volumes of traffic in the Internet due to their high popularity and large size of the files exchanged.
Thus, besides providing effective solutions for Internet at present ETM is deemed as applicable to the Future Internet, both conceptually and concerning specific ideas and mechanisms.
and reflecting a part of the real Internet topology, with a subset of ASES and inter-domain connections;
Finally, the extension and application of the methodology for other traffic types (not only P2p) generated according to trends in the future Internet is an interesting and promising direction for future research.
Characterization of Bittorrent Swarms and their Distribution in the Internet, to appear in the Computer networks (2011) 13.
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 133 144,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Deployment and Adoption of Future Internet Protocols Philip Eardley1, Michalis Kanakakis2, Alexandros Kostopoulos2, Tapio Levä3, Ken Richardson4,
and Henna Warma3 1 BT Innovate & Design, UK philip. eardley@bt. com 2 Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece {kanakakis, alexkosto}@ aueb. gr
Many, if not most, well-designed Future Internet protocols fail, and some badly-designed protocols are very successful.
Careful consideration of such issues can increase the chances that a future Internet protocol is adopted widely.
Several attempts have been made at studying the adoption of consumer products 1 and new Internet protocols,
The adoption of Internet protocols is tricky because the Internet is a complex system with diverse end-systems, routers and other network elements, not all of
whose aspects are under the direct control of the respective end users or service providers. In this Chapter we propose a new framework for a successful adoption process (Section 2),
and Adoption of Future Internet Protocols We propose a new framework (Figure 1) for a successful adoption process, with several key features:
Network effect Testing Testing Testing Fig. 1. An adoption framework Deployment and Adoption of Future Internet Protocols 135 A version of the framework has been applied in two papers,
8 and 9. The framework is intended to be generally applicable to Internet protocols. The first key question is:
The current Internet's routing system only exposes a single path between a source-address pair
when both endpoints understand the necessary Deployment and Adoption of Future Internet Protocols 137 extensions to support MPTCP.
again, this helps persuade the IETF that it is safe to deploy on the internet.
So we are now working on a NAT survey to probe random paths across the Internet to test how operational NATS impact MPTCP's signalling messages 21.
Deployment and Adoption of Future Internet Protocols 139 The wider scenario of widespread deployment and adoption is again worth thinking about this even during the design of the protocol.
In today's internet this information is only visible at the transport layer, and hence not available inside the network without packet sniffing.)
Deployment and Adoption of Future Internet Protocols 141 One way this scenario could widen out is that the content provider is informed now about the Conex-Re-echoes
RFC 5218 (2008) Deployment and Adoption of Future Internet Protocols 143 3. Burness, L.,Eardley, P.,Akhtar, N.,Callejo, M. A.,Colas
A model of Internet Standards Adoption: the Case of IPV6. Information systems Journal 14 (3), 265 294 (2004) 5. Katz, M.,Shapiro, C.:
NGI 2010-6th Euronf Conference on Next Generation Internet, Paris (2010) 9. Kostopoulos, A.,Richardson, K.,Kanakakis, M.:
Internet Conference IC (2002) 15. Zhang, M.,Lai, J.,Krishnamurthy, A.,Peterson, L.,Wang, R.:
a Robust Internet Architecture, no. MSR-TR-2005-111 (2005), http://research. microsoft. com/pubs/70208/tr-2005-111. pdf 21.
Mobile Internet In Stereo: an End-to-end Scenario. In: 3rd Workshop on Economic Traffic Management, ETM (2010) 27.
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 145 159,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. An Approach to Investigating Socioeconomic Tussles Arising from Building the Future Internet Costas Kalogiros1, Costas Courcoubetis1, George D
. Stamoulis1, Michael Boniface2, Eric T. Meyer3, Martin Waldburger4, Daniel Field5, and Burkhard Stiller4 1 Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece ckalog@aueb. gr, courcou@aueb. gr, gstamoul@aueb. gr 2 University of Southampton
IT Innovation, United kingdom mjb@it-innovation. soton. ac. uk 3 Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, United kingdom eric. meyer@oii. ox. ac. uk
With the evolution of the Internet from a controlled research network to a worldwide social and economic platform, the initial assumptions regarding stakeholder cooperative behavior are no longer valid.
Future Internet Socioeconomics, Incentives, Design Principles, Tussles, Methodology 1 Introduction The Internet has moved already long since from the original research-driven network of networks into a highly innovative, highly competitive marketplace for applications
Accordingly, different stakeholders in the Internet space have developed a wide range of on-line business models to enable sustainable electronic business.
Furthermore, the Internet is increasingly pervading society 3. Widespread access to the Internet via mobile devices, an ever-growing number of broadband users worldwide,
and trends like the Internet-of-Things or the success of Cloud services, all provide indicators of the high significance of the Internet today.
Hence, social and economic impacts of innovations in the future Internet space can be reasonably ex 146 C. Kalogiros et al. pected to increase in importance.
Thus, since the future Internet can be expected to be characterized by an ever larger socioeconomic impact,
and using the Internet. That is a tussle is a process in which each stakeholder has particular self-interests,
The main argument for focusing on tussles in relation to socioeconomic impact of the future Internet is in the number of observed stakeholders in the current Internet and their interests.
Clark et al. speak of tussles on the Internet as of today. They argue 5 that t here are,
and have been for some time, important and powerful players that make up the Internet milieu with interests directly at odds with each other.
With the ongoing success of the Internet and with the assumption of a future Internet being a competitive marketplace with a growing number of both users and service providers,
such as the current and future Internet. In order to help an analyst during the tussle identification task
and analyzing socioeconomic tussles in the future Internet. In Section 3 we provide a classification of tussles according to stakeholders'interests into social and economic ones,
and Assessing Tussles The Design for Tussle goal is considered to be a normal evolution of Internet design goals to reflect the changes in Internet usage.
This paradigm shift should be reflected in new attempts for building the Future Internet. However, identifying both existing and future socioeconomic tussles,
Providing a systematic approach for this task has received little attention by Future Internet researchers. Such a methodology should be a step-by-step procedure that can be applied to any Internet functionality
acting as a guide for making sure that all important factors are considered when making technology decisions.
For example the latter could apply this methodology before and after protocol introduction in order to estimate the adoptability and other possible effects, both positive and negative ones, for the Future Internet.
The characteristics of each pattern can be seen in many current and future Internet scenarios. Each pattern looks at relationships between consumers and suppliers and how conflicts of interest can emerge through technical innovations.
For instance, while individual Internet users are typically consumers, when they are creating data that a business would like to sell, with or without their knowledge and consent,
It is important to note that many innovations in the Internet space have involved repurposing of resources,
For example, routing table memory of core Internet routers can be considered a public good that retail ISPS have an incentive to over-consume by performing prefix de-aggregation with Border Gateway Protocol (BGP.
Another type of scarce Internet resources is network identifiers, like IPV4 addresses and especially Provider Independent ones that ease net An Approach to Investigating Socioeconomic Tussles 153 work management and avoid ISP lock in.
when a set of providers collaborate during service provision with strict requirements, like long-distance phone conversations taking place over Internet.
particularly when compared to the speed of change in many technological systems such as the Future Internet.
The Internet makes this a particularly contentious issue because with the global nature of the Internet one can't just assume Western values
(as if it were possible even within Europe to agree to what that means). Where does national sovereignty fit into all of this?
The Smoothit project (Simple Economic Management Approaches of Overlay Traffic in Heterogeneous Internet Topologies) studies the control tussle that arises between ISPS
. Since it is based on a lean architecture to operate new services in the future Internet, the discovery of capabilities and the adaptation of many management operations to current working An Approach to Investigating Socioeconomic Tussles 157 conditions of a network are major elements in the new approach.
as a result of technological changes and innovations being researched to advance the Future Internet. One challenge for the technologists designing new hardware, software systems,
and the Future Internet research community by offering selected services to FP7 projects in Challenge 1. SESERV provides access to socioeconomic experts investigating the relationship between FI technology, society,
and assessing tussles that are present in the Internet, or may arise after a protocol
when making technology decisions and/or the inherent difficulty of addressing socioeconomic issues in the Internet when such challenges still exist in the real world.
Towards a Future Internet: Interrelation between Technological, Social and Economic Trends, Final Report for DG Information Society and Media, European commission DG INFSO, Project SMART 2008/0049 (2010) 3. Blazic
The Future of the Internet: Tussles and Challenges in the Evolution Path as Identified. In:
Defining Tomorrow's Internet. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 13 (3), 462 475 (2005) 6. Courcoubetis, C.,Weber, R.:
New Design Principles for the Internet. In: IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops, June 2009, pp. 1 5 (2009) 10.
Towards the Future Internet-Emerging Trends from European Research, IOS Press, Amsterdam (2010) 16. Trilogy:
Future Internet Foundations: Security and Trust Part III: Future Internet Foundations: Security and Trust 163 Introduction If you are asking for the major guiding principles of Future Internet technology and applications,
the answer is likely to include sharing and collaboration. Cloud computing, for instance, is built on shared resources and computing environments,
offering virtualized environments to individual tenants or groups of tenants, while executing them on shared physical storage and computation resources.
The Internet of Services allows the forming of value networks through on-demand service coalitions built upon service offerings of different provenance and ownership.
and collaboration brings the Internet, its technologies, applications and users to the next level of evolution,
The Future Internet is characterized by deliberate exposure of precious information and resources on one hand and a number of likely previously unknown interacting entities on the other hand,
but the Future Internet adds new dimensions of scale and complexity. The number of participating
infrastructure provider or service broker or any other Future Internet entity, while distribution and exchange of data serve for additional entry points that can potentially be exploited to penetrate a system.
and trust solutions that scale to Future Internet complexity and keep the information and resource owner in control, balancing potentially conflicting requirements while still supporting flexibility and adaptation.
Future Internet Foundations: Security and Trust The chapters presented in the Security and Trust section of this volume look at the challenges mentioned above from three different angles.
First, Future Internet principles are supported by revised communication paradigms, which address potential security issues from the beginning,
The chapter, Security Design for an Inter-domain Publish/Subscribe Architecture by K. Visala et al. looks into security implications of a data-centric approach for the Future Internet,
It is a good example of how clean-slate approaches to the Future Internet can support security needs by design,
as has been the case for the current Internet. The second group of chapters investigates the provision of assurance of the security properties of services and infrastructures in the future Internet.
The provision of evidence and a systematic approach to ensure that best security practices are applied in the design
and operation of Future Internet components are essential to provide the needed level of trustworthiness of these components.
The chapter Engineering Secure Future Internet Services by W. Joosen et al. makes a point for establishing an engineering discipline for secure services,
taking the characteristics of the Future Internet into account. Such a discipline is required to particularly emphasize multilateral security requirements, the composability of secure services,
Their considerations lead to the identification of Future Internet specific security engineering research strands. One of the major ingredients of this program, the provision of security assurance through formal validation of security properties of services, is investigated in detail in the chapter‘Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services by R
. Carbone et al. They introduce a language to specify the security aspects of services and a validation platform based on model-checking.
A number of distinguished features ensure the feasibility of the approach to Future Internet scenarios and the scalability to its complexity:
and trust assurance in the future Internet addressing one of the major obstacles preventing businesses and users to fully exploit the Future Internet opportunities today.
While engineering and validation approaches provide a framework for the secure design of Future Internet artifacts adapted to its characteristics, the third group of Part III:
Future Internet Foundations: Security and Trust 165 chapters looks into specific instances of the information sharing and collaboration principle and introduces novel means to establish their security.
The chapter Trustworthy Clouds underpinning the Future Internet of R. Glott et al. discusses latest trends in cloud computing and related security issues.
The vision of clouds-of-clouds describes collaboration and federation of independent cloud providers to provide seamless access to end users,
but also in most other Future Internet scenarios like the Internet of Services, the need for data exchange leads to sensitive data, e g.,
This is amplified by the dynamic nature of the Future Internet, which does not allow one to predict by whom data will be processed
the chapter Data Usage Control in the future Internet Cloud proposes a policy-based framework for expressing data handling conditions
and collaboration in the future Internet can be mitigated, removing a major hurdle for using its exciting opportunities in sensitive scenarios of both the business and societal worlds.
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 167 176,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Security Design for an Inter-Domain Publish/Subscribe Architecture Kari Visala1, Dmitrij Lagutin1,
Several new architectures have been proposed recently to replace the Internet Protocol Suite with a data-centric
or publish/subscribe (pub/sub) network layer waist for the Internet. The clean-slate design makes it possible to take into account issues in the current Internet
such as unwanted traffic, from the start. If these new proposals are deployed ever as part of the public Internet as an essential building block of the infrastructure,
they must be able to operate in a hostile environment, where a large number of users are assumed to collude against the network and other users.
Future Internet, publish/subscribe networking, network security 1 Introduction Data-centric pub/sub as a communication abstraction 2, 3,
but our goal is to replace the whole Internet protocol suite with a clean-slate data-centric pub/sub network waist 14.
e g. the link between the two publications, is orthogonal to the scoping of the data that determines the communication aspects for each publication. 2. 2 Interdomain Structure Each node has an access to a set of network resources In the current Internet,
Accountable Internet Protocol (AIP) 11 aims to improve security by providing accountability on the network layer.
Security issues and requirements for Internet-scale publish-subscribe systems. In: HICSS'02, Hawaii, USA (2002) 2. Visala, K.,Lagutin, D.,Tarkoma, S.:
Defining Tomorrow's Internet. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 13 (3), 462 475 (2005) 7. Pesonen, L. I.,Bacon, J.:
Accountable internet protocol (AIP. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2008, pp. 339 350 (2007) 12.
Publish/Subscribe for Internet: PSIRP Perspective. Valencia FIA book (2010) 15. Tarkoma, S.,Antikainen, M.:
13th IEEE Global Internet Symposium 2010 (2010) 16. Gao, L.:On Inferring Autonomous System Relationships in the Internet.
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 9 (6), 733 745 (2001) 17. Yang, X.,Clark, D.,Berger, A w.:
Architectural Principles of the Internet. IETF (June 1996) 21. Jokela, P.,Zahemszky, A.,Esteve, C.,Arianfar, S.,Nikander, P.:
Securing the Internet with Digital Signatures. Doctoral dissertation, Department of computer science and Engineering, Aalto University, School of Science and Technology (2010) Engineering Secure Future Internet Services Wouter Joosen1, Javier Lopez2, Fabio Martinelli3,
and Fabio Massacci4 1 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven wouter. joosen@cs. kuleuven. be 2 University of Malaga jlm@lcc. uma. es 3 National Research
and the opportunity for establishing a discipline for engineering secure Future Internet Services, typically based on research in the areas of software engineering,
Generic solutions that ignore the characteristics of Future Internet services will fail, yet it seems obvious to build on best practices
in order to jointly enable the security and trustworthiness of Future Internet services. 1 Introduction 1. 1 Future Internet Services The concept named Future Internet (FI) aggregates many facets
The Future Internet may evolve to use new infrastructures, network technologies and protocols in support of a growing scale and a converging world, especially in light of smaller, portable, ubiquitous and pervasive devices.
Besides such a network-level evolution, the Future Internet will manifest itself to the broad mass of end users through a new generation of services (e g. a hybrid aggregation of content and functionality
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 177 191,2011. c The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. 178 W. Joosen et al. be operated
yet the Future Internet stretches the present know how on building secure software services and systems:
Furthermore, the Future Internet will be an intrinsically dynamic and evolving paradigm where, for instance, end users are empowered more and more
This obviously harms the economic impact of Future Internet services and causes significant monetary losses in recovering from those attacks.
however, we are now witnessing the emergence of new and unprecedented models for service-oriented computing for the Future Internet:
New Internet services will have to be Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 179 provided in the near future,
This would allow the uptake of new ICT-services according to the latest Future Internet paradigms,
and (6) the delivery of case studies of future internet application scenarios. The first three activities represent major and traditional stages of (secure) software development:
and techniques that we consider useful for engineering secure Future internet services. 2 Security Requirements Engineering The main focus of this research strand is to enable the modeling of high-level requirements that can be expressed in terms of
The need for assurance in the future Internet demands a set of novel engineering methodologies to guarantee secure system behavior and provide credible evidence that the identified security requirements have been met from the point of view of all stakeholders.
The security requirements of Future Internet applications will differ considerably from those of traditional applications.
The reason is that Future Internet applications will not only be distributed geographically as are traditional applications,
Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 181 This picture is complicated further by the vast number and the geographical spread of smart devices stakeholders would deploy to meet their requirements.
Such deployments inherit security risks from the classical Internet and, at the same time create new and more complex security challenges.
Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 183 in order to grasp a comprehensive understanding of the application as a whole,
still it remains a grand challenge, especially in the context of Future Internet (FI) Services.
Securing Future Internet Service is inherently a matter of secure software and systems. The context of the future internet services sets the scene in the sense that (1) specific service architectures will be used,
that (2) new types of environments will be exploited, ranging from small embedded devices (things) to service infrastructures and platform in the cloud,
and the objectives of community wide research activities. 4. 1 Secure Service Composition Future Internet services
The research community should re-investigate service-oriented middleware for the Future Internet with a special emphasis on Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 185 enabling deployment, access, discovery and composition of pervasive services offered by resource-constrained nodes. 4. 2
Secure Service Programming Many security vulnerabilities arise from programming errors that allow an exploit. Future Internet will further reinforce the prominence of highly distributed and concurrent applications,
making it important to develop methodologies that ensure that no security hole arises from implementations that exploit the computational infrastructure of the Future Internet.
The research community must further investigate advances over state-of-the-art in fine-grained concurrency to enable highly concurrent services of the Future Internet
and will improve analysis and verification techniques to verify, among others, adherence to programming principles and best-practices 10.
while still maintaining security. 4. 3 Platform Support for Security Enforcement Future Internet applications span multiple trust domains,
The next section clarifies these issues. 5 Embedding Security Assurance and Risk management during SDLC Engineering secure Future Internet services demands for at least two traversal issues,
Early detection of security failures in Future Internet applications reduces development costs and improves assurance in the final system.
by developing refinement strategies, from policies down to mechanisms, for more complex Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 187 secure protocols, services, and systems.
such as the AVISPA 1 tool set and the Scyther tool 7, for the verification of Future Internet protocols.
Internet applications can be validated through testing. In that case, it is possible to develop test data generation that specifically targets the integration of services
We can consider three aspects, that although not comprehensive, present characteristic for service-oriented applications in the future Internet:
typical for service compositions in Future Internet. We will study approaches for run-time monitoring of data flow,
Security metrics in the future Internet applications become increasingly important. Service-oriented architectures demand for assurance indicators that can explicitly indicate the quality of protection of a service,
In order to support the propagation of analysis results through the phases of the SDLC Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 189 one needs to develop methods and techniques for the refinement of risk analysis documentation.
as well as effectively handling the heterogeneous and compositional nature of Future Internet services, one needs to focus on a modular approach to the analysis of risks and costs.
and the opportunity for firmly establishing a discipline for engineering secure Future Internet Services, typically based on research in the areas of software engineering, security engineering and of service engineering.
We have clarified why generic solutions that ignore the characteristics of Future Internet services will fail:
Work partially supported by EU FP7-ICT project NESSOS (Network of Excellence on Engineering Secure Future Internet Software Services and Systems) under the grant agreement n. 256980.
Springer, Heidelberg (2008) Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 191 8. Dardenne, A.,van Lamsweerde, A.,Fickas, S.:
Progress in Informatics 5, 35 47 (2008) Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services Roberto Carbone1, Marius Minea2, Sebastian Alexander M odersheim3
The formal verification of trust and security of the Internet of Services will significantly boost its development
and public acceptance. 1 Introduction The vision of the Internet of Services (Ios) entails a major paradigm shift in the way ICT systems
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 193 207,2011. c The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. 194 R. Carbone et al.
and thus severely affect the development of the future internet. Moreover, security validation should be carried out at all phases of the service development process,
Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 195 Second, SOAS are also distributed systems,
we may require a separation of duty property, namely that for privacy Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 197 purposes,
the inherent complexity (heterogeneity, distribution and dynamicity) of the Internet of Services, the challenge of validating services and service-oriented applications cannot be addressed simply by scaling up the current generation of formal analysis approaches and tools.
It is, Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 199 of course,
Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 201 Vulnerability: Policy:
it is hard to establish which message fields are mandatory in a given Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 203 profile and
Formal validation of trust and security will become a reality in the Internet of Services
and Security in the Internet of Services 205 there and helped SAP Research to better understand the vulnerability itself
Proceedings of the 19th MFPS, ENTCS 83, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2004) Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 207 17.
Springer, Heidelberg (1999) Trustworthy Clouds Underpinning the Future Internet R udiger Glott1, Elmar Husmann2, Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi3,
They are are expected to be an important component in the future Internet. This article introduces upcoming security challenges for cloud services such as multi-tenancy,
and survey related research in these areas. 1 Cloud computing and the Future Internet Cloud computing is expected to become a backbone technology of the Future Internet that provides Internet-scale
cloud computing in the future Internet is expected to be characterized by a seamless cloud capacity federation of independent providers-similar to the network peering
and IP transit purchasing of ISPS in today's Internet. For an end-user this means that via interacting with one cloud provider,
and security architectures and mechanisms. 4 For which the Internet pioneer Vint Cerf has suggested recently the term Intercloud J. Domingue et al.
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 209 221,2011. c The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. 210 R. Glott et al.
Many of these developments can be expected to be transferred into the Future Internet Core Platform project that will launch in 2011.
Trustworthy Clouds Underpinning the Future Internet 211 An example for the first category is the Google gov. app cloud launched in September 2009 that offers a completely segregated cloud targeted exclusively at US government customers.
exchanging media such as USB STICKS allows transfer into systems that are connected not to the Internet 5. Cloudsourcing 15 follows more or less the same economic rationale as traditional IT-outsourcing
Security Risks 12) Trustworthy Clouds Underpinning the Future Internet 213 3. 1 Isolation Breach between Multiple Customers Cloud environments aim at efficiencies of scale by increased
Trustworthy Clouds Underpinning the Future Internet 215 3. 3 Failures of the Cloud Management Systems Due to the highly automated nature of the cloud management systems
Therefore, the utmost transparency Trustworthy Clouds Underpinning the Future Internet 217 regarding the processes within the cloud is required to enable the user to carry out his legal obligations.
Trustworthy Clouds Underpinning the Future Internet 219 5 Outlook The Path Ahead Cloud computing is not new it constitutes a new outsourcing delivery model that aims to be closer to the vision of true utility computing.
10.1145/1653662.1653687 Trustworthy Clouds Underpinning the Future Internet 221 20. Sadeghi, A r.,Schneider, T.,Winandy, M.:
Cloud computing und Datenschutz (2009), http://www. datenschutzzentrum. de/cloud-computing/Data Usage Control in the future Internet Cloud Michele Bezzi and Slim Trabelsi SAP Labs
Privacy, Usage control, Privacy Policy 1 Introduction The vision of the Future Internet heralds a new environment where users,
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 223 231,2011. c The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. 224 M. Bezzi
Service providers Data Usage Control in the future Internet Cloud 225 Fig. 1. PPL high level architecture. describe how the users'data are handled using privacy policy,
whenever an Data Usage Control in the future Internet Cloud 227 access (read, write, modification, deletion etc.)
and event handler Data Usage Control in the future Internet Cloud 229 with a tamper-proof event handler and a tamper-proof obligation engine certified by a trusted third party (e g.,
and the SOA paradigm are fundamental building blocks for the Future Internet, enabling the seamless combination of services across platforms, geographies, businesses and transparently from the user point of view.
Enterprise privacy authorization language (EPAL 1. 1). IBM Research Report (2003) Data Usage Control in the future Internet Cloud 231 3. Bonneau, J
Future Internet Foundations: Experiments and Experimental Design Part IV: Future Internet Foundations: Experiments and Experimental Design 235 Introduction Research into new paradigms and the comprehensive test facilities upon which the ideas are experimented upon together build a key resource for driving European research into future networks and services.
This environment enables both incremental and disruptive approaches, supports multi-disciplinary research that goes beyond network layers, scholastic dogmas and public-private discussions.
The heterogeneous and modular field of Future Internet Research and Experimentation with its national and international stakeholder groups requires community and cohesion building
Finally the chapter Kousaridas et al. entitled Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment reports on the network management protocol test that exploited the availability of different administrative domains in federated testbeds
Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 237 245,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. A Use-Case on Testing Adaptive Admission Control and Resource Allocation Algorithms on the Federated Environment of Panlab Christos
Panlab is a Future Internet initiative which integrates distributed facilities in a federated manner. Panlab framework provides the infrastructure
Panlab, experimental testing, resource federation, Future Internet 1 Introduction Future Internet research results in new experimental infrastructures for supporting approaches that exploit extend
or redesign current Internet architecture and protocols. The Pan-European laboratory 1, Panlab, is a FIRE 2 initiative
and Architecture Elements to be used for experimentation in the future Internet. The Panlab infrastructure manages interconnections of different geographically distributed testbeds to provide services to customers for various kinds of testing scenarios which in Panlab terminology are called Virtual Customer Testbeds or simply VCTS.
The Internet today consist of many heterogeneous infrastructures, owned and maintained by separate and potentially competing administrative authorities.
a) multiple authorities and b) applications with very diverse demands, are likely to stay or even increase in the Internet of the future.
In such an environment federation and virtualization of resources are key features that should be supported in a future Internet.
We believe that this experiment provides a good example use case for the future Internet itself
because we assume that the Internet will consist of multiple different infrastructures that have to be combined in application specific overlays
We also assume that the growing demands will push towards a much better measurement instrumentation of the future Internet.
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 247 258,2011. c The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. 248 T. Zseby et al. 1
The control and verification of service level agreements (SLAS) between domains as well as inter-domain security have to be addressed in federated testbeds as well as in the real Internet.
a website dedicated to information about Free Tools for Future Internet Research and Experimentation. The Advanced Network Monitoring Equipment (ANME) deployed by the Onelab project within Planetlab Europe includes precise network cards for active delay measurements using ETOMIC and the continuous monitoring platform (Como
therefore it is not suitable for experiments that require real Internet conditions with regard to scale, delay values,
Further, free T-Rex seeks to employ standardized instruments to improve the comparability and openness of scientific results in the field of future Internet research.
The platform gives an overview of available tools in future Internet experimental facilities and, based on user feedback,
we outlined how the federation of multiple experimental facilities can contribute to an improved design of future, federated Internet architectures.
References 1. FIRE-Future Internet Research & Experimentation (2010), Information available at http://ict-fire. eu/2. Free T-REX:
Free Tools for Future Internet Tools and Experimentation (2010), Information available at http://www. free-t-rex. net/3. Onelab-Future Internet Testbeds
Overcoming the internet impasse through virtualization. IEEE Computer, 34 41 (April 2005) 6. Anerousis, N.,Hjlmtysson, G.:
Service level routing on the Internet. In: IEEE GLOBECOM'99, vol. 1, pp. 553 559 (2002) 7. Becke, M.,Dreibholz, T.,Yyengar, J.,Natarajan, P.,Tuexen, M.:
Load Sharing for the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), Internet-Draft (2010), http://tools. ietf. org/html/draft-tuexen-tsvwg-sctp-multipath-00
Let the internet measure itself. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 35 (5), 71 74 (2005) 20.
A Future Generation Internet Research Platform (2008), Information available at http://www. future-internet. eu/21.
Architecting the Future Internet (2010), Information available at http://www. trilogy-project. org/22. Wischik, D.,Handley, M.,Braun, M. B.:
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 259 270,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment Apostolos Kousaridas1, George Katsikas1, Nancy Alonistioti1
, Esa Piri2, Marko Palola2, and Jussi Makinen3 1 University of Athens Athens, Greece scan. di. uoa. gr {akousar, katsikas, nancy}@ di. uoa. gr 2 VTT Technical
more diverse and higher performance platform for accomplishing tests and experiments for future Internet new paradigms.
Experimentation, Testing Facilities, Self management, Future Internet, Wimax, Quality of Service 1 Introduction Several network management frameworks have been specified during the last two decades by various standardization bodies
, telecom world, the Internet and cellular communications. The current challenge for the network management systems 260 A. Kousaridas et al. is the reduction of human intervention in the fundamental management functions
and the development of the mechanisms that will render the Future Internet network capable of autonomously configuring,
As regards the Self-NET provision side at Greece Distributed Internet traffic Generator (D-ITG) 8 has been used,
There are also some contributory entities that assist in improving the traffic simulation by providing log information Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 261 Fig. 1. Octopus testbed Wimax
The Self-NET project carries out experiments over the Wimax testbed, remotely via the Internet.
The user traffic from the Self-NET experimentation is tunneled by using two IP tunnels over the Internet
The traffic sent from the Uoa BS Connector (10.1.1.1) is routed over the IPIP tunnel to the Wimax BS Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 263 Fig. 3. Network topology
Testing End-to-end Self-Management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 265 Fig. 4. Decision-making algorithm for configuration action selection Simple Fig. 4 presents
However, the Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 267 increase rate is not linear
Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 269 Table 6. Qos features improvement after partial (70%)Voip codec change from G. 711.1
An experimental path towards Self management for Future Internet Environments. In: Tselentis, G.,Galis, A.,Gavras, A.,Krco, S.,Lotz, V.,Simperl, E.,Stiller, B. eds.
Towards the Future Internet-Emerging Trends from European Research, pp. 95 104 (2010) 270 A. Kousaridas et al. 3. Website of Panlab and PII European projects, supported by the European commission
Towards the Future Internet-Emerging Trends from European Research, pp. 51 62. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2010) 7. Airspan homepage, http://www. airspan. com 8. Distributed Internet traffic Generator, http://www. grid. unina. it/software
/ITG/index. php 9. Resource Adapter Description Language, http://trac. panlab. net/trac/wiki/RADL Part V:
Future Internet Areas: Networks Part V: Future Internet Areas: Networks 273 Introduction Although the current Internet has been extraordinarily successful as a ubiquitous and universal means for communication
and computation, there are still many unsolved problems and challenges some of which have basic aspects. Many of these aspects could not have been foreseen
when the first parts of the Internet were built, but they do need to be addressed now. The very success of the Internet is creating obstacles to the future innovation of both the networking technology that lies at the Internet's core and the services that use it.
In addition, the ossification of the Internet makes the introduction and deployment of new network technologies and services very difficult and very costly.
The aspects which are considered to be fundamentally missing, are: Mobility of networks, services, and devices.
Guaranteeing availability of services according to Service Level Agreements (SLAS) and high-level objectives. Facilities to support Quality of Service (Qos) and Service Level Agreements (SLAS.
The content of this book includes three chapters covering some of the above research challenges in Future Internet.
The Challenges for Enhanced Network Self-Manageability in the Scope of Future Internet Development chapter examines perspectives from the inclusion of the autonomicity
and self-manageability features in the scope of Future Internet's (FI) deployment. Apart from the strategic importance for further evolution
Future Internet Areas: Networks management (NM), as FI should possess a considerably enhanced network manageability capability.
The Efficient Opportunistic Network Creation in the Context of Future Internet chapter is dedicated to the design of Opportunistic Networks.
In the future Internet era mechanisms for extending the coverage of the wireless access infrastructure and service provisioning to locations that cannot be served otherwise
an Architecture for a Sustainable Future Internet chapter describes how to combine optical network technology with Cloud technology
in order to achieve the challenges of Future Internet. The extent of Internet growth and usage raises critical issues associated with its design principles that need to be addressed before it reaches its limits.
Many emerging applications have increasing requirements in terms of bandwidth, Qos and manageability. Moreover, applications such as Cloud computing and 3d-video streaming require optimization
As a huge energy consumer, the Internet also needs to have energy-saving functions. Applications critical for society and business or for real-time communication demand a highly reliable, robust,
and secure Internet. Finally, the Future Internet needs to support sustainable business models, in order to drive innovation, competition, and research.
Combining optical network technology with Cloud technology is key to addressing these challenges. In this context, we propose an integrated approach:
Premium advanced networks and IT managed services integrated with the vanilla Internet will ensure a sustainable Future Internet,
Future Internet Areas: Networks 275 The Deployment and Adoption of Future Internet Protocols chapter from the Socioeconomics Area addresses the deployability of network protocols.
The main message of this chapter is that implementation, deployment, and adoption need to be thought about carefully during the design of the protocol,
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 277 292,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Challenges for Enhanced Network Self-Manageability in the Scope of Future Internet Development Ioannis P. Chochliouros1,,
*Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou2, and Nancy Alonistioti3 1 Head of Research Programs Section, Network Strategy and Architecture Dept.,Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S. A. OTE), 99 Kifissias Avenue
and self-manageability features in the scope of Future Internet's (FI) deployment. Apart from the strategic importance for further evolution, we also discuss some major future challenges among which is the option for an effective network management (NM),
Autonomicity, cognitive networks, Future Internet (FI), network manageability, Network Management (NM), self-configuration, self-manageability, self management, situation awareness (SA.
1 Introduction Moving Towards the Future Internet There is an extensive consensus that the Internet, as one of the most critical infrastructures of the 21st century, can critically affect traditional regulatory theories as*Corresponding Author. 278 I. P. Chochliouros, A s. Spiliopoulou,
as the future of the Internet comes into consideration, in parallel with the appearance and/or the development of modern infrastructures,
even greater challenges appear, with many concerns relevant to privacy, security and governance and with a diversity of issues related to Internet's effectiveness and inclusive character.
higher speeds and improved interactivity through the launch of many interactive media-and contentbased applications 2. Nevertheless, such claims necessitate a more secure, reliable, scalable and easily manageable Internet architecture.
If well deployed, the Internet of the future can bring novelty, productivity gains, new markets and growth.
Furthermore, the Internet underpins the whole global economy. The diversity and sheer number of applications and business models supported by the Internet have affected also largely its nature and structure (3
4). The Future Internet (FI) will not be more of the same, but rather appropriate entities incorporating new technologies on a large scale that can unleash novel classes of applications
and related business models 5. If today's Internet is a crucial element of our economy,
FI will play an even more vital role in every conceivable business process. It will become the productivity tool par excellence.
so called Future Internet initiatives around the world working on defining and implementing a new architecture for the Internet intended to overcome existing limitations mostly in the area of networking (6,
7). The complexity of the FI, bringing together large communities of stakeholders and expertise, requires a structured mechanism to avoid fragmentation of efforts
and Internet services 8. The European union (EU) is actually a potential leader in the FI sector 9. Leveraging FI technologies through their use in smart infrastructures offer the opportunity to boost European competitiveness
and Self management Features in Modern Network Design The face of the Internet is continually changing,
The current Internet has been founded on a basic architectural premise that is: a simple network service can be used as a universal means Enhanced Network Self-Manageability in the Scope of Future Internet Development 279 to interconnect intelligent end systems 13.
Thus, it is centred on the network layer being capable of dynamically selecting a path from the originating source of a packet to its ultimate destination, with no guarantees of packet delivery or traffic characteristics.
thus allowing Internet to reach an impressive scale in terms of interconnected devices. However, while the scale has reached not yet its limits
It is now a common belief that current Internet is reaching both its architectural capability
x) Self-awareness capabilities to support Enhanced Network Self-Manageability in the Scope of Future Internet Development 281 objectives of minimizing system life-cycle costs and energy footprints;(
Suitable systems with communication and computational capabilities can be integrated into the fabric of the Internet,
The present Internet model is based on clear separation of concerns between protocol layers, with intelligence moved to the edges,
and networking techniques without neglecting the advantages of current Internet. Among the core drivers for the FI are increased reliability, enhanced services, more flexibility,
security, reliability and Enhanced Network Self-Manageability in the Scope of Future Internet Development 283 robustness.
FI design is required to provide answers to a number of current Internet's deficits, especially when the danger of increased complexity is more than evident.
allowing an ever-evolving Internet. Towards realizing this aim, Self-NET considers that a DC-SNM
Enhanced Network Self-Manageability in the Scope of Future Internet Development 285 3 Challenges and Benefits for the Market Sector The implementation-inclusion of suitable cognitive techniques/systems
Enhanced Network Self-Manageability in the Scope of Future Internet Development 287 4 Experimental Results for Network Coverage and Optimization In current practice, wireless network planning is a difficult
this is Enhanced Network Self-Manageability in the Scope of Future Internet Development 289 0. 000 5. 000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000 35.000 40.000
wireless, fixed and IP networks), taking into consideration the next generation Internet environment and the convergence perspective.
The present work has been composed n the context of the Self-NET (Self management of Cognitive Future Internet Elements) European Research Project
Communication on A Public-Private Partnership on the Future Internet. European commission, Brussels (2009) 2. Chochliouros,
The International Journal on Electronic Markets and Business Media 8 (2), 3 8 (1998) 4. Future Internet Assembly (FIA:
Real world Internet (2009), http://rwi. future-internet. eu/index. php/Position paper 5. Afuah, A.,Tucci, C. L.:
Internet Business models and Strategies: Text and Cases. Mcgraw-hill, New york (2000) 6. European Future Internet portal (2010), http://www. future-internet. eu/Enhanced Network Self-Manageability in the Scope of Future Internet
Development 291 7. Blumenthal, M. S.,Clark, D d.:Rethinking the Design of the Internet: The End-to-end Arguments vs. the Brave New world.
ACM Trans. on Internet Techn. 1 (1), 70 109 (2001) 8. Commission of the European communities:
Communication on The Future EU 2020 Strategy. European commission, Brussels (2009) 9. Tselentis, G.,Domingue, L.,Galis, A.,Gavras, A.,et al.:
Towards the Future Internet-A European Research Perspective. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2009) 10. Organization for Economic Co-operation Development (OECD:
The Seoul Declaration for the Future of the Internet Economy. OECD, Paris, France (2008) 11.
Communication on Future Networks and the Internet. European commission, Brussels (2008) 13. Galis, A.,Brunner, M.,Abramowitz, H.:
MANA Position Paper-Management and Service-Aware Networking Architecture (MANA) for Future Internet/Draft 5. 0 (2008) 14.
Evolution and Structure of the Internet: A Statistical Physics Approach. Cambridge university Press, Cambridge (2004) 16.
Future Generation Internet Architecture (Final Technical Report. The US Air force Research Laboratory (2003) 19. Chochliouros, I. P.,Spiliopoulou, A s.,Georgiadou, E.,Belesioti, M.,et al.:
A Model for Autonomic Network Management in the Scope of the Future Internet. In: Proceedings of the 48th FITCE International Congress, FITCE, Prague, Czech republic, pp. 102 106 (2009) 20.
Future Internet Elements: Cognition and Self management Design Issues. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Autonomic Computing and Communication systems, pp. 1 6 (2008) 21.
Technological Enablers of Cognition in Self-Manageable Future Internet Elements. In: Proceedings of The First International Conference on Advanced Cognitive Technologies and Applications COGNITIVE 2009, pp. 499 504.
Architectural Principles for Synergy of Self management and Future internet Evolutions. In: Proceedings of the ICT Mobile Summit 2009, pp. 1 8. IMC Ltd, Dublin (2009) 23.
System Deployment Scenarios and Use Cases for Cognitive Management of Future Internet Elements (2008), https://www. ict-selfnet. eu/24.
Self management in Future Internet Wireless Networks: Dynamic Resource Allocation and Traffic Routing for Multi-Service Provisioning.
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 293 306,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Efficient Opportunistic Network Creation in the Context of Future Internet Andreas Georgakopoulos, Kostas Tsagkaris, Vera Stavroulaki,
and Panagiotis Demestichas University of Piraeus, Department of Digital Systems, 80, Karaoli and Dimitriou Street, 18534 Piraeus, Greece {andgeorg, ktsagk, veras, pdemest}@ unipi. gr
In the future internet era, mechanisms for extending the coverage of the wireless access infrastructure and service provisioning to locations that cannot be served otherwise
Opportunistic Networks, Node Selection, Coverage Extension, Capacity Extension, Future Internet. 1 Introduction The emerging wireless world will be part of the Future Internet (FI.
Efficient Opportunistic Network Creation in the Context of Future Internet 295 Fig. 1. The emerging cognitive wireless world In 5, the selection and navigation of mobile sensor nodes
Efficient Opportunistic Network Creation in the Context of Future Internet 297 3. 2 ON Creation The next phase of the ON lifecycle is the ON creation.
Efficient Opportunistic Network Creation in the Context of Future Internet 299 Access providers are benefited from the fact that more users can be supported
The Efficient Opportunistic Network Creation in the Context of Future Internet 301 matrix contains the three factors (i e. energy
On the other hand, there is a tendency Efficient Opportunistic Network Creation in the Context of Future Internet 303 of significantly lower delivery rates as the message size increases to 1000 and 1500 kilobytes.
and a variable message size ranging from 500 kilobytes to 1000 kilobytes Efficient Opportunistic Network Creation in the Context of Future Internet 305 0 0. 51 1. 52 2
and Future Work This work presents the efficient ON creation in the context of Future Internet.
An Architecture for a Sustainable Future Internet Pascale Vicat-Blanc1, Sergi Figuerola2, Xiaomin Chen4, Giada Landi5, Eduard Escalona10, Chris Develder3, Anna Tzanakaki6, Yuri
Over the years, the Internet has become a central tool for society. The extent of its growth and usage raises critical issues associated with its design principles that need to be addressed before it reaches its limits.
As a huge energy consumer, the Internet also needs to be energyconscious. Applications critical for society and business (e g.,
, health, finance) or for real-time communication demand a highly reliable, robust and secure Internet. Finally, the future Internet needs to support sustainable business models,
in order to drive innovation, competition, and research. Combining optical network technology with Cloud technology is key to addressing the future Internet/Cloud challenges.
In this con-J. Domingue et al. Eds.):) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 307 320,2011. c The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. 308 P. Vicat-Blanc et al. text,
we propose an integrated approach: realizing the convergence of the IT -and optical-network-provisioning models will help bring revenues to all the actors involved in the value chain.
Premium advanced network and IT managed services integrated with the vanilla Internet will ensure a sustainable future Internet/Cloud enabling demanding and ubiquitous applications to coexist.
Future Internet, Virtualization, Dynamic Provisioning, Virtual Infrastructures, Convergence, Iaas, Optical Network, Cloud 1 Introduction Over the years, the Internet has become a central tool for society.
The Internet's infrastructure is essentially an interconnection of several heterogeneous networks called Autonomous Systems that are interconnected with network equipment called gateways or routers.
The current Internet has become an ubiquitous commodity to provide communication services to the ultimate consumers:
The Internet's architecture assumes that routers are stateless and the entire network is neutral.
etc. the Internet is currently providing a rich environment for social networking and collaboration and for emerging Cloud-based applications such as Amazon's EC2,
The Cloud technologies are emerging as a new provisioning model 2. Cloud stands for ondemand access to IT hardware or software resources over the Internet.
but treat the Internet as always available, without constraints and absolutely reliable, which is yet to be achieved.
With the increase in bandwidth-hungry applications, it is just a matter of time before the Internet's architecture reaches its limits.
The new Internet's architecture should propose solutions for Qos provisioning, management and control, enabling a highly flexible usage of the Internet resources to meet bursty demands.
If the Internet's architecture is redesigned not, not only mission-critical or business applications in the Cloud will suffer,
but even conventional Internet's users will be affected by the uncontrolled traffic or business activity over it.
what has made the enormous success of the Internet: the robustness brought by the datagram building block and the end-to-end principle
we propose to improve the current Internet's architecture with the advanced control and management plane that should improve the integration of both new optical transport network technologies
and the virtualization paradigm with dynamic network provisioning as a way towards such a sustainable future Internet.
The proposed architecture for the future Internet will provide a basis for the convergence of networks optical networks in particular with the Clouds while respecting the basic operational principles of today's Internet.
The rest of this chapter exposes the main challenges to be addressed by the future Internet's architecture,
and exploitation of this architecture. 2 Challenges There are various challenges that are driving today's Internet to the limit,
which in turn have to be addressed by the future Internet's architecture. We consider the following six challenges as priorities:
But today, these applications cannot use the Internet because of the fair-sharing principle and the basic routing approach.
which is a challenge in today's best-effort Internet. Indeed, IT resources are processing data that should be transferred from the user's premises or from the data repository to the computing resources.
the communication model offered by the Internet may break the hope for fully-transparent remote access and outsourcing.
IT and network should be provisioned in a coordinated way in the future Internet. 3. Deal with the unpredictability and burstiness of traffic:
The increasing popularity of video applications over the Internet causes the traffic to be unpredictable in the networks.
and applications on the Internet will be more and more sporadic: the network effect amplifies reactions. Therefore, the future Internet needs to provide mechanisms that facilitate elasticity of resources provisioning with the aim to face sporadic,
seasonal or unpredictable demands. 4. Make the network energy-aware: It is reported in the literature 10,
and this percentage is expected to rapidly grow over the next few years following the growth of the Internet.
Therefore, as a significant contributor to the overall energy consumption of the planet, the Internet needs to be energy-conscious.
The current Internet's service paradigm allows service providers to authenticate resources in provider domains
the proposed architecture introduces the three basic concepts featured by the future Internet: The Virtual Infrastructure concept and its operational model as a fundamental approach to enable the on-demand infrastructure services provisioning with guaranteed performance
As stated above, optical network technologies are among the key components for the future Internet.
hence addressing challenge#1. IT resources comprise another important category of future Internet shared resources aggregated in large-scale data centers and providing high computational and storage capacities.
Our goal is to address the six most critical challenges the Internet has to face urgently to support emerging disruptive applications
The design philosophy of the DARPA internet protocols. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 18,106 114 (1988), doi:
Why the Internet only just works. BT Technology Journal 24,119 129 (2006), doi: 10.1007/s10550-006-0084-z 7. Koslovski, G.,Vicat-Blanc Primet, P.,Char ao, A s.:
The next Generation Internet, E-business, and E-everything, http://www. aaas. org/spp/rd/ch20. pdf 10.
Future Internet Areas: Services Part VI: Future Internet Areas: Services 323 Introduction The global economy can be characterised under three main sectors.
The primary sector involves transforming natural resources into primary products which then form the raw materials for other industries1.
The Internet of Services is concerned with the creation of a layer within the Future Internet
and technical solutions created under the Internet of Services umbrella. Firstly there is a need to support the needs of businesses in the area.
The Future Internet will be comprised of a large number of heterogeneous components and systems which need to be linked and integrated.
a second driving requirement for the Internet of Services is to provide a uniform conduit between the Future Internet architectural elements through service-based interfaces.
Architectural within a new global communications infrastructure there is a need to determine how a service layer would fit into an overall Future Internet architecture.
Future Internet Areas: Services and semi-automated approaches to service discovery, composition, mediation and invocation.
The ability to trade IT-services as an economic good is seen as a core feature of the Internet of Services.
SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet the authors discuss this in relation to Service Level Agreements (SLAS. In particular they claim a requirement for a holistic view of SLAS enabling their management through the whole service lifecycle:
An SLA management framework is outlined as a proposal for handling SLAS in the future Internet. Evidence supporting the claims is provided through experiences in four industrial case studies in the areas of:
Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet an ontology based approach is taken combined with a simplification of the network layer structure
which replaces several network layers with ontologies providing the foundations for an Autonomic Internet. Linked Data is the Semantic web in its simplest form
so that other resources can be discovered. 6 See http://www. internet-of-services. com/index. php?
Future Internet Areas: Services 325 Given the growing take-up of Linked Data for sharing information on the Web at large scale there has begun a discussion on the relationship between this technology and the Future Internet.
In particular, the Future Internet Assemblies in Ghent and Budapest both contained sessions on Linked Data.
The final chapter in this section Domingue et al. Fostering a Relationship Between Linked Data and the Internet of Services discusses the relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services.
Specifically, the chapter outlines an approach which includes a lightweight ontology and a set of supporting tools.
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 327 338,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet1 Joe Butler1, Juan Lambea2, Michael Nolan1, Wolfgang Theilmann3, Francesco Torelli4
Furthermore, we propose an SLA management framework that can become a core element for managing SLAS in the future Internet.
The service paradigm is a core principle for the Future Internet which supports integration, interrelation and inter-working of its architectural elements.
Besides being the constituting building block of the so-called Internet of Services, the paradigm equally applies to the Internet of things and the underlying technology cloud platform below.
We propose an SLA management framework that offers a core element for managing SLAS in the future Internet.
SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet 329 The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Chapter 2 introduces our reference architecture for an SLA management framework.
Chapter 3 discusses the adoption of the framework, within the Future Internet but also in general System Management environments.
First we provide a sketch on how the architecture can be applied to the Future Internet.
SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet 331 3. 1 Adoption Considerations for the Future Internet The SLA management framework architecture can easily be applied to different Future Internet scenarios.
and networking resources, to sensor-like resources in the Internet of things, to services in the Internet of Services,
Assuming to have Manageability Agents for the relevant artefacts in the future Internet, a management environment consisting of SLA
and connected as needed according to the requirements of the involved value chain stakeholders in the respective Future Internet scenario.
run time adjustment decisions on workload migration SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet 333 for efficiency,
and a demo video are available at 7. SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet 335 6 Use Case Service Aggregation The main aim of the Service Aggregation use case is the service
-enabling of core Telco services and their addition with services from third parties (as Internet, infrastructure, media or content services).
In the new ecosystems of Future internet of services the key will be the exporting and interconnection of services between different parties.
SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet 337 From the technical point of view, one of the main challenges of this use case has been the modelling of human-provided services,
Further details on this use case are available at 9. 8 Conclusions Service level agreements are a crucial element to support the emerging Future Internet
We explained a generalpurpose SLA management framework that can become a core element for managing SLAS in the future Internet.
Use Case research will tackle additional scenarios, especially relevant for the Future Internet. Last, we plan to open up our development activities via an Open source Project.
Journal of Internet Engineering 4 (1)( 2010), http://www. jie-online. org/ojs/index. php/jie/issue/view/8 3. Miller, B.:
egovernment Use Case, http://sla-at-soi. eu/research/focus-areas/use-case-e-government/Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet Eduardo Santos1
and collaborate with Future Internet researches, like the Autonomic Internet. Keywords: Future Internet, Network Ontology, Post TCP IP, Services Introduction In recent years it has been remarkable the Internet advancement in throughput and the development of different services and application features.
Many of these are supported by the TCP IP protocols architecture, however, the intermediate layers based on the protocols IP, TCP, UDP and SCTP were developed more than 30 years ago,
when the Internet was used just for a limited number of hosts and with a few services support.
Despite the development of the Internet and its wonderful flexibility and adaptability, there were no significant improvements in its Network and Transport layers
resulting in a communication gap between layers 7, 8. Integration of services and networks is an emerging key feature in the future Internet
and there are a lot of studies, proposals and discussions over questions related to a network able of supporting the current and Future Internet communication challenges.
Some of these studies are related to: EFII, FIA, FIRE, FIND, GENI and other groups. Some of these groups are very expressive, for example FIRE,
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 339 350,2011. c The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. 340 E. Santos et al.
Considering the possibilities for improvements in the current TCP IP architecture with collaboration for the Future Internet, this work is focused in one alternative to the TCP IP protocols, at layers 3 and 4,
Another aspect that can be placed in the context of the Future Internet is the use of ontology in networks.
Therefore, working with an ontological view over the Network and Transport layers has proved a promising object of research. 1. 1 Ontological Layers Representation The use of ontology at the intermediate layers permits the Internet Application
It is responsible to support the Data link communication to guarantee the correct delivery Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet 341 of data transfer between links.
with examples of some Future Internet works that can be integrated with this approach at the intermediate layers.
Vissers'position also does sense for some current and Future Internet proposals by the separation of the internal complexities of each layer
One example of the FINLAN ontology use in the future Internet research area is the possibility to support the AUTOI Functional Components communication with (and between) the network elements.
="Thing"/>Subclassof><Subclassof><Class IRI="#Service"/>Class IRI="#Entity"/>Subclassof>Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet 343 This work shows how FINLAN can contribute with Future Internet researches (using Autoi
as these studies and results are presented in some of our previous works 4 10,16. 2 Contributions to the Future Internet Works The FINLAN project has adherence with some current efforts in the future Internet research area,
Attempting to the alignment with some Future Internet groups proposals, the next section extends possible collaborations that may be implemented in an integrated way with some works.
delivery guarantee, Qos, security and others. 2. 1 Collaboration to the Autoi Planes One of the Autonomic Internet project expectations is to support the needs of virtual infrastructure management to obtain self management
and Networks in the future Internet 345 the number of interactions between the context sources and the context clients, diminishing the network effort in some cases.
Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet 347 In this proposal, the objects Media, Rules, Behaviour, Relations and Characteristics,
Individual>3 Integration between Services and Networks This section describes how to integrate this project in collaboration with others Future Internet works,
and can not be disregarded to the future of the Internet infrastructure. Autoi modules connections are performed in well defined form using connection handlers or similar classes that uses TCP IP sockets.
and DL-ontology layers presented in Fig. 1. This expands the semantic possibilities for the Autoi planes, through the intermediate layers of the networks in the future Internet,
the communication Fig. 4. Overview of FINLAN Library Implementation Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet 349 is ready to be established,
since the methods proposed would be available at the operating system level. 4 Conclusions This paper has presented the FINLAN ontology works in a collaboration perspective with some Future Internet projects.
It was showed how to integrate FINLAN with Future Internet projects, taking Autoi as example, and how the ontological approach can be applied to Future Internet works like monitoring
and content-centric Internet. Future work will implement the FINLAN ontology at the Linux kernel level
and run performance and scalability experiments with different Future Internet projects open implementations. Further work also will do the extension of the scope of the ontological representation,
by modeling the behavior of FINLAN to support requirements in contribution with different Future Internet projects.
We strongly believe that meeting services and networks through the reduction of network layers and
Moreover, we expect that ontological approaches can help to build a Future Internet with its real challenges, requirements and new paradigms.
Also to thank the efforts to gather on the state-of-the-art of the Future Internet. Open Access.
Monitoring Service Clouds in the future Internet. In: Towards the Future Internet-Emerging Trends from European Research, p. 115 (2010) 2 FIRE:
FIRE White paper (Aug. 2009), http://www. ict-fireworks. eu/fileadmin/documents/FIRE WHITE PAPER 2009 V3. 1. pdf 350 E. Santos et al. 3 Galis, A.,Denazis
Management Architecture and Systems for Future Internet. In: Towards the Future Internet-A European Research Perspective, p. 112 (2009) 4 Malva, G r.,Dias, E. C.,Oliveira, B c.,Pereira, J. H. S
.,Kofuji, S. T.,Rosa, P. F.:Implementa¸c ao do Protocolo FINLAN. In: 8th International Information and Telecommunication Technologies Symposium (2009) 5 Pereira, F. S f.,Santos, E s.,Pereira, J. H. S.,Rosa, P. F
FINLAN Packet Delivery Proposal in a Next Generation Internet. In: IEEE International Conference on Networking and Services, p. 32 (2010) 7 Pereira, J. H. S.,Kofuji, S. T.,Rosa, P. F.:
Horizontal Address Ontology in Internet Architecture. In: IEEE/IFIP New Technologies, Mobility and Security Conference (2009) 9 Pereira, J. H. S.,Kofuji, S. T.,Rosa, P. F.:
Horizontal Addressing by Title in a Next Generation Internet. In: IEEE International Conference on Networking and Services, p. 7 (2010) 10 Pereira, J. H. S.,Pereira, F. S f.,Santos, E s.,Rosa, P. F
Horizontal Address by Title in the Internet Architecture. In: 8th International Information and Telecommunication Technologies Symposium (2009) 11 Pereira, J. H. S.,Santos, E s.,Pereira, F. S f.,Rosa, P. F
Design for Future Internet Service Infrastructures. In: Towards the Future Internet-A European Research Perspective, p. 227 (2009) 13 Rubio-Loyola, J.,Astorga, A.,Serrat, J.,Chai, W. K.,Mamatas, L
.,Galis, A.,Clayman, S.,Cheniour, A.,Lefevre, L.,et al.:Platforms and Software systems for an Autonomic Internet.
In: IEEE Global Communications Conference (2010) 14 Rubio-Loyola, J.,Astorga, A.,Serrat, J.,Lefevre, L.,Cheniour, A.,Muldowney, D.,Davy, S.,Galis
Manageability of Future Internet Virtual Networks from a Practical Viewpoint. In: Towards the Future Internet-Emerging Trends from European Research, p. 105 (2010) 15 Rubio-Loyola, J.,Serrat, J.,Astorga, A.,Chai, W. K.,Galis
, A.,Clayman, S.,Mamatas, L.,Abid, M.,Koumoutsos, G.:et al.:Autonomic Internet Framework Deliverable D6. 3. Final Results of the Autonomici Approach.
Autoi Project (2010) 16 Santos, E s.,Pereira, F. S f.,Pereira, J. H. S.,Rosa, P. F.,Kofuji, S. T.:
Towards a Content-Centric Internet. In: Towards the Future Internet-Emerging Trends from European Research, p. 227 (2010) J. Domingue et al.
Eds.):) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 351 364,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services John Domingue1, Carlos Pedrinaci1, Maria Maleshkova1, Barry Norton2,
and Reto Krummenacher3 1 Knowledge Media Institute, The Open university, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK6 7aa UK {j. b. domingue, c. pedrinaci, m
. maleshkova}@ open. ac. uk 2 Karlsruhe Institute of technology, Karlsruhe, Germany barry. norton@aifb. uni-karlsruhe. de 3 Semantic Technology Institute, University
and the Internet of Services which we have been exploring recently. The Internet of Services provides a mechanism for combining elements of a Future Internet through standardized service interfaces at multiple levels of granularity.
Linked Data is a lightweight mechanism for sharing data at web-scale which we believe can facilitate the management and use of service-based components within global networks.
Linked Data, Internet of Services, Linked Services 1 Introduction The Future Internet is a fairly recent EU initiative
An overarching goal of the Future Internet is that the new platform should meet Europe's economic and societal needs.
The Internet of Services is seen as a core component of the Future Internet: The Future Internet is polymorphic infrastructure,
where the boundaries between silo systems are changing and blending and where the emphasis is on the integration, interrelationships and interworking of the architectural elements through new service-based interfaces.
From a Future Internet perspective a combination of service-orientation and Linked Data provides possibilities for supporting the integration, interrelationship and interworking of Future Internet components in a partially automated fashion through the extensive use of machine
From an Internet of Services perspective, Linked Data with its relatively simple formal representations and inbuilt support for easy access and connectivity provides a set of mechanisms supporting interoperability between services.
and interlinked with, Linked Data is complementary to SAP's Unified Service Description Language2 5, within their proposed Internet of Services framework3,
and service principles for the Future Internet. 2 Linked Data The Web of Data is based upon four simple principles,
so that they can discover more things. 1 http://developer. zemanta. com/2 http://www. internet-of-services. com/index. php?
id=288&l=0 3 http://www. internet-of-services. com/index. php? id=260&l=0 Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services 353 RDF (Resource Description Framework) is a simple data model for semantically describing resources on the Web.
Binary properties interlink terms forming a directed graph. These terms as well as the properties are described by using URIS.
and the Internet of Services 355 4 Linked Services The advent of the Web of Data together with the rise of Web 2 0 technologies and social principles constitute, in our opinion,
and the Internet of Services 357 Fig. 3. Conceptual model for services used by iserve As it can be seen in Figure 3,
. kmi. open. ac. uk/soa4all-studio/consumption-platform/rs4all/Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services 359 In summary,
and http://dbpedia. org/resource/Innsbruck airport, respectively. 21 http://www. linkedopenservices. org/services/geo/geonames/weather/Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services
and our extensions can be generalized to the Internet of Services That is, to scenarios where services sit within a generic Internet platform rather than on the Web.
These principles are: Global unique naming and addressing scheme-services and resources consumed and produced by services should be subject to a global unique naming and addressing scheme.
which should have a distinct endpoint available on the Internet, through which they can be invoked using standard protocols.
Following from the above we believe that the Future Internet will benefit greatly from a coherent approach
More generally, we expect to see lightweight semantics appearing throughout the new global communications platform which is emerging through the Future Internet work
http://www. soa4all. eu/Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services 363 Open Access.
Towards a Unified Service Description Language for the Internet of Services: Requirements and First Developments.
Future Internet Symposium, October 2010, pp. 68 77.14. Norton, B.,Krummenacher, R.:Consuming Dynamic Linked Data.
IEEE Internet Computing 12 (5), 13 15 (2008) 16. Phuoc, D. L.,Polleres, A.,Hauswirth, M.,Tummarello, G.,Morbidoni, C.:
Future Internet Areas: Content Part VII: Future Internet Areas: Content 367 Introduction One of the major enablers for the evolution to the Future Internet will be the huge volumes of multimedia content.
The new, powerful, low-cost and user friendly capturing devices (e g. mobile phones, digital cameras, IP networked cameras) supported by new multimedia authoring tools will significantly increase the user generated content.
On the other hand, new media sensor networks and tele-immersion applications will further increase the use of automatic generated content.
As a result, the Internet as we know it today will be challenged and a r) evolution towards Media Internet will be initiated.
The Media Internet is defined as the Future Internet variation which supports professional and novice content producers
and is at the crossroads of digital multimedia content and Internet technologies. It encompasses two main aspects:
Media being delivered through Internet networking technologies (including hybrid technologies) and Media being generated, consumed, shared and experienced on the Web.
The Media Internet is evolving to support novel user experiences such as immersive environments including sensorial experiences beyond video
and audio (engaging all the human senses including smell, taste and haptics) that are adaptable to the user, the networks and the provisioned services.
techniques and technologies which may pave the way for a Future Media Internet. First of all, the Future Media Internet should be based on network architectures that can deal with content as a native type
and for this reason the content oriented network architectures for multimedia content delivery will produce a major revolution in the way that content is processed
and delivered though the Internet. One particular case concerns content distributed through hybrid and heterogeneous network architectures,
e g. hybrid broadcast and Internet delivery enhancing the immersive experience of the user beyond the classical digital TV interactivity.
Second, enhancing media encoding technologies is required for the Internet with the objective to maintain the overall integrity,
and also optimize the quality of experience over the Internet. Third one of the areas where high investment in research has taken place in recent years is related to the multimedia and multimodal search and retrieval of multimedia objects over the Internet.
Last but not least, collaborative platforms for the experimentation of socially augmented and mixed reality applications are needed to produce advanced applications for the users,
Future Internet Areas: Content texts, and second to share and deliver his/her own audiovisual content dynamically, seamlessly,
media encoding technologies for the Internet, the objective of the chapter Scalable and Adaptable Media Coding Techniques for Future Internet discusses SVC (Scalable Video Coding)
and MDC (Multiple Description Coding) techniques along with the real experience of the authors of SVC/MDC over P2p networks
and emphasizes their pertinence in Future Media Internet initiatives in order to decipher potential challenges. For the third point
multimodal and multimedia search and retrieval in the future Internet, the chapter Semantic Context Inference in Multimedia Search reviews the latest advances in semantic context inference,
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 369 380,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Media Ecosystems:
Future Internet, Multimedia Distribution, Content Awareness, Network Awareness, Content/Service Adaptation, Quality of Experience, Quality of Services, Service Composition, Content-Aware Network
Network neutrality has been the foundational principle of the Internet, albeit today is revisited by service providers,
as a mean for quality provision and profit, to allow sustainable new forms of multimedia communications with an increasing importance in the future Internet.
and studies are dedicated currently to (re) define the directions which the Future Internet development should follow.
9. The virtualisation as a powerful tool to overcome the Internet ossification by creating overlays is discussed in 10-11.
Figure 2 depicts an example to illustrate the principle of Internet parallelization based on VCANS, with focus on the classification process performed at ingress MANES.
User-Centric Future Internet and Telecommunication Services. In: Tselentis, G.,et al. eds.)) Towards the Future Internet, pp. 217 226.
IOS Press, Amsterdam (2009) 4. Schönwälder, J.,et al.:Future Internet=Content+Services+Management. IEEE Communications Magazine 47 (7), 27 33 (2009) 5. Zahariadis, T.,et al.:
Content Adaptation Issues in the future Internet. In: Tselentis, G.,et al. eds.)) Towards the Future Internet, pp. 283 292.
IOS Press, Amsterdam (2009) 6. Huszák, Á.,Imre, S.:Content-aware Interface Selection Method for Multi-Path Video Streaming in Best-effort Networks.
In: Proc. of 16th International Conference on Telecommunications, Marrakech, Morocco, Jul. 2009, pp. 196 201 (2009) 7. Liberal, F.,et al.:
Qoe and*-awareness in the future Internet. In: Tselentis, G.,et al. eds.)) Towards the Future Internet, pp. 293 302.
IOS Press, Amsterdam (2009) 8. Martini, M. G.,et al.:Content Adaptive Network Aware Joint Optimization of Wireless Video Transmission.
Context-Aware Systems and Implications for Future Internet. In: Tselentis, G.,et al. eds.)) Towards the Future Internet, pp. 335 344.
IOS Press, Amsterdam (2009) 10. Anderson, T.,et al.:Overcoming the Internet Impasse through Virtualization. Computer 38 (4), 34 41 (2005) 11.
Chowdhury, N m.,Boutaba, R.:Network Virtualization: State of the art and Research Challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine 47 (7), 20 26 (2009) 12.
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 381 389,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Scalable and Adaptable Media Coding Techniques for Future Internet Naeem Ramzan and Ebroul Izquierdo School of Electronic
Engineering and Computer science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile end, London E1 4ns, United kingdom {Naeem.
High quality multimedia contents can distribute in a flexible, efficient and personalized way through dynamic and heterogeneous environments in Future Internet.
and MDC techniques along with the real experience of the authors of SVC/MDC over P2p networks and emphasizes their pertinence in Future Media Internet initiatives
Scalable video coding, multiple description coding, P2p distribution. 1 Introduction Future Media Internet will entail to distribute
Multimedia content over internet are becoming a well-liked application due to users'growing demand of multimedia content and extraordinary growth of network technologies.
In particular for video streaming, over the Internet are becoming popular due to the widespread deployment of broadband access.
In customary video streaming techniques the client-server model and the usage of Content Distribution Networks (CDN) along with IP multicast were the most desirable solutions to support media streaming over internet.
which is common in best-effort networks such as the Internet, will not interrupt the reproduction of the stream
The eventual objective of employing SVC/MDC in Future Internet is to maximize the end-users'quality of experience (Qoe) for the delivered multimedia content by selecting an appropriate combination of the temporal, spatial and quality parameters for each client
and MDC source coding techniques in section 2 and 3. Section 4 describes how to adapt SVC for P2p distribution for Future Internet.
3d Scalable and Adaptable Media Coding Techniques for Future Internet 383 wavelet 1 and hybrid video coding 2 techniques.
the resulting data are mapped into the scalable stream in the Scalable and Adaptable Media Coding Techniques for Future Internet 385 bit-stream organisation module,
unless all of them have Fig. 3. Sliding window for scalable video Scalable and Adaptable Media Coding Techniques for Future Internet 387 already been downloaded.
Thus, additional redundancy introduced by using MDC over internet need to be evaluated carefully. Fig. 5. An example of multiple description using scalable video coding A simple way to generate multiple descriptions using scalable video coding is to distribute the enhancement layer NAL units to separate descriptions.
Scalable and Adaptable Media Coding Techniques for Future Internet 389 MDC over SVC is that the receiver/client can make a reproduction of the video
Internet. These coding schemes provide natural robustness and scalability to media streaming over heterogeneous networks.
The amalgamation of SVC/MDC and P2p are likely to accomplish some of the Future Media Internet challenges.
At last, we persuade Future Internet initiatives to take into contemplation these techniques when defining new protocols for ground-breaking services and applications.
Such techniques form a key approach to supporting efficient multimedia content management and search in the Internet.
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 391 400,2011. c The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. 392 Q. Zhang
Future Internet Applications Part VIII: Future Internet Applications 403 Introduction The Future Internet is grounded in the technological infrastructure for advanced networks and applications.
It constitutes a complex and dynamic system and societal phenomenon; it comprises the processes of innovation,
Research on the Future Internet therefore includes the development, piloting and validation of high-value applications in domains such as healthcare, energy, transport, utilities, manufacturing and finance.
Increasingly, research and innovation on the Future Internet such as envisaged in the future Internet PPP programme forms part of a diverse, dynamic and increasingly open Future Internet innovation-ecosystem, where different stakeholders such as researchers
In the field of Future Internet application areas, several research and innovation topics are emerging for the next years.
In particular, there is a need to explore the opportunities provided by Future Internet technologies in various business
The Future Internet should provide enterprises a new set of capabilities, enabling them to innovate through flexibility
Combinations of Future Internet technologies are needed to deliver maximum value and these combinations require the federation and integration of appropriate software building blocks.
High-value Future Internet applications are also foreseen in the domain of living, healthcare, and energy.
Future Internet Applications ters which are prominent targets for energy efficiency. The second includes solutions allowing for energy management and reduction of the overall energy consumption.
and facilitated by Internet-based applications and infrastructures based on common platforms. Therefore, cities and urban environments are facing challenges to maintain
when it comes to shaping the demand for advanced Internet-based services. The living labs approach which comprises open
and user driven innovation in large-scale real-life settings opens up a promising opportunity to enrich the experimentally-driven research approach as currently adopted in the future Internet community.
The first chapter Future Internet Enterprise Systems: a Flexible Architectural Approach for Innovation discusses how emerging paradigms,
and is accelerated by new and innovative development methods and architectures of Future Internet Enterprise Systems.
where computational elements referred to as Future Internet Enterprise Resources will directly act and evolve according to what exists in the real world.
The chapter Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet discusses the Greenstar Network (GSN
Future Internet Applications 405 The third chapter Smart Cities and Future Internet: towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation elaborates the concept of smart cities as environments of open
In order to exploit the opportunities of services enabled by the Future Internet for smart cities, there is a need to clarify the way how living lab innovation methods,
user communities and Future Internet experimentation approaches and testbed facilities constitute a common set of resources.
The fourth chapter Smart Cities at the forefront of the Future Internet presents an example of city-scale platform architecture for utilizing innovative Internet of things technologies to enhance the quality of life of citizens.
and at the service level, where the platform can be used to interconnect with different Internet of Services testbeds,
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 407 418,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Future Internet Enterprise Systems:
A Flexible Architectural Approach for Innovation Daniela Angelucci, Michele Missikoff, and Francesco Taglino Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica A. Ruberti Viale Manzoni 30,
Future Internet and Saas (Software-as-a-service), is leading the area of enterprise systems to a progressive, significant transformation process.
This process will be accelerated by the advent of FINES (Future Internet Enterprise System) research initiatives, where different scientific disciplines converge,
according to the different articulations that Future Internet Systems (FIS) are assuming, to achieve the Future Internet Enterprise Systems (FINES).
In particular, this paper foresees a progressive implementation of a rich, complex, articulated digital world that reflects the real business world,
where computational elements, referred to as FINER (Future Internet Enterprise Resources), will directly act and evolve according to what exists in the real world.
Future Internet, Future Enterprise Systems, component-based software engineering, COTS, SOA, MAS, smart objects, FINES, FINER. 1 Introduction In recent years, software
and F. Taglino (Future Internet Enterprise Systems) Research Roadmap1, a study carried out in the context of the European commission,
This movement is facilitated further by the evolution of infrastructures and technologies, starting from Cloud computing and Future Internet,
Future Internet, Web 2. 0, Semantic web, Cloud computing, Saas, Social media, and similar emerging forms of distributed, open computing will push forward new forms of innovation such as,
and advanced graphical user 1 http://cordis. europa. eu/fp7/ict/enet/documents/task-forces/research-roadmap/Future Internet Enterprise Systems 409
The second grand research challenge concerns the architecture of the Future Internet Enterprise Systems (FINES) that need to deeply change with respect to
pushed by the new solutions offered in the future Internet Systems (FIS) field. In particular, we may mention:
the Internet of Services (Ios), Internet of things (Iot) and smart objects, Internet of Knowledge (Iok), Internet of People (Iop.
(and outside) an enterprise will have a digital image (a sort of‘avatar')that has been referred to as Future Internet Enterprise Resource (FINER) in the FINES Research Roadmap.
On the other side, the spread of the Internet technologies and the rising of new communication paradigms, has encouraged the development of loosely coupled and highly interoperable software architectures through the spread of the Service-Oriented approach,
typically communicating over the Internet 11. In general, a SOA will be implemented starting from a collection of components (e-services) of two different sorts.
Future Internet Enterprise Systems 411 In summary, Web services were introduced essentially as a computation resource,
this approach aims at delivering scalable IT resources over the Internet, as opposed to hosting
It refers to both the applications delivered as services over the Internet and the hardware and system software in the datacenters that provide those services 12.
net Future Internet Enterprise Systems 413 worked structure, conceived as an evolution of the Linked Open Data2 of today;
and will be connected constantly (transparently, in a wired or wireless mode) to the Internet, to reach other FINERS,
Future Internet Enterprise Systems 415 5. 1 A Business-Driven FINES Develpment Platform In order to put the business experts at the centre of the ES development process, we foresee a platform
and are reached through the Internet. On the FINES development environment (see Fig. 3), FINERS are represented visually in a 3d space that models the enterprise reality (i e.,
Future Internet will play a central role in supporting the discovery of the needed FINERS that often will be acquired virtually (in case of intangible assets),
FINERS Cloud Space Real world Low Level FINERS EVENT RESPONSE High Level FINERS Fig. 4. FINES Runtime Environment Future Internet Enterprise
-Internet of Services. Business & Information systems Engineering 1 (5), 341 342 (2009) 3. Chesbrough, H.:
Future-generation internet architecture. Tech Rep. MIT Laboratory for Computer science (2003), http://www. isi. edu/newarch/15.
) Towards the Future Internet-Emerging Trends from European Research. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2010) 16. Papazoglou, M. P.:
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 419 429,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet Kim Khoa Nguyen1, Mohamed Cheriet1, Mathieu
Lemay2, Bill St. Arnaud3, Victor Reijs4, Andrew Mackarel4, Pau Minoves5, Alin Pastrama6, and Ward Van Heddeghem7 1 Ecole de Technologie Superieure, University of Quebec, Canada kim. nguyen@synchromedia. ca, Mohamed.
Green Star Network, Mantychore FP7, green ICT, Future Internet 1 Introduction Nowadays, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is becoming one of the most challenging research
Services in a Future Internet 421 one is powered by a different renewable energy source) could be integrated into an everyday network.
Building competency Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet 423 using renewable energy resources is vital for any NREN with such an abundance of natural power generation
Data flows are transferred among GSN nodes over dedicated circuits (like light paths or P2p links), tunnels over Internet or logical IP networks.
the proposed solution aims at distributing user-oriented services Fig. 3. Layered GSN and Cloud computing Architectures Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet 425 regardless of the underlying
Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet 427 5 Federated Network GSN takes advantage of the virtualization to link virtual resources together to span multiple cloud and substrate types.
which accepts connections from service users through Internet. This point is powered by green sustainable energy, i e.,
Fig. 6. Overview of GSN network management solution Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet 429 6 Conclusion In this chapter, we have presented a prototype of a Future
Internet powered only by green energy sources. As a result of the cooperation between Europe and North america researchers, the Greenstar Network is a promising model to deal with GHG reporting
Converged Optical Network Infrastructures in Support of Future Internet and Grid Services Using Iaas to Reduce GHG Emissions.
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 431 446,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Smart Cities and the Future Internet:
Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation Hans Schaffers1, Nicos Komninos2, Marc Pallot3, Brigitte Trousse3, Michael Nilsson4, Alvaro Oliveira5 1 ESOCE Net hschaffers
and validating Future Internet-enabled services. Based on an analysis of the current landscape of smart city pilot programmes, Future Internet experimentally-driven research
and projects in the domain of Living Labs, common resources regarding research and innovation can be identified that can be shared in open innovation environments.
Smart Cities, Future Internet, Collaboration, Innovation Ecosystems, User Co-Creation, Living Labs, Resource Sharing 1 Introduction The concept of smart cities has attracted considerable
The Internet and broadband network technologies as enablers of e-services become more and more important for urban development
and user-driven innovation ecosystems to boost Future Internet research and experimentation for user-driven services and how they can accelerate the cycle of research,
This paper pays particular attention to collaboration frameworks which integrate elements such as Future Internet testbeds
Secondly, this characterisation implicitly builds upon the role of the Internet and Web 2. 0 as potential enablers of urban welfare creation through social participation, for addressing hot societal challenges, such as energy efficiency, environment
and user communities Table 1. Three perspectives shaping the landscape of Future Internet and City Development Future Internet Research Cities and Urban Development User-Driven Innovation
researchers as co-creators Priorities Future Internet technical challenges (e g. routing, scaling, mobility) Urban development Essential infrastructures Business creation User-driven open innovation Engagement of citizens Resources Experimental facilities Pilot environments Technologies Urban
collaborative innovation Smart Cities and the Future Internet 433 for experimentation on Future Internet technologies and e-service applications.
Common, shared research and innovation resources as well as cooperation models providing access to such resources will constitute the future backbone of urban innovation environments for exploiting the opportunities provided by Future Internet technologies.
in order to explore the conditions for rising to this challenge (see Table 1). The first perspective of Future Internet research
However, a wide gap exists between the technology orientation of Future Internet research and the needs and ambitions of cities.
A key challenge is the development of cooperation frameworks and synergy linkages between Future internet research, urban development policies and open userdriven innovation.
exploratory and participative playground combining Future Internet push and urban policy pull in demand-driven cycles of experimentation and innovation.
explore, experiment and validate innovative scenarios based on technology platforms such as Future Internet experimental facilities involving SMES and large companies as well as stakeholders from different disciplines.
Section 2 addresses challenges for cities to exploit the opportunities of the Future Internet and of Living Lab-innovation ecosystems How methodologies of Future Internet experimentation and Living Labs could constitute the innovation ecosystems of smart cities is discussed in section 3. Initial examples of such ecosystems
and related collaboration models are presented in section 4. Finally, section 5 presents conclusions and an outlook. 2 City and Urban Development Challenges In the early 1990s the phrase"smart city"was coined to signify how urban development was turning towards technology,
and to the rise of new Internet technologies, such as mobile devices (e g. smart phones), the semantic web, cloud computing,
Smart city Smart Cities and the Future Internet 435 solutions are expected to deal with these challenges
Media Internet technologies are at the crossroads of digital multimedia content and Internet technologies, which encompasses media being delivered through Internet networking technologies,
and media being generated, consumed, shared and experienced on the web. Technologies, such as content and context fusion, immersive multi-sensory environments, location-based content dependent on user location and context, augmented reality applications, open and federated
provide the ground for new e-services within the innovation ecosystems of cities (see Table 2). Table 2. Media Internet technologies
and components for Smart Cities Solutions and RTD challenges Short term (2014) Mid term (2018) Longer term (2022) Content management tools Media Internet technologies Scalable multimedia
Standardisation would dramatically reduce the development and maintenance costs of e-services due to cooperation, exchange Smart Cities and the Future Internet 437 and sharing of resources among localities.
linking smart cities with user-driven innovation, future Internet technologies, and experimental facilities for exploring new applications and innovative services.
and the knowledge economy overall. 3 Future Internet Experimentation and Living Labs Interfaces In exploring the role of Future Internet experimentation facilities in benefiting urban development as we move towards smart cities,
as well as the potential role of the‘Living Labs'concept in enriching experimentally-driven research on the Future Internet.
and experiments combining heterogeneous technologies that represent key aspects of the Future Internet. The considerable obstacles of complexity and unfamiliarity that are faced
when trying to explore the effects of new applications that bring future users the increasing power of the Future Internet have not yet been overcome.
The European commission has voiced its support for stronger user orientation in the future Internet facilities projects; not only users in terms of academic and industry researchers who will use these facilities for their research projects, but also end-users.
Table 3. User Role in FIRE and Living Labs Future Internet Experiments Living Labs Innovation Approach Controlled experiments Observing large-scale deployment and usage
we will now take a further look at Living Labs. The Web 2. 0 era has pushed cities to consider the Internet,
Apart from the diversity of research streams and related topics for designing alternatives of the Internet of tomorrow, it becomes increasingly challenging to design open infrastructures that efficiently support emerging events and citizens'changing needs.
and playable city ser Smart Cities and the Future Internet 439 vices based on real-time digital data representing digital traces of human activity and their context in the urban space.
Altogether, Future Internet experimental facilities, Living Labs and Urban development programmes form an innovation ecosystem consisting of users and citizens,
Private and People Partnership) ecosystem that provides opportunities to users/citizens to co-create innovative scenarios based on technology platforms such as Future Internet technology environments involving large enterprises
It appears that Future Internet testbeds could be enabling the co-creation of innovative scenarios by users/citizens contributing with their own content
several FP7-ICT projects are devoted to research and experimentation on the Future Internet and the Internet of things within cities,
The CIP ICT-PSP programme has initiated several pilot projects dedicated to smart cities and Living Labs, some with a clear Future Internet dimension (Apollon
Among the earlier projects with interesting aspects on the interface of Living Labs and Future Internet is C@R (FP6.
Internet services and sensor network in the city. www. smartsantander. eu ELLIOT (FP7-ICT, 2010.
and Future Internet interaction, elaborating three Iot use cases in three different Living Labs. The first use case is dedicated to co-creation by users of green services in the areas of air
the Internet Foundation for the New Generation (FING) facilitating user workshops, and a local SME providing data access from electric cars equipped with air quality sensors (VULOG) and a citizen IT platform (a regional Internet space for citizens in the NCA area).
The objectives of the Iot-based green services use case are twofold: to investigate experiential learning of the Iot in an open and environmental data context,
and the Future Internet 441 green services based on environmental data obtained via sensors. Various environmental sensors will be used,
therefore be taken as a model of Smart Cities and Future Internet integration. At the core of Periphèria lies the role of Living Labs in constituting a bridge between Future Internet technology push
and Smart City application pull, refocusing the attention on People In places to situate the human-centric approach within physical urban settings.
which the integration of Future Internet infrastructures and services occurs as part of a discovery-driven process.
Participation is at the heart of this bottom-up approach to Future Internet technology integration, whereby Future Internet research adopts a competitive offer stance to prove its added value to users.
Platform and service convergence is promoted by the use of serious games that engage citizens and users in the process of discovering the potential of Future Internet technologies
and the possible sustainable scenarios that can be built upon them. Serious gaming thus constitutes a mechanism to enhance participation
in addition, they constitute a monitoring and governance platform for increasing self-awareness of the changes brought about by the adoption of Future Internet technologies.
This approach draws on and integrates Future Internet technologies (such as augmented reality services for the appreciation of cultural heritage) with networks of video-cameras used to monitor public spaces.
and prioritisation of the cultural heritage in their city and also to an exploration of the privacy and security issues that are central to the acceptance and success of Future Internet services for the safety of urban environments.
and workstyles made possible by Future Internet technologies. In addition, it shows how the Future Internet is a mixture of technologies and paradigms with overlapping implementation time-frames.
While the deployment of IPV6 networks may be a medium-term effort other Future Internet paradigms such as cloud services and camera and sensor networks can be considered as already operational.
The discovery-driven arena settings in Periphèria are guiding the development of Living Lab-convergent service platforms that bring these technologies together into integrated,
Still, many Smart Cities and the Future Internet 443 issues need to be clarified such as how the different research and innovation resources in a network,
The ELLIOT project is an example of a Future Internet research and innovation project embedded in regional and even national innovation policy.
and validating Future Internet-enabled services. Smart cities are enabled by advanced ICT infrastructure contributed to by current Future Internet research and experimentation.
Such infrastructure is one of the key determinants of the welfare of cities. Other determinants of the welfare of cities will be important as well:
Based on an analysis of challenges of smart cities on the one hand and current projects in the domain of Future Internet research and Living Labs on the other,
One layer focuses on the actual resources within the Future Internet research and innovation process
e g. the use of Living Lab facilities and methods in experimenting on Future Internet technologies,
Initial examples of resource sharing appear in making user communities available for joint use with Future Internet facilities (e g. the TEFIS project),
and in making accessible Future Internet facilities for developing and validating Iot-based service concepts and applications through Living Labs approaches for smart cities (e g. the Smartsantander and ELLIOT projects).
The Future Internet constitutes both a key technology domain and a complex societal phenomenon. Effective, user driven processes of innovation, shaping and application of Smart Cities and the Future Internet 445 Future Internet technologies in business and society are crucial for achieving socioeconomic benefits.
A key requirement emphasised in this paper is how, within an environment of open innovation in smart cities and governed by cooperation frameworks,
Future Media Internet: Research challenges and road ahead. DG Information Society and Media, Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European union (2010) 13.
Future Internet Research and Experimentation (September 2010) 16. Chesbrough, H. W.:Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating
) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 447 462,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Smart Cities at the Forefront of the Future Internet José M. Hernández-Muñoz1, Jesús Bernat Vercher1, Luis
Muñoz2, José A. Galache2, Mirko Presser3, Luis A. Hernández Gómez4, and Jan Pettersson5 1 Telefonica I+D, Madrid, Spain {jmhm, bernat}@ tid. es 2 University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain {luis, jgalache}@ tlmat. unican
In this work we discuss how the recent vision of the Future Internet (FI), and its particular components, Internet of things (Iot) and Internet of Services (Ios), can become building blocks to progress towards a unified urban-scale ICT platform transforming a Smart City into an open innovation platform.
Moreover we present some results of generic implementations based on the ITU-T's Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN) model.
Smart Cities, Sensor and Actuator Networks, Internet of things, Internet of Services, Ubiquitous Sensor Networks, Open, Federated and Trusted innovation platforms, Future Internet. 1 Introduction At a holistic level,
and citizens) will be able to conceive new innovative solutions to interact Smart Cities at the Forefront of the Future Internet 449 with
In this work we advocate that this technological leap can be done by considering Smart Cities at the forefront of the recent vision of the Future Internet (FI.
Although there is no universally accepted definition of the Future Internet, it can be approached as a socio-technical system comprising Internet-accessible information and services, coupled to the physical environment and human behavior,
and supporting smart applications of societal importance 4. Thus the FI can transform a Smart City into an open innovation platform supporting vertical domain of business applications built upon horizontal enabling technologies.
and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual things are integrated seamlessly into the information network 5. The Internet of Services (Ios):
The Internet of People (Iop: envisaged as people becoming part of ubiquitous intelligent networks having the potential to seamlessly connect,
Section 2 discusses how major components of the Future Internet, namely Iot and Ios, can be essential building blocks in future Smart Cities open innovation platforms.
Smart Cities at the Forefront of the Future Internet 451 Recent advances in Sensors and Actuator Networks (SAN) are stimulating massive sensor networks deployments, particularly for the previously described urban application areas.
Smart Cities at the Forefront of the Future Internet 453 3. 1 USN Functionalities The main goal of a USN platform is to provide an infrastructure that allows the integration of heterogeneous
of the Future Internet 455 As sketched in the figure, the USN platform is based on two components,
The resulting scale and heterogeneity of the environment makes it an ideal environment for enabling the above mentioned broad range of experi Smart Cities at the Forefront of the Future Internet 457 mentation needs.
and end-users that are required for testing of Iot as well as other Future Internet technologies for market adoption.
and Internet researchers to validate their cutting-edge technologies (protocols, algorithms, radio interfaces, etc.).Several use cases are currently under detailed analysis for their experimental deployment taking into account relevant criteria from local and regional authorities.
Smart Cities at the Forefront of the Future Internet 459 Video monitoring for traffic areas, beach areas and specific events in public places, such as airports, hotels, train stations, concerts and sport stadiums.
at least and not less important, provide the means to guarantee its day by day maintenance. 5 Conclusions Future Internet potential,
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