This time the challenge is not about adopting a revolutionary technology in the mould of the Internet or mobile telephony.
Countries with high penetration levels for fixed telephone lines, mobile phones, personal computers (PCS) and the Internet appear to achieve the greatest economic benefit from ICT.
Economist Intelligence Unit The ICT infrastructure index used here combines six connectivity variables penetration of traditional fixed lines, broadband access lines, mobile phones, PCS, Internet users and Internet servers
quality of Internet connections and levels of e-business development, of online commerce, and of Internet/web literacy.
The ICT enablers index takes into account affordability of Internet access, telecoms market competition, security of the Internet infrastructure, government support for ICT development,
laws governing the Internet, ICT skills of the workforce and quality of ICT supporting services.
When combined, these indices provide a good measure of a country's readiness to reap the benefits of technology.
and made voice, Internet and data communications more affordable to many businesses and households. Boldness and imagination in other key areas will be crucial to Europe's attempts to win further economic rewards from ICT in the future.
and Internet 41 Development of e-democracy 15 Government innovation in providing online services to citizens 44 Policies to promote competition in the ICT sector 34 Regulation to protect consumer interests
ensured restriction-free entry by providers big and small to Internet service markets; and embarked on initiatives to give alternative operators access to incumbents'last-mile networks.
and an Internet-based system has been launched to enable cabinet meetings to be conducted online. Meanwhile, an e-democracy website (dubbed Today,
such as Internet use, are not relevant or available for earlier periods. The dependent variable in all our regressions is average annual growth in real GDP per head during this timeframe.
4. Internet users (per 100 population. Each indicator is transformed into an index scaled 1-10 (using minimum and maximum values of the indicator in our country sample.
the number of Internet servers per million population, broadband penetration and four qualitative variables from the e-readiness rankings, based on a 1-5 scoring system.
The four qualitative indicators assess the quality of Internet connections, the development of ebusiness, the development of online commerce and the exposure of the population to the Internet("Internet literacy".
A qualitative indicator of the security of the Internet infrastructure. An indicator of the government's role (government encouragement and financing for ICT,
An indicator of laws covering the use of the Internet. An indicator of the ICT skills of the workforce.
and Internet 41 Schemes to promote access to higher bandwidth services 36 Policies to promote competition in the ICT sector 34 Promotion of common technology standards 32 Development of e
rtd-energy@cec. eu. int Internet: http://europa. eu. int/comm/research/energy Interested in European research?
research@cec. eu. int Internet: http://europa. eu. int/comm/research/rtdinfo/index en. html European Technology Platform Smartgrids Vision and Strategy for Europe's Electricity Networks of the Future 2006
EUR 22040 Directorate-General for Research Sustainable Energy Systems A great deal of additional information on the European union is available on the Internet.
An interactive grid Just like the internet, the electricity grid will be interactive for both power generation sources
This type of exchange has characterised the popularity of the internet-how is Smartgrids preparing for success?
AND STRATEGY I ELECTRICITY NETWORKS OF THE FUTURE Internet-style inspiration One possible model for the electricity network of the future would be analogous to the internet,
which may not be supported fully by the present internet generation. Even if the internet protocol is universal,
a serious effort is needed to effectively use communications equipment for a distributed real-time control of electricity networks.
The real time performance of the internet as communication means is known to be very difficult to assess
I D S A period of transition In managing the transition to the internet-like model,
means that the active network represents a step towards the internet-like model. Active management The evolution of active management, summarised in the next figure, can be described as follows:
Virtual utilities (or virtual electricity market) adopt the structure of the internet-like model and its information and trading capability, rather than any hardware.
Percentage of active internet users using microblogging...17 Figure E. 1. 3: Intranational Twitter followers outweigh their countries'share of the overall global Twitter population...
Internet censorship scores for political reasons, 2012.28 Figure E. 4. 3: Google user data requests...
'13 exercise conducted for this study suggested that divides are not likely to be determined by access to the internet
(although the question of whether it will still be possible for governments to restrict citizens'access to the internet in 2030 arose,
In fact, 24%of Europeans reported having accessed the internet through a mobile phone and 6%reported using a tablet.
the fact that only 17%of the population reported using the internet for looking for jobs
Percentage of active internet users using microblogging3 Source: Unimccann 2013 2. 2. Limited global connectedness Although there appears to be a quasi-univocal consensus on the sustained pace of the growth in connectivity at a global scale through social computing,
internet traffic remains mainly domestic (Ghemawat & Altman 2012). Although social network 3 The term‘active internet users'refers to individuals who use the internet every day or every other day (Unimccann 2012.
Microblogging is the use of social network services specifically created for the sharing of brief entries and content,
At the same time, there is potential for a global culture to develop around the internet, in which users worldwide share similar attitudes related to certain values online freedom of expression, privacy,
the same study also found a lack of correlation between levels of connectivity (here represented by the degree of access to the internet) and rational secular values.
but trends in censoring and limiting internet use by individuals will continue to be present (Cave et al. 2009;
UNEP (2012) According to the literature, a positive relationship between internet penetration and democracy exists, although the scale of the influence is not uniform.
For instance, although analysis found that internet penetration significantly increased democracy ratings, this relationship varied significantly by region.
These findings suggest that the internet is not by itself sufficient to promote regime changes,
Internet censorship scores for political reasons, 20128 Source: ONI (2012) Governments and public actors also engage in social media,
of filtering is determined empirically, based on access tests on two (global and local) sample lists of websites cutting across a range of topics (e g. political, social and internet tools, such as Skype).
internet/surveillance policies of foreign states High Spread of rational secular value systems will develop independently from interconnectedness+High 33 Bibliography African Development Bank, Africa in 50 Years'Time:
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The internet generally is a platform that has reduced massively barriers to being an entrepreneur. Governments that have worked to spread broadband,
keep the internet open and introduce net neutrality can take a good deal of the credit for that.
The Schengen agreement and the internet both help; poor links between universities and the labour market don't help.
and multimedia technologies is used now increasingly for remote consultation, diagnostics and examination of patients over the internet.
Across Sub-saharan africa, the Internet is used to report daily cases of meningitis to monitor emerging epidemics.
Satellife uses low orbit communication satellites to link up doctors via the internet through store and forward technology (Groves, 1996.
Satellife provides service to remote medical units through email and internet traffic as international telephone connections to capital cities in the developing world.
and the Internet is used to rapidly mobilize medical personnel and effectively coordinate laboratories and specialist services.
Internet connectivity and email usage in the health sector is still low compared to other sectors.
which information can be transmitted across geographic space via the Internet, fax machines and electronic communication superhighways,
which include the Internet and the microprocessor, help mitigate economies of scale and the gains traditionally associated with large-scale production.
and internet-based access to products like financial and accounting management software systems that enhance organisational and management capabilities,
But to properly take advantage of such internet-based financial and accounting systems SMES typically need to modify
Close to 80%of all new technology startups are in information technologies--software, Internet, and telecommunication software.
Leceta, 2011) According to Internet World Stats (a Miniwatts Marketing Group initiative) in 2012 (June) there were over 9, 6 million Internet users in Romania,
which means a 44%Internet penetration rate, above the world rate (34,3%)but under the European rate of 63,2%.
%and access & use the Internet (80.83%)in their activities. Three quarters of SMES use the electronic mail
In 15.56%of the SMES have no IT facilities. 3. 6 Use of Internet and Intranet in SMES The analysis of the purpose why SMES use Internet & Intranet point out that in more than 75%of the companies'information technology is used for a better communication with customers
and suppliers see figure 5). A significant percentage of SMES use the Internet for gathering information about the business environment in
which they operate (67,17%).%Over 50 percentage of SME use the Internet for online transactions,
45,71%use it for promoting their products and services and 39,50%for better communication inside their enterprises. 0. 39 0. 5 4. 33 15.56 27.5 76 80.83 81.94
Others Intranet Selling/shopping online None of the above Own website E-mail Internet Computers 518 Nelu Eugen Popescu/Procedia Economics and Finance 16 (2014) 512
Internet & Intranet use in Romanian SMES Source: CNIPMMR, White Charter of Romanian SMES 11th Edition, Sigma Publishing house, 2013 3. 7 Perceived benefits of IT applications in business Top benefits of IT application for their business
At inter-firm level the Internet may help reduce transaction cost and increase speed and reliability of transactions (OECD,
the cost of R&d activities, lack of funds (or insufficient funds) and incertitude about the evolution of demand for new and innovative goods. Most SMES use computers, Internet and the e-mail in their business activities
and knowledge now available with internet communications to meet their specific needs. Typically the smaller SMES will identify innovation needs based on resolving day-to-day problems.
which might be made of the following information A great deal of information on the European union is available on the Internet.
the highest correlation is found between the sub-indicators ELECTRICITY & INTERNET with a coefficient of 0. 84.
PATENTS ROYALTIES INTERNET EXPORTS TELEPHONES ELECTRICITY SCHOOLING ENROLMENT PATENTS 1. 00 0. 13-0. 09 0. 45 0. 28 0
INTERNET 1. 00-0. 45 0. 56 0. 84 0. 63 0. 27 EXPORTS 1. 00 0. 00-0. 36
. 27-0. 17-0. 04 0. 10 INTERNET-0. 92 0. 21 0. 02-0. 10 0. 04 0. 11
The first factor has high positive coefficients (loadings) with INTERNET (0. 79), ELECTRICITY (0. 82) and SCHOOLING (0. 88).
0. 07-0. 07 0. 93 INTERNET 0. 79-0. 21 0. 21 0. 42 EXPORTS-0. 64 0. 56
0. 14 0. 09 0. 18 INTERNET 0. 31 0. 56-0. 29 0. 60 EXPORTS 0. 29-0. 45
Correlation with total Cronbach coefficient alpha PATENTS 0. 261 0. 704 ROYALTIES 0. 527 0. 645 INTERNET 0. 566 0. 636
the dynamic adopters are lagging behind the potential leaders due to their lower performance on INTERNET, ELECTRICITY and SCHOOLING.
1. 5 2. 0 PATENTS RECEIPTES INTERNET EXPORTS TELEPHONES ELECTRICITY SCHOOLING ENROLMENT Group 3 Group 2 Group 1 Figure 3
For example, in the CI of e-business readiness the indicator I1 Percentage of firms using Internet
0. 93 0. 01 0. 00 0. 00 0. 49 Internet 0. 79-0. 21 0. 21 0. 42 0
With the TAI dataset the intermediate composites are 4 (Table 6. 2). The first includes Internet (with a weight of 0. 24
which is the portion of the variance of the first factor explained by the variable Internet. 58 Then the four intermediate composites are aggregated by weighting each composite using the proportion of the explained variance in the dataset:
M L PCA Patents 0. 19 0. 17 Royalties 0. 20 0. 20 Internet 0. 07 0. 08 Tech exports 0
Patents Royalties Internet Tech. Exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University CI Finland 0. 15 0. 17 0. 17 0. 16 0. 19 0. 17 0
e g. the percentage of firms using internet in country j depends upon the (unknown) propensity to adopt new information and communication technologies plus an error term accounting,
Table 6. 4. Comparison matrix A of eight sub-indicators (semantic scale) Objective Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University
3 Internet 1/3 1/2 1 1/4 2 2 1/5 1/2 Tech. exports 1/2 2 4
Patents is three times more important than Internet, and consequently Internet has one-third the importance of Patents.
Each judgment reflects, in reality, the perception of the ratio of the relative contributions (weights) of the two sub-indicators to the overall objective being assessed as shown in Table 6. 5 for the first three sub-indicators.
Table 6. 5. Comparison matrix A for three sub-indicators Objective Patents Royalties Internet Patents wp/wp wp/wroy wp/wi Royalties
wroy/wp wroy/wroy wroy/wi Internet wi/wp wi/wroy wi/wi The relative weights of the sub-indicators are calculated using an eigenvector technique.
450 0. 500 Patents Royalties Internet hosts Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University st. Standard deviation Figure 6. 2. Results of the AHP
and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University EW 0. 13 0. 13 0. 13
Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University Finland 187 125.6 200.2 50.7 3. 080 4. 150 10 27.4
Finland and USA shows that Finland has better scores for the sub-indicators Internet (weight 1/8
on the internet site one can find the ecological footprint, a pure environmental composite, the environment sustainability index, presented by the World Economic Forum annual meetings, the European Environmental Agency's EEA Environmental Signals.
Dashboard of Sustainability 114 8. 8 Nation Master The following internet site is not strictly for composite indicators.
However its graphical features can be helpful for presentational purposes. www. nationmaster. com is a massive central data source on the internet with a handy way to graphically compare nations.
This internet site is considered the web's one-stop resource for country statistics on anything and everything.
diffusion of the Internet (indispensable to participation), and by exports of high-and mediumtechnology products as a share of all exports.
and hence have market value (1999) Diffusion of recent innovations 130 INTERNET Internet hosts per 1, 000 people Diffusion of the Internet,
Units are given in Table A. 1. PATENTS ROYALTIES INTERNET EXPORTS TELEPHONES (log) ELECTRICITY (log) SCHOOLING ENROLMENT 1 Finland 187 125.6 200.2 50.7 3. 08 4
Explained page 19 EUROPEAN E-COMMERCE MARKETS page 20-33 Infographic page 21 Economic Indicators page 22 Internet Penetration page 23 Population
+jobs directly or indirectly via e-commerce 645,000+estimated online businesses 3. 7 bn+number of parcels sent annually (f) 816 million people live in Europe 565 million people use the Internet
However, as shopping has shifted increasingly to the Internet it has become more difficult for companies to personalize their services.
when browsing the Internet, for example for welcoming them back to their site. Also people like to follow trends
%Ecommerce Europe estimates the share of the European Internet economy in the GDP at 2. 2,
a figure that will grow with the ongoing increase and penetration of the Internet in society,
668 million people use the Internet 1, 181 million people are e-shoppers 16%37%100%€ 1, 173.5 bn Turnover E-commerce Goods & Services 1, 878 million estimated
@Ecommerce eu Global Global €1, 173.5 bn+13.6%Total B2c e-sales 2013 of goods and services 1 2 3 73.4%Share of Internet users
225 816 million people live in Europe 565 million people use the Internet 264 million people are e-shoppers 1 2 3 2,,
https://www. ecommerce-europe. eu/facts-figures/free-downloads Internet Penetration Internet penetration The average Internet penetration in Europe increased to 74%in 2013.
%In the top 10 of European countries in terms of Internet penetration, it is interesting to see that all Scandinavian countries are represented in the top 5. Eastern and Southern Europe
the top 5 of the lowest Internet penetration solely comprises countries from the Eastern and Southern European regions.
Last year, it significantly increased its Internet penetration, from 48%in 2012 to 59%last year.
Worldbank. org/Eurostat, 2014*share of total population Internet access and online population, 2013 TOP 10 COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF INTERNET PENETRATION Countries Internet access*Online
33.0%Traditional Sales January 2013-December 2013 Internet Sales January 2013-December 2013 Same top categories When looking at the two diagrams, it is interesting to see that in both Traditional Sales
and Internet Sales the same three categories were very popular last year. In both ways, people purchased the most in Information technology (such as IT hardware and software), Consumer Electronics (such as TVS, audio home systems and Blu-ray players) and Major Domestic Appliances (such as
Different ranking Still, there is a large difference between the Tradional Sales and Internet Sales and that is the division of these categories.
%161 million people live in Western europe 142 million people use the Internet 95 million people are e-shoppers € 177.7 bn Turnover E-commerce Goods
& Services 43.5%Services 56,5%Goods 9. 5%Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 72%of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP
bn+22.7%Total B2c Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 165 million people live in Central europe 130 million people use the Internet 68 million people are e
& Services 41.3%Services 58.7%Goods 7. 0%Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 72%of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP
Switzerland In 2013, Switzerland had 6. 67 million Internet users, which represented a penetration of 83%for a population of eight million people.
In addition, the Internet penetration is quite low compared with other countries in the region. 65%of the Polish population had access to the Internet in 2013,
n 2 0 1 3 65%Internet penetration 8. 0%Zloty (PLN) 23.0%The average GDP per capita is €61,
41 bn+18.9%Total B2c Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 59%212 million people live in Southern Europe 125 million people use the Internet 48
Turnover E-commerce Goods & Services 57.5%Services*42.5%Goods*2. 3%Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 72%of active Internet users
Italy There were about 37.5 million Italians connected to the Internet in 2013, which resulted in an Internet penetration of 61%.
%This was the second-lowest rate in Southern Europe, with only Turkey scoring lower. For 2014, a penetration of 64%is forecast.
€ 31.9 bn+12.7%Total B2c Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 90%100%32 million people live in Northern europe 29 million people use the Internet
This is partly due to the country's high Internet penetration of 95%.%An interesting fact here is that the most active e-shoppers can be found in inland municipalities in the north of Sweden.
An estimated 77%of Internet users purchased goods and/or services in the last 12 months.
232 95%of the population had access to the Internet 9. 6 million Krona (SEK) 25.0%5. 6 million Krone (DKK) 25.0%An Overview of B2c E-commerce
€ 19.3 bn+47.3%Total B2c Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 56%100%248 million people live in Eastern europe 139 million people use the Internet
& Services 25%Services 75%Goods 2. 1%Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 40%of active Internet users
semiconductors, computing and the Internet. These technologies did not only drive industrial innovation, they also offered more effective responses to societal challenges, e g. in health, communication or the environment,
and internet infrastructure as well as shared research facilities Pipeline for raw materials transport (e g hydrogen) and energy supply (e g. gas) Strong knowledge infrastructure with many higer education institutes
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
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